| Above: | Voiceless alveolar trill |
| Ipa Symbol: | r̥ |
| Ipa Number: | 122 402A |
| X-Sampa: | r_0 |
| Imagefile: | Doulos SIL — r̥.svg |
The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill pronounced as //r// only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.
Proto-Indo-European developed into a sound spelled (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ῥ), with the letter for pronounced as //r// and the diacritic for pronounced as //h//, in Ancient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of pronounced as //r// in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek.
Features of the voiceless alveolar trill:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dharumbal | [[Darumbal language#Phonology|ba'''rh'''i]] | pronounced as /[ˈbar̥i]/ | 'stone' | Contrasts with pronounced as //r//. | |
| Estonian | Word-final allophone of pronounced as //r// after pronounced as //t, s, h//. See Estonian phonology | ||||
| Dutch | Dutch; Flemish: he'''r'''invoering | pronounced as /[ɦɛr̥ɪnvuːrɪŋ]/ | 'reinstatement' | Possible word-final allophone of pronounced as //r//; | |
| Icelandic | Icelandic: [[Icelandic orthography|'''hr'''afn]] | pronounced as /[ˈr̥apn̥]/ | 'raven' | Contrasts with pronounced as //r//. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. Also illustrates pronounced as /[n̥]/. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Konda | puRi | pronounced as /[pur̥i]/ | 'ant hill' | Contrasts pronounced as //ɾ r r̥ ɽ//. | |
| Lezgian | Lezghian: [[Cyrillic script|к'''р'''чар]]/krčar | pronounced as /[ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar]/ | 'horns' | Allophone of pronounced as //r// between voiceless obstruents | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect | Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: gee'''r''' | pronounced as /[ɣeːr̥]/ | 'odour' | Possible word-final allophone of pronounced as //r//; may be uvular pronounced as /link/ instead.[1] See Hasselt dialect phonology |
| Moksha | нархне/närhn'e | pronounced as /[ˈnar̥nʲæ]/ | 'these grasses' | Contrasts with pronounced as //r//: нарня pronounced as /[ˈnarnʲæ]/ "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart pronounced as //r̥ʲ//: марьхне pronounced as /[ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ]/ "these apples", but марьня pronounced as /[ˈmarʲnʲæ]/ "little apple" | |
| Nivkh | Amur dialect | р̌ы/řy | pronounced as /[r̥ɨ]/ | 'door' | Contrasts with pronounced as //r//. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated (IPA|r̝̊). |
| Northern Qiang | Contrasts with pronounced as //r// | ||||
| Polish | Polish: [[Polish alphabet|k'''r'''tań]] | pronounced as /[ˈkr̥täɲ̟]/ | 'larynx' | Allophone of pronounced as //r// when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|цент'''р''']]/centr | pronounced as /[t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥]/ | 'centre' | Word-final allophone of pronounced as //r// after pronounced as /link/. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | Welsh: [[Welsh alphabet|'''Rh'''agfyr]] | pronounced as /[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]/ | 'December' | Contrasts with pronounced as //r//. See Welsh phonology | |
| Yaygirr | [[Yaygir language#Phonology|di'''rh'''a]] | pronounced as /[ˈdir̥a]/ | 'tooth' | Contrasts with pronounced as //r//. | |
| Zapotec | Quiegolani | '''r'''sil | pronounced as /[r̥sil]/ | 'early' | Allophone of pronounced as //r//. |
| Above: | Voiceless alveolar fricative trill |
| Ipa Symbol: | r̝̊ |
| Ipa Number: | 122 402A 429 |
| Xsampa: | r_0_r |
The voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, except possibly the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. It occurs allophonically in Czech.
Features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech | Czech: [[Czech alphabet|t'''ř'''i sta]] | pronounced as /[ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä]/ | 'three hundred' | Allophone of pronounced as //r̝// after voiceless consonants; may be a tapped fricative instead. See Czech phonology | |
| Norwegian | Areas around Narvik | Norwegian: [[Norwegian alphabet|no'''rs'''k]] | pronounced as /[nɔr̝̊k]/ | 'Norwegian' | Allophone of the sequence pronounced as //ɾs// before voiceless consonants. |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk | |||||
| Nivkh | (East) Sakhalin dialect | р̌ы | pronounced as /[r̝̊ɨ]/ | 'door' | Contrasts with pronounced as //r//. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as (IPA|r̥). |
| Polish | Some dialects | Polish: [[Polish alphabet|p'''rz'''yjść]] | pronounced as /[ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ]/ | 'to come' | Allophone of pronounced as //r̝// after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with pronounced as //ʐ//. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as pronounced as //ʂ//, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too. |
| Silesian | Allophone of pronounced as //r̝// after voiceless consonants. It's pronounced the same as pronounced as //ʂ// in most Polish dialects | ||||
pronounced as /navigation/