In social choice theory, a solid coalition or voting bloc is a group of voters who support a given group of candidates over any opponent outside the group. Solid coalitions formalize the idea of a political faction or voting bloc, allowing social choice theorists to study how electoral systems behave when there are ideological divisions, without having to make explicit reference to political parties. This definition is useful even in the absence of party labels, or when labels do not accurately reflect ideological divisions in the electorate (as in the cleavages between Northern and Southern Democrats in the 20th century).
A solid coalition is a group of voters N together with some set of candidates C such that each voter v in N prefers all candidates in C to all candidates outside of C.
Consider the following example, taken from American politics of the 1800s:
| Share: | 25% | 30% | 20% | 25% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clay | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | |
| Webster | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| van Buren | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| Jackson | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
Note that solid coalitions can be nested within each other. For example, the solid coalition consisting only of Jackson has support from 25% of voters (the voters ranking him first). However, there cannot be overlapping, non-nested, solid coalitions. This fact underlies the tendency of systems like the single transferable vote to become disproportional when voters are not cleanly divided into homogenous political parties, but instead face cross-cutting cleavages (as can happen if racial and ethnic groups do not consistently vote for the same party).
See main article: Proportionality for solid coalitions. One important use of solid coalitions is in defining proportional representation systems that do not rely on party labels. A voting system is proportional for solid coalitions (PSC) if it always elects a number of candidates from each solid coalition that is proportional to its size. For instance, if there are 100 voters and 10 seats, and a solid coalition of 20 voters supports candidates A, B, and C, then a PSC voting system should elect at least 2 candidates from .
Solid coalitions can be used to model coalition formation in cooperative game theory, where individuals can communicate and behave strategically in their group's interests.[1]