Canadian Silver Maple Leaf Explained

Denomination:Silver Maple Leaf
Country:Canada
Value:5.00
Unit:CAD (main series)
Mass:31.11
Mass Troy Oz:1.00
Diameter:37.97
Diameter Inch:1.4948
Thickness:3.29
Thickness Inch:0.1295
Edge:Serrated (Reeded edge)
Composition:99.99% Ag
Years Of Minting:1988–present
Obverse Design:Charles III
Obverse Designer:Steven Rosati
Obverse Design Date:2024
Reverse Design:Maple Leaf
Reverse Designer:RCM engravers
Reverse Design Date:1988

The Canadian Silver Maple Leaf is a silver bullion coin that is issued annually by the Government of Canada since 1988. It is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint.

The Silver Maple Leaf is legal tender. The face value is 5 Canadian dollars. The market value of the metal varies, depending on the spot price of silver. The standard version has a weight of 1 troy ounce (31.1 grams).[1]

The Silver Maple Leaf's obverse and reverse display, respectively, the profile of Charles III and the Canadian Maple Leaf. In 2014, new security features were introduced: radial lines and a micro-engraved laser mark.[2]

History

The Silver Maple Leaf is issued annually by the Government of Canada. Introduced in 1988 by the Royal Canadian Mint, there have been four subsequent standard editions and several special editions.

The Silver Maple Leaf's obverse displayed the profile of Elizabeth II up until 2023. There have been three subsequent versions of the Queen's profile:

Canadian coins released to the public starting in 2024 now bear a new obverse of her successor King Charles III.

The Silver Maple Leaf's reverse displays the Canadian Maple Leaf. This design has remained unchanged since 1988. In 2014, however, new security features were introduced: radial lines and a micro-engraved laser mark. Also the obverse was affected by this.

The phrases CANADA and FINE SILVER 1 OZ ARGENT PUR are universal elements.

Granted a face value of 5 Canadian dollars, the Silver Maple Leaf has status as legal tender. It has also a market value that depends on the spot price of silver and that normally exceeds the nominal face value. With few exceptions and alike similar international bullion coins, the Silver Maple Leaf has a weight of 1 troy ounce (31.1 grams). The 99.99% silver content makes the coin among the finest official bullion coins worldwide.

Samples of the Silver Maple Leaf often carry a blemish that has a milky-white appearance, called a milk spot. This happens when a cleaning detergent is left on the coin when it goes into the annealing furnace.. This issue was addressed in 2018 with the RCM introduction of "MINTSHIELD" surface protection technology to prevent milk spots.[3]

The Silver Maple Leaf was originally packaged in Mylar. Since 2009, due to increasing demand, it is packaged in semi-transparent tubes with a yellow lid bearing the RCM logo. Some special editions have tubes with an orange, red, blue, dark blue or grey lid. Each tube contains 25 coins.[4] Furthermore, there exist boxes that contain 20 tubes each.

Mintage (main series)

Yearwidth=80MintageRef.Yearwidth=80MintageRef.Yearwidth=80MintageRef.
19881,155,931[5] 1998591,35920087,909,161
19893,332,20019991,229,44220099,727,592
19901,708,8002000403,652 201017,799,992[6]
1991644,3002001398,563201123,129,966[7]
1992343,8002002576,196201218,132,297[8]
19931,133,9002003684,750201328,222,061[9]
1994889,9462004680,925201429,245,000[10]
1995326,2442005955,6942015N/A
1996250,44520062,464,7272016
1997100,97020073,526,0522017
The issue from the year 2000 was sold as an uncirculated bulk coin yet bears the Fireworks privy mark on it.
It is re-listed in the special privy mark section below but is still essentially part of the standard bullion series.

Commemoratives

Anniversaries

YearMintageArtist (reverse)Artist (obverse)DescriptionFVSet
1998RCM engraversDora de Pedery-Hunt10th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf10-ounce coin in reverse proof, with COA made of sterling silver, in a black leather-box.
2003RCM engraversRCM engravers15th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf5-coin set: 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/10, and 1/20 oz. Hologram maple leaf.
200820th Anniversary Silver Maple LeafGold-plated maple leaf.
2013Arnold NogySusanna Blunt25th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf5-coin set: 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/10 and 1/20 oz.
Walter Ott (RCM)Susanna Blunt25th Anniversary Canadian Maple Leaf1-ounce coin.
Jean-Louis SiroisSusanna Blunt25th Anniversary Silver Piedfort
Jean-Louis SiroisArnold Machin25th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf1-ounce matte proof coin with selective gold plating on the reverse
5-ounce matte proof coin with selective gold plating on the reverse, in red lacquer-box
Arnold NogyArnold Machin5-ounce coin reverse proof, in red lacquer-box
2018RCM engraversSusanna Blunt30th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf2 x 1-ounce coin, modified reverse proof and modified matte proof (both w. laser-engraved pattern)
2-ounce coin, modified matte proof (w. laser-engraved pattern), both s. Gold-plated
Pierre LeducSusanna Blunt30th Anniversary Maple Leaf Quartet4 square coins, reverse proof, both s. rose Gold-plated, all 4 coins together display a big maple leaf
RCM engraversSusanna Blunt30th Anniversary Silver Maple Leaf1-ounce coin

Editions with special privy marks

In 1999, many Silver Maple Leaf coins were issued with a privy mark to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the RCM Maple Leaf Program. In the following year, the coins featured a privy mark with fireworks and the number 2000. Another Silver Maple Leaf version was issued to commemorate the millennium. The coins were double-dated 1999 and 2000.[11]

Anniversaries and commemorations

YearPrivy markArtistMintageComment
198910 year anniv. of GMLRCM engravers, Arnold Machin30,000Sold by RCM in a wooden box. Only luster finishing, but no privy mark, matte proof
199890th Anniversary Royal Canadian Mint[12] Walter Ott, RCM engravers13,025Sold by RCM.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police25,000Made for Canada Post.
Titanic26,000Made for Dillon Gage.
1999 - 2000Fireworks298,775Dual-dated. All maple leafs dated 1999-2000 show fireworks privy with no date inside the oval privy mark.
2000403,652All maple leafs dated 2000 show fireworks privy with "2000" inside the oval privy mark.
Expo Hanover25,000Included a certificate of authenticity. Released in Europe only.
2004Alphonse Desjardins15,000Sold by La Caisse Populaire Desjardins
D-Day11,698Included a certificate of authenticity.
2005Dutch Tulip Liberation of the Netherlands 60th anniversary3,500Made for Royal Dutch Mint.
Victory in Europe7,000Sold in US by Jerry Morgan.
Victory in Japan
2009London's Tower BridgeRCM engravers75,000Released by 'CoinInvestDirect.com' in Europe only.
Brandenburg Gate50,000
2012Leaning Tower of Pisa
Titanic 100th anniversary25,000Released by 'APMEX.com'; 2012 privy shows smoke billowing from stacks, 1998 Titanic privy shows no smoke.
2014World Money Fair in Berlin7,500Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint.
ANA World's Fair of Money in Chicago
Chinese Lunar Horse Double Privy500Minted for Chinese Government
2015Heart (Fisher House Foundation)25,000Radial lines security features with maple leaf security privy at lower left of reverse side. Sold by Rosland Capital.
E=mc2 (100th Anniv. of Albert Einstein's Theory)50,000Sold by 'BullionExchanges.com'
ANA World's Fair of Money in Chicago5,000Sold by official dealers of RCM
2016Timber Wolf privy mark (commemorating 2011 Canadian Wildlife series coins)50,000Reverse Proof; sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. This is the 1st coin of the 6-coin set
Grizzly Bear privy mark (commemorating 2011 Canadian Wildlife series coins)Reverse Proof; sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. This is the 2nd coin of the 6-coin set
Yin and YangReverse Proof. Released before Chinese New Year 2016.
Panda privy markReverse Proof; privy design based on 1982 Chinese Gold Panda coin. Released by 'APMEX.com'
Mark V Tank (UK) 100 year anniversaryReverse Proof; Released by Provident Metals
Shamrock/Four Leaf CloverReverse Proof; Released in tribute to Irish Canadians for St. Patrick's Day 2016.
BigfootReverse Proof; Released by Provident Metals and inspired by the Patterson-Gimlin film of Bigfoot
ANA World's Fair of Money in Anaheim, California Poppy6,000Reverse Proof; Released for 2016 ANA Money Fair in Anaheim, California commemorating California's state flower, the Poppy (Eschscholzia californica)
2017Panda privy mark50,000Reverse Proof; Panda Privy Maple series based on the 1983 Gold Chinese Panda coin. Coin features a Privy of a Panda standing beside its favourite food bamboo. 'APMEX.com' exclusive
150th Anniversary Logo & 1867-2017 Dual Dates150,000Reverse Proof; Sesquicentennial of the Confederation of Canada. Privy mark on left side of leaf stem is the stylized official "Canada 150" anniversary logo; Privy mark on the right side of leaf stem shows dual dates "1867-2017"
Cougar privy mark (commemorating 2011 Canadian Wildlife series coins)Pierre Leduc (Reverse), RCM engravers (obverse)50,000Reverse Proof; Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. This is the 3rd coin of the 6-coin set.
Moose privy mark (commemorating 2011 Canadian Wildlife series coins)RCM engraversReverse Proof; Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. This is the 4th coin of the 6-coin set.
2018Pronghorn Antelope Privy (commemorating 2011 Canadian Wildlife series coins)Reverse Proof; Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. This is the 5th coin of the 6-coin set.
Wood Bison Privy (commemorating 2011 Canadian Wildlife series coins)Reverse Proof; Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. This is the 6th coin of the 6-coin set.
ANA Privy Mark: The Pennsylvania Mountain Laurel6,000Reverse Proof; Originally sold in a RCM Black Box with Red Clamshell, includes a CoA.
Light Bulb (Edison Series?)50,000Reverse Proof; Released by Manfra, Tordella and Brookes (MTB)?
2019Phonograph (Edison Series?)
2020"W" mint markWalter Ott (reverse); Susanna Blunt (obverse)10,000Presented in a RCM branded clamshell with a black beauty box. Features a "W" mint mark and a Burnished finish. Includes a Certificate of Authenticity.
20218,000Presented in a RCM branded clamshell with a black beauty box. Features a "W" mint mark and a Tailored specimen finish. Includes a Certificate of Authenticity.
2024First Strikes: Polar Bear Privy markWalter Ott, RCM engravers (reverse); Steven Rosati (obverse)25,000First bullion strikes featuring His Majesty King Charles III, sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. Encapsulated in a premium card. A privy mark with a single polar bear can be seen on the coin.
First Strikes: Congratulations Privy markFirst bullion strikes featuring His Majesty King Charles III, sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. Encapsulated in a premium card. A Privy mark of Fireworks can be seen on the coin.
First Strikes: Year of the Dragon Privy markFirst bullion strikes featuring His Majesty King Charles III, sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. Encapsulated in a premium card. A privy mark of a dragon can be seen on the coin.
2025Treasured Silver Maple Leaf: Polar Bears Privy MarkBullion with radial lines finish. Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. Encapsulated in a premium card. Features a special privy mark featuring two polar bears.
Treasured Silver Maple Leaf: Congratulations! Privy MarkBullion with radial lines finish. Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. Encapsulated in a premium card. Features a special fireworks privy mark.
Treasured Silver Maple Leaf: Year of the Snake Privy MarkBullion with radial lines finish. Sold directly from the Royal Canadian Mint. Encapsulated in a premium card. Features a special snake privy.

Zodiac series (1998 - 2009)

YearPrivy MarkArtistMintageSpecial Notes
1998Year of the TigerWalter Ott, RCM Engravers25,0001st coin in Chinese zodiac series
1999Year of the Rabbit2nd coin in Chinese zodiac series
2000Year of the Dragon3rd coin in Chinese zodiac series
2001Year of the Snake4th coin in Chinese zodiac series
2002Year of the Horse5th coin in Chinese zodiac series
20036th coin in Chinese zodiac series
2004Year of the Monkey7th coin in Chinese zodiac series
2005Year of the Rooster15,0008th coin in Chinese zodiac series
2006Year of the Dog10,0009th coin in Chinese zodiac series
2007Year of the Pig8,00010th coin in Chinese zodiac series
2008Year of the RatN/A11th coin in Chinese zodiac series
2009Year of the Ox12th coin in Chinese zodiac series

Zodiac series (2012 -)

YearPrivy MarkArtistMintageSpecial Notes
2012Year of the DragonN/A25,000released by 'APMEX.com'
2013Year of the Snake85,000made for Dillon Gage.
2014Year of the HorseReverse proof. Made for Dillon Gage.
2014Year of the Horse Chinese Lunar Double PrivyRCM engravers500made for The People's Bank of China and China Construction Bank of Shanghai
2015Year of the GoatN/AN/AReverse Proof
2016Year of the Monkey
2017Year of the RoosterAries CheungReverse Proof; Distributed by Bullion Exchanges, LLC
2018Year of the DogReverse Proof; Royal Canadian Mint
2019Year of the Pig[13]
2020Year of the Rat[14]
2021Year of the Ox[15]
2022Year of the Tiger
2023Year of the RabbitN/A

Fabulous series

YearPrivy MarkArtistMintageSpecial Notes
2006F12 Silver Maple LeafRoyal Canadian Mint engraversN/AFirst issue of the Fabulous series began as Fabulous 12 in 2006 - there was no privy mark on the coin
2007F12 Silver Maple Leaf5,000First issue of the Fabulous series with privy mark 'f12', specimen finished
2008Fabulous 12
2009
2010 F15 Silver Maple LeafSeries switched to Fabulous 15 in 2010, privy mark 'f15'
2011Fabulous 15
201210,000
2013Fabulous 15, bullion finished instead of specimen as before
2014Fabulous 15, bullion finished
2015Fabulous 15, obverse and reverse with radial lines like from common coin issued 2014
2016N/AFabulous 15, obverse and reverse with radial security lines, but still without maple leaf security privy mark

Sets

YearDescriptionArtistMintageComment
2003Hologram setDora de Pedery-Hunt30,0005-Coin Set - 1 oz, 1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz, 1/20 oz
2004Privy Mark SetRCM Staff25,0005-Coin Set – 1 oz, oz, oz, 1/10 oz, 1/20 oz. Each coin is privy marked with the RCM logo
Zodiac Set5,00012-coin set – each coin in the set carries one of the twelve signs of the Zodiac. Commissioned by Universal Coins from Ottawa, Canada
2004-2005LEGACY of LIBERTY4,2004-coin set – first poppy quarter colorized (2004) with 3 coins of 1 oz silver 9999: VE DAY (2005), VJ DAY (2005) and D-DAY (2004)
2010Olympic Maple Leaf SetN/A4,0003-Coin Set (2008, 2009, 2010) – 3x 1 oz., comes in the standard wooden box. Every coin partly gold plated on the reverse.
2013Fine Silver Maple Leaf - 25th Anniversary Fractional SetArnold Nogy9,9995-Coin Set – 1 oz, oz, oz, 1/10 oz, 1/20 oz.
2014Fine Silver Fractional Set - Maple Leaf
2015Fine Silver Incuse Fractional Set - Maple LeafLilyane Coulombe
2016Fine Silver 5-Coin Fractional Set – A Historic ReignDonna Kriekle7,500
2017 fine[16] silver 4-coin fractional set – maple leaf tributeStan Witten senior engraver at RCM5,5004-coin set: 1 oz, 1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz.
2024Treasured Maple Leaf: Effigies 3-Coin Set (Premium Bullion)Walter Ott (reverse), 2022 - Susanna Blunt (obverse), 2023 - Susanna Blunt (obverse), 2024 - Steven Rosati (obverse)3-coin set, 1 oz each. This set shows the transition of effigies on their obverses—from the last year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign (2022) to a time of transition (2023), and the introduction of the new effigy of His Majesty King Charles III (2024). Encapsulated in a presentation folder.
202599.99% Pure Silver Fractional Set - Celebrate the 60th anniversary of Canada's flag. 5-coin set.Marie-Élaine Cusson (reverse), Arnold Machin (obverse)3,5005 coin set - 1 oz, oz, oz, 1/10 oz, 1/20 oz.1 oz. coin is enhanced with enamel-like paint and Micro-text "CANADA" privy mark.Reverse Proof finish. Packaged in a Black clamshell with black beauty box.

Editions with nature-related themes

Fine silver fractional four-coin sets

YearDescriptionArtistMintageDescription
2004Arctic FoxClaude D'Angelo13,6944 Coin Set – 1 oz, 1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz - different reverse picture on every coin
2005LynxMichael Dumas15,000
2015Bald EagleDerek C.Wicks7,5004 Coin Set—1 oz, 1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz - the same reverse picture on every coin
2016The WolfPierre Leduc7,500

Canadian Wildlife Series

YearDescriptionArtistMintageDescription
2011Silver Timber WolfWilliam Woodruff1,000,0001 oz coin. The RCM did not issue any proof versions for this series
Silver Grizzly1 oz coin
2012Silver Cougar
Silver Moose
2013Silver Pronghorn Antelope Emily S. Damstra
Silver Wood Bison

Birds of Prey Series

YearDescriptionArtistMintageDescription
2014Silver Peregrine Falcon (proof)Emily S. Damstra20,0001 oz coin. Proof frosted version sold directly from the RCM
Silver Peregrine Falcon (bullion)1,000,0001 oz coin. Regular Legal Tender bullion version
Silver Bald Eagle (proof)7,5001 oz coin. Proof frosted version sold directly from the RCM
Silver Bald Eagle (bullion)1,000,0001 oz coin. Regular Legal Tender bullion version
2015Silver Red-Tailed Hawk (bullion)
Silver Great Horned Owl (bullion)

Predator Series

YearDescriptionArtist MintageDescription
2016Silver Cougar Emily S. Damstra1,000,0001 oz coin. Regular Legal Tender bullion version
2017Silver Lynx500,000
2018Silver Wolf300,000
2019Silver Grizzly500,000

Canadian Arctic Series 1½ oz

YearDescriptionArtistMintageDescription
2013Silver Polar Bear (proof)Germaine Arnaktauyok17,500Proof version sold directly from the RCM. 1 oz coin
Silver Polar Bear (bullion)500,0001 oz coin. Regular bullion version
2014Silver Arctic Fox (proof)Maurice Gervais7,500The proof version of this coin is 1 oz and not 1 oz
Silver Arctic Fox (bullion)500,0001 oz coin. Regular bullion version
2015Silver Polar Bear and Cub (proof)Susanna Blunt 7,500The proof version of this coin is 1 oz and not 1 oz
Silver Polar Bear and Cub (bullion)500,0001 oz coin. Regular bullion version

Other Silver Maple Leaf coins

YearDescriptionArtist (reverse, obverse)MintageDescription
2004Sambro Island LighthouseHedly Doty and William Woodruff18,4761 oz coin in box, face value $20
2005Toronto Island LighthouseBrian Hughes and William Woodruff13,812
2006Silver Timber WolfWilliam Woodruff106,800 oz coin
2010Silver PiedfortRoyal Canadian Mint Engravers, Susanna Blunt9,0001 oz coin in box - first ever pure silver piedfort coin featuring Maple Leaf design
2011Maple Leaf ForeverDebbie Adams, Susanna Blunt9991-kilogram coin, $250, proof, in a maple wooden box
2014Bullion ReplicaRCM engravers, Susanna Blunt20,000Premium version of the popular Silver Maple Leaf bullion design, no privy mark, 1 oz coin in box
High Relief Maple LeavesLuc Normandin, Susanna Blunt2,5005-ounce coin, $50, matte proof, in red lacquer-box
2015Lustrous Maple LeavesMichelle Grant, Susanna Blunt1,5005-ounce coin, $50, proof, first-ever 5 oz. silver coin to feature a hologram, in red lacquer-box
2016Superman Silver Bullion CoinN/A1,000,000Version of the popular Silver Maple Leaf bullion design, with security privy mark - tiny maple leaf with 16 in the centre. 1 oz legal tender coin with radial lines on both sides. Instead of Maple Leaf on the reverse there's Superman's signature - "S-Shield".
2017Canada 150 - Canadian IconsTami Mayrand, Susanna Blunt1,5005-ounce coin, $50, proof, a collage of red-coloured icons form a maple leaf (with official Canada 150 privy mark)
Magnificent Maple LeavesCelia Godkin, Susanna BluntN/A10-ounce coin, $50, encapsulated bullion coin
Maple Leaf Quartet7,5004 square coins, 4 x $3, reverse proof, all 4 coins together display a big maple leaf
Canada 150 - Iconic Maple LeafRCM engravers, Susanna Blunt6,0002-ounce coin, $10, modified matte proof (w. laser-engraved pattern)
2018Incuse Maple Leaf250,000 (?)1-ounce coin, $5
2020KrakenUnlimited, unknown at this timeCreatures of the North

Hologram Silver Maple Leaf

YearThemeArtistMintageSpecial Notes
2001Maple of Good Fortune [17] N/A29,817First coin in Chinese hologram series
200215th Anniversary of the One Dollar LoonRoyal Canadian Mint Staff29,970$5 Loon
200315th Anniversary of the Silver Maple LeafRCM Staff28,9475 Coin Set – 1 oz, 1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz, 1/20 oz
Maple of Good Fortune N/A29,731Second coin in Chinese hologram series
2005Maple of Hope Toan Nguyen19,888Third coin in Chinese hologram series
2007Blessings of Long LifeJianping Yuan15,000Not 1 oz, but is still pure silver
2009 Maple of WisdomSimon example14,888Sterling silver; the coin is not a true Silver Maple Leaf
2010Maple of Strength8,888
2011Maple of HappinessReturn to 1 oz pure silver; it is a true Silver Maple Leaf
2012Maple of Good FortuneThree Degrees Creative Group1 oz pure silver. A true Silver Maple Leaf
2013Maple of PeaceSimon example
2014Maple of Longevity1 oz pure silver. Sixth coin in the renowned series. Face value: $15.
2015Maple of ProsperityAlbert Ng1 oz pure silver. Seventh coin in the renowned series. Face value: $15.

Olympic Maple Leaf

YearThemeMintage
2008Inukshuk937,839
2009Thunderbird569,048
2010Ice Hockey79,278
Ice Hockey, gold plated in box10,000
Set of 3 coins, partly gold plated in box4,000

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Silver Maple Leaf Coin | The Royal Canadian Mint. www.mint.ca.
  2. Web site: 2014 Silver Maple Leaf Bullion Coins, New Security and Finish. CoinNews.net. 2013-12-06 . 2020-03-29.
  3. Web site: Royal Canadian Mint develops 'milk spot' fix. 2021-03-28.
  4. Canadian Coin News Volume 47, number 12, pagina 1. 20 September - 12 October 2009.
  5. Book: The Essential Guide to Investing in Precious Metals, page 115. David L. Ganz. 2011. Krause Publications . 9781440223693. 5 February 2015.
  6. Web site: 2010 Annual Report, page 84. Royal Canadian Mint. 2011. 2020-03-29. 2020-09-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925091551/https://www.mint.ca/store/dyn/PDFs/Mint_AR_10_Eng_FINAL.pdf. dead.
  7. Web site: 2011 Annual Report, page 111. Royal Canadian Mint. 2012. 2020-03-29. 2020-09-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925095824/https://www.mint.ca/store/dyn/PDFs/RCM2011AR.pdf. dead.
  8. Web site: 2012 Annual Report, page 105. Royal Canadian Mint. 2013. 30 March 2020. 17 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191017220601/https://www.mint.ca/store/dyn/PDFs/RCM-12-AR_ENG_FINAL.pdf. dead.
  9. Web site: 2013 Annual Report, page 94. Royal Canadian Mint. 2014. 30 March 2020.
  10. Web site: 2014 Annual Report, page 30. 2015. 30 March 2020. Royal Canadian Mint. 17 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191017220629/https://www.mint.ca/store/dyn/PDFs/RCMint_AR_2014-15_E.pdf. dead.
  11. Charlton Standard of Canadian Coins, 60th Edition, p.434, W.K. Cross,
  12. Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Edition, p. 451, W.K. Cross,
  13. Web site: 2019 Canadian $15 Year of the Pig 1 oz Fine Silver Coin.
  14. Web site: 2020 Canadian $15 Year of the Rat - 1 oz Fine Silver Coin.
  15. Web site: 2021 Canadian $15 Year of the Ox - 1 oz Fine Silver Coin.
  16. MRC
  17. Charlton Standard of Canadian Coins, 60th Edition, p.455, W.K. Cross,