Rump state explained

A rump state is the remnant of a once larger state that was reduced in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.^[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.

Examples

Ancient history

• During the Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes, which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom.^{[2] [3] [4]}
• The Seleucid Empire became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.^[5]
• After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul, the Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius, until it was conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486.^[6]

Post-classical history

• Guge and Maryul was a rump state of the Tibetan Empire.^{[7] [8]}
• The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.^[9]
• Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.^[10]
• After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.^[11]
• Qara Khitai was a rump state of the Liao dynasty.^[12]
• After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.^{[13] [14]}
• Several Byzantine rump states like Nicaea, Trebizond and Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.^{[15] [16] [17]}
• After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.^[18]
• After the disintegration of the Golden Horde in early 15th, the Great Horde survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until its territory was divided between other hordes in 1502.
• The Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in Kabulistan and Balkh under Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into the Mughal Empire after the Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526.
• By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.^[19]
• After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.^[20]
• After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.^[21]
• The Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the Kurdish Zand and Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, until the region finally annexed by the Qajars in 1796.

Modern history

• The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was left as a rump state after the First Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772.^[22] The resulting rump state was partitioned again in 1793 and annexed outright in 1795. After Napoleon's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1807, he created a new Polish rump state, the Duchy of Warsaw.^[23] After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna created a state, Congress Poland in 1815.
• The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independent Belgium.^[24]
• The modern-day state of Brunei is a rump state of the former Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888), which once encompassed much of northern Borneo. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the House of Bolkiah, which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence.
• The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.^[25]
• The Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 after Turkish invasion.^{[26] [27] [28]}
• The Hungarian Republic became a rump state in 1919 after Hungarian–Romanian War.^[29]
• The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of Carpathian Ruthenia.^[30]
• Vichy France, a collaborationist state with Nazi Germany, was a rump state of the French Third Republic.^[31] It existed as an independent state under partial occupation from 1940 to 1942, was fully occupied by Germany until 1944, and operated as a government-in-exile until 1945.
• The fascist Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state led by Benito Mussolini, was a rump state of the Kingdom of Italy 1943–1945.^{[32] [33] [34]}
• The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up. SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992.^[35]
• Taiwan was the rump state of the Republic of China, under the Kuomintang rule.^[36] The current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective.^[37]
• The Republic of Turkey, a rump state left over in Asia Minor after the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, in which the state lost all of its territory in Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Europe, which constituted in a total territorial loss of 89%.

See also

• Exclusive mandate
• Feudal fragmentation
• Government-in-exile
• List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
• Puppet state
• Secession
• Separatism
• Succession of states

References

Sources

• Book: Shaughnessy , Edward L. . Edward L. Shaughnessy. Western Zhou History. Michael Loewe. Edward L. Shaughnessy. The Cambridge History of ancient China - From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. 1999. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. 9780521470308. 292–351.

Notes and References

1. Tir . Jaroslav . Keeping the Peace After Secessions: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States . Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association . Feb 22, 2005 . Oct 26, 2014 . Hawaii Online . Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu.
2. Book: Van de Mieroop . Marc . A history of ancient Egypt . 2021 . Wiley . Chichester, West Sussex . 9781119620891 . 152 . Second.
3. Book: Myśliwiec . Karol . The twilight of ancient Egypt : first millennium B.C.E. . 2000 . Cornell University Press . Ithaca, N.Y. . 9780801486302 . 69.
4. Book: Potts . D. T. . Radner . Karen . Moeller . Nadine . The Oxford history of the ancient Near East. Volume III: from the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC . 2020 . Oxford University Press . New York, NY . 9780190687601 . 88.
5. Book: A Brief History of Iraq. Fattah. Hala Mundhir. 2009. Caso. Frank. 277.
6. Book: Dodd. Leslie. Kinship Conflict and Unity among Roman Elites in Post-Roman Gaul. Official Power and Local Elites in the Roman Provinces . 25 November 2016. Routledge. 9781317086147 . 170.
7. Book: Beckwith, Christopher I. . Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . 2009 . Princeton University Press . 978-0-691-13589-2 . 169–.

8. "Mar-yul (literally "lower land") is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh. Mngah-ris (Mnga-ris), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes."

9. Richard Todd (2014), The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology, p. 6
10. Davies, Norman. , p. 335
11. Book: Fletcher . R. A. . Moorish Spain . 2001 . Phoenix Press . London . 9781842126059 . 117.
12. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. p. 166. ISBN 9780813513041.
13. Book: Des Forges . Roger V. . Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history : northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming . 2003 . Stanford University Press . 9780804740449 . 6 .
14. Book: Chaffee, John W.. 2015. The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. 625.
15. The Columbia history of the world by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders".
16. A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire."
17. This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp.205–207
18. Book: Seth . Michael J. . A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present . 2010 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 115.
19. Book: Charles Melville. Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. 33. 10. 2021. Only after five more years did Esma‘il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma‘il..
20. Book: 310. Concise History of Islam. Muzaffar. Husain. Syed Saud. Akhtar. B. D.. Usmani. unabridged. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. 2011. 9789382573470. 868069299.
21. Book: Bauer . Brian S. . Fonseca Santa Cruz . Javier . Araoz Silva . Miriam . Vilcabamba and the Archaeology of Inca Resistance . 2015 . Los Angeles . 9781938770623 . 1–2.
22. Book: Fazal . Tanisha M. . State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation . 2011 . Princeton University Press . 9781400841448 . 110.
23. Book: Lerski . George J. . Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 . 1996 . Greenwood Press . 9780313260070 . 121.
24. Web site: History. . Embassy of Luxembourg in Vientiane. Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes. 23 May 2023. The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to the partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy’s present-day geographical borders..
25. Book: Magocsi . Paul Robert . Historical atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition . 2018 . University of Toronto Press . 9781487523312 . 128.
26. Book: Mikaberidze, Alexander . Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing . 2019. 9798216117292. Tucker. Spencer C. Tucker . Spencer C. . English.
27. Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 188—189
28. [Richard G. Hovannisian|Hovannisian Richard G.]
29. Book: Romsics, Ignác . Magyarország története a XX. században . 2004 . Osiris Kiadó . Budapest . hu . 963-389-590-1 . 136.
30. Book: Rychlík. J.. Rychlíková. M.. 2016. Podkarpatská Rus v dějinách Československa, 1918–1946. cs. Prague. Vyšehrad. 9788074295560.
31. Web site: Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944 . Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944 . 9 August 1944 . gouv.fr . Legifrance . https://web.archive.org/web/20090716040542/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071212&dateTexte=20090620 . 16 July 2009 . 21 October 2015 . Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist.
    Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic. This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.
    Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';....
32. James Hartfield, Unpatriotic History of the Second World War,, 2012, p. 424
33. Eric Morris, Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945,, 1993, p. 140
34. Book: Neville . Peter . Mussolini . 2014 . Routledge . 9781317613046 . 199 . 2nd.
35. Book: Woodward, Susan L. . Susan L. Woodward . April 1995 . Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War . 285 . . 9780815722953 . 476203561.
36. Book: Williams, Jack . Taiwan's Environmental Struggle . Chang . Ch’ang-yi David . . 2008 . 978-0-415-44723-2 . 18 . Taiwan was now the rump state of the 'Republic of China', under the Kuomintang (KMT) or 'Nationalist' party rule, 'temporarily' in exile on the island [...].
37. Book: Williams, Jack . Taiwan's Environmental Struggle . Chang . Ch’ang-yi David . . 2008 . 978-0-415-44723-2 . 7 . Exactly what is Taiwan—nation state, de facto nation, rump state, pariah state, renegade province? The answer depends very much on the viewpoint of the observer..