| Rubab | |
| Classification: | Stringed instruments |
| Hornbostel Sachs: | 321.321-6 |
| Hornbostel Sachs Desc: | Necked bowl lutes |
| Related: | Arbajo, dotara, dranyen, Pamiri rubab, seni rebab, sarod, tungna, dutar, tanbur |
Rubab, robab, or rabab (Pashto / fa|رُباب, Punjabi: ਰਬਾਬ, Kashmiri: رَبابہٕ, Sindhi: Sindhi: رَبابُ (Arabic script), रबाबु (Devanagari), Azerbaijani / Turkish: Rübab, Tajik / Uzbek рубоб) is a lute-like musical instrument.[1] The rubab is the national musical instrument of Afghanistan; it is also commonly played in Pakistan, mostly by Pashtuns, Balochis, Sindhis, Kashmiris,[2] and Punjabis. Variants of the rubab include the Kabuli rebab of Afghanistan, the Rawap of Xinjiang, the Pamiri rubab of Tajikistan and the seni rebab of northern India. The instrument and its variants spread throughout West, Central, South and Southeast Asia.[3] The Kabuli rebab from Afghanistan[1] derives its name from the Arabic rebab and is played with a bow while in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the instrument is plucked and is distinctly different in construction.
| Small | 5 sympathetic strings | وړوکی ربابWarukay rabab | زيلچهZaliche | 27 | |
| Medium | 19 strings, 13 sympathetic strings | منځنۍ) رباب)(Mianzanai) rabab | ربابRubab | 28 | |
| Large | 21 strings, 15 sympathetic strings | لوی ربابLoy rabab | شاهرباب (king size)Shah rabab | 30 |
| Headstock | تاجTāj | سرپنجه or تاج"Tāj" or "Sar Penjah" | |
| Tuning peg | غوږيGhwagi/Ghwazhi | گوشیGoshi/Gushi | |
| Nut | ? | شیطانکSheitanak | |
| Neck | غړۍGharai | دستهDastah | |
| Strings | تارونهTāruna | تارTār | |
| Long/Low drones | شاتارShātār | شاهتارShahtar | |
| Short/High drones | ? | ? | |
| Sympathetic strings | بچيBachi | ? | |
| Frets | پردهPardah | پردهPardah | |
| Chest | سينهSinah | سینهSinah | |
| Side | ? | صفحهSafhah | |
| Skin belly | ګوډی or څرمن"Tsarman" or "Goday" | پوستPust | |
| Head or Chamber | ډولDol | کاسهKasah | |
| Bridge | ټټوTatu | خرکKharak | |
| tailpiece | ? | سیمگیرSeemgeer | |
| Plectrum | شابازShabaz | مضرابMezrab |
| English | Explanation | Pashto | Persian | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strings | Main strings: 3 and made out of nylonLong Drone: 2-3 and made out of steel Short Drone: 2 and made out of steel | تارونهTāruna | تارTār | |
| First/Low/Bass String | Low/Bass String is the thickest string | کټیKatay | ? | |
| Second String | Thiner than bass string and thicker than high string | بمBam | بمBam | |
| Third/High String | The thinest string out of all the three main strings | زېرZer | زیرZir |
The body is carved out of a single piece of wood, with a head covering a hollow bowl which provides the sound-chamber. The bridge sits on the skin and is held in position by the tension of the strings. It has three melody strings tuned in fourths, two or three drone strings and up to 15 sympathetic strings. The instrument is made from the trunk of a mulberry tree, the head from an animal skin such as goat, and the strings from the intestines of young goats (gut) or nylon.
The earliest historical record of an instrument named rabab dates back to 10th-century Arabic texts, as identified by Henry George Farmer. This instrument, along with its variations like rubab, rebab, and rabob, subsequently gained popularity in various regions of West, Central, South, and Southeast Asia.[4] It is mentioned in old Persian books, and many Sufi poets mention it in their poems. It is the traditional instrument of Khorasan and is widely used in countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as in the Xinjiang province of northwest China and the Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab regions of northwest India.[5]
The rubab is known as "the lion of instruments" and is one of the two national instruments of Afghanistan (with the zerbaghali). Classical Afghan music often features this instrument as a key component. Elsewhere it is known as the Kabuli rebab in contrast to the Seni rebab of India. In appearance, the Kabuli rubab looks slightly different from the Indian rubab.[6] It is the ancestor of the north Indian sarod, although unlike the sarod, it is fretted.[7]
The rubab was the first instrument used in Sikhism; it was used by Bhai Mardana, companion of the first guru, Guru Nanak. Whenever a shabad was revealed to Guru Nanak he would sing and Bhai Mardana would play on his rubab; he was known as a rababi. The rubab playing tradition is carried on by Sikhs such as Namdharis.
In northern India, the seni rebab, which emerged during the Mughal Empire, has "a large hook at the back of its head, making it easier for a musician to sling it over the shoulder and play it even while walking."[8] The Sikh rabab was traditionally a local Punjabi variant known as the 'Firandia' rabab (Punjabi: ਫਿਰੰਦੀਆ ਰਬਾਬ Phiradī'ā rabāba),[9] [10] [11]