Right-wing dictatorship explained

A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process), Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] and those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

Military dictatorship

See main article: Military dictatorship. In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America. Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there. Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

Religion and the government

See main article: Clerical fascism. Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[2]

Right-wing dictatorships by region

The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:

Europe

See main article: Fascism in Europe.

See also: European interwar dictatorships. The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
CountryHistorical name(s)Movement(s)Years of ruleDictator(s)
[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Kingdom of Italy[11] [12] National Fascist Party[13] [14] Benito Mussolini[15] [16]
Latvian Farmers' Union (disbanded after coup) Kārlis Ulmanis[17]
Republic of Lithuania[18] Lithuanian Nationalist Union[19] Antanas Smetona[20] [21]
Republic of San Marino[22] 1923–1943Giuliano Gozi
Ukrainian State[23] Ukrainian People's Hromada1918Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[24]

Asia

See main article: Fascism in Asia. Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s, as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
CountryHistorical name(s)Movement(s)Years of ruleDictator(s)
Taliban [25] [26] [27] [28]
New Azerbaijan Party [29]
[30]
Empire of China[31] Military1915–1916 Yuan Shikai
EOKA B[32] Nikos Sampson[33]
New Order under Golkar[34] [35] Suharto[36] [37] [38]
[39] [40]
Republic of IraqArab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region1979–2003Saddam Hussein[41]
Republic of Kazakhstan[42] [43] [44] 1999–2019 Nursultan Nazarbayev
Kingdom of Laos[45] Military with the Committee for the Defence of National Interests1959–1960 Sounthone Pathammavong
Concordia Association[46] [47] Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
China (1928–1949)
(1945–1987) 		Right-wing Kuomintang[48]
Syrian Republic[49] [50] Military with the Arab Liberation Movement1951–1954 Adib Shishakli
1994–present Emomali Rahmon[51] [52] [53]
Kingdom of Thailand[54] [55]
Turkmenistan978-974-9511-28-2">
Republic of Uzbekistan[56] [57] [58]
Republic of Vietnam[59] [60] [61]

North, Central, and South America

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[62] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups. Many right-wing dictatorships in South America were established through Operation Condor in which left-wing governments in the region were replaced with right-wing military regimes through us-backed coups.

List of North and South American right-wing dictatorships
CountryHistorical name(s)Movement(s)Years of ruleDictator(s)
Northern Argentina Argentine Confederation[63] Juan Manuel de Rosas
[64] [65] [66] [67] [68]
[69] [70] [71] [72] [73]
[74] [75] [76]
[77] [78] [79] [80]
Republic of Colombia [81] [82]
Republic of Costa Rica[83] [84] Military with the Peliquista Party[85] Federico Tinoco Granados
[86] [87]
[88] [89] [90]
Republic of Ecuador[91] 1970–1972 José María Velasco Ibarra
Republic of El Salvador[92]
Grenada[93] [94] [95] 1974–1979 Eric Gairy
[96] [97]
[98] [99] [100] [101]
[102] [103] [104] [105] [106]
Republic of Nicaragua[107]
Republic of Panama[108] [109] [110]
[111] [112]
[113] [114] [115] [116]
[117] [118] [119] [120]

Africa

Africa has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed. They commonly have strong anti-communist stances, pro-western stances and have also lead to genocide and discrimination against other ethnic groups.

List of African right-wing dictatorships
CountryHistorical name(s)Movement(s)Years of ruleDictator(s)
Republic of Burundi[121] [122]
Republic of Chad[123] [124] [125] [126]
Republic of Zaire[127] 1965–1997 Mobutu Sese Seko
Arab Republic of Egypt[128] 2014–Present Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Gabonese Republic[129]
Republic of the Gambia[130] 1996–2017 Yahya Jammeh
Republic of Guinea[131] [132] 1984–2008 Lansana Conté
Republic of Equatorial Guinea[133] Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
Republic of Liberia[134] 1986–1990 Samuel Doe
Republic of Malawi[135] 1966–1994 Hastings Banda
Republic of Rwanda[136] [137] 1961–1994 Juvénal Habyarimana
Republic of the Sudan[138] 1989–2019 Omar al-Bashir
Togolese Republic[139] [140] [141] [142]
[143] [144] [145]

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Book: Bailey, Diane. Dictatorship. Broomall, Pennsylvania. Mason Crest. Major Forms of World Government. 2 September 2014. 978-1-4222-9455-0. 1088312521. Timothy J.. Colton. 22. Timothy Colton.
  2. Book: Gottfried, Ted. Heroes of the Holocaust. registration. 14 January 2017. 2001. Twenty-First Century Books. 9780761317173. 24–25. Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends--German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries--were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews..
  3. The New Fontaena Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition, (1999) p. 729.
  4. Web site: German Empire | Facts, History, Flag, & Map | Britannica .
  5. Web site: German Fatherland Party / 1.0 / Encyclopedic .
  6. Book: Shirer, William L. . William L. Shirer . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . Simon & Schuster . New York . 1960 . 978-0-671-62420-0 . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. 199–201.
  7. Book: Davidson . Eugene . The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism . 1997 . University of Missouri Press . 978-0826211170 . 14 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150927145845/https://books.google.com/books?id=JagUZcri3s8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Making+of+Adolf+Hitler:+The+Birth+and+Rise+of+Nazism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bYqMUtqAEYyg7AbL14C4AQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=241&f=false . 27 September 2015 . live . 241.
  8. Book: Orlow . Dietrich . The Nazi Party 1919–1945: A Complete History . 2010 . Enigma Books . 978-0982491195 . 14 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151001162036/https://books.google.com/books?id=9a9MRnxtdJgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Nazi+Party+1919-1945:+A+Complete+History&hl=en&sa=X&ei=momMUriAFumN7AawiIDwBg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=far%20right&f=false . 1 October 2015 . live . 29.
  9. Book: Shirer, William L. . William L. Shirer . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . Simon & Schuster . New York . 1960 . 978-0-671-62420-0 . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . 226–227.
  10. Book: Overy, Richard . The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . Penguin Books . London . 2005 . 978-0-393-02030-4 . 63 .
  11. Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p. 107.
  12. Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p. 228.
  13. [Aristotle Kallis|Aristotle A. Kallis]
  14. Book: John Pollard. The Fascist Experience in Italy. 22 July 2005. Routledge. 978-1-134-81904-1. 116.
  15. Book: Lyttelton, Adrian. The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929. 2009. Routledge. New York. 978-0-415-55394-0. 75–77.
  16. Book: Moseley, Ray . Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce . Taylor Trade . 978-1-58979-095-7 . 2004 . 3 June 2020 . 25 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200925055508/https://books.google.com/books?id=UmxaWvOL_IgC&pg=PA7 . live.
  17. The Emergence of an Authoritarian Regime in Latvia, 1932-1934. Janis. Rogainis. Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences. 17. 3. Fall 1971. 2021-01-12. 2020-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20200724094833/http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm. dead.
  18. Book: Vardys, Vytas Stanley . Judith B. Sedaitis . Lithuania: The Rebel Nation . WestviewPress . 1997 . Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics . 0-8133-1839-4 . 34–36 .
  19. Encyclopedia: Mindaugas . Tamošaitis . 27 May 2019 . 2008 . Lietuvių tautininkų ir respublikonų sąjunga . . Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras . lt.
  20. Book: Eidintas . Alfonsas . Vytautas . Žalys . Alfred Erich . Senn . Edvardas . Tuskenis . Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 . Paperback . 1999 . St. Martin's Press . New York . 0-312-22458-3 . 117–125.
  21. Book: Eidintas, Alfonsas . 2015 . Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940) . . Brill Rodopi . On the Boundary of Two Worlds . 9789004302037 .
  22. Web site: The Fascist, the Axis, and the Communist: The Story of the Forgotten History of San Marino . 3 February 2019 .
  23. https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&dq=Ukrainian+State+Hetman+Pavlo&pg=PA849 Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States: 1999
  24. Nielsen. Christian Axboe. 2009. Policing Yugoslavism: Surveillance, Denunciations, and Ideology during King Aleksandar's Dictatorship, 1929–1934. East European Politics and Societies. 23. 1. 34–62. 10.1177/0888325408326789. 145765948.
  25. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/01/taliban-supreme-leader-haibatullah-akhundzada/
  26. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/10/taliban-hardliners-women-work-universities/
  27. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/15/taliban-afghanistan-laws-women-rights/
  28. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/opinion/alt-right-taliban.html
  29. https://hrf.org/latest/how-the-dictators-of-azerbaijan-and-turkey-undermine-armenian-democracy/
  30. Web site: Bangladesh's Declining Democracy . 15 September 2022 .
  31. Makers of Modern China: II. The Strong Man: Yuan shih-kai . 45307395 . Palmer . Norman D. . Current History . 1948 . 15 . 85 . 149–155 . 10.1525/curh.1948.15.85.149 .
  32. News: EOKA-B disbands in aid of unity: The notorious underground EOKA-B movement, responsible for a militant campaign against Archbishop Makarios, announces that it has disbanded itself - February 11, 1978 - Cyprus Mail. 2015-10-03. Cyprus Mail. 2018-06-03. en-GB.
  33. Book: Cook, Chris . Diccon Bewes . [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=FuGrcgcOiXoC |page=65 }} What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History ]. Routledge . 1997 . 1-85728-533-6. 65 .
  34. Book: Derbyshire, J. Denis. 116. Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. 1990.
  35. Book: Thomas Bohlken, Anjali. Cambridge University Press. 2016. 221. Democratization from Above.
  36. Web site: Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed. 28 January 2008. The New York Times. Berger. Marilyn .
  37. Web site: Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921-2008. 28 January 2008 . The Guardian . Gittings. John.
  38. Web site: Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto? . 19 May 2018. South China Morning Post. Hutton. Jeffrey . ...would topple the dictator Suharto. .
  39. Web site: Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography, History, & White Revolution | Britannica . 23 July 2024 .
  40. Web site: Iran's Conservative Culture Challenged by Working Women .
  41. Several sources:
  42. Web site: Nursultan Nazarbayev | Biography, Kazakhstan, Presidency, & Family | Britannica . 8 August 2024 .
  43. Web site: The world's enduring dictators: Nursultan A. Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan - CBS News . . 19 June 2011 .
  44. Web site: Former Kazakh dictator denies he fled, reiterates retirement – DW – 01/18/2022 . .
  45. Web site: 4.7 Laos' National Defense Structure | Unforgettable Laos .
  46. Book: Sovereignty and Authenticity:Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Prasenjit Duara. 2004. 9780742530911.
  47. Book: Glorify the Empire: Japanese Avant-Garde Propaganda in Manchukuo. UBC Press. Annika A. Culver. 2013. 9780774824361.
  48. Book: Fell, Dafydd. Dafydd Fell. 2005. Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004. 98, 117. Routledge. 1-134-24021-X.
  49. Web site: Adib al-Shishakli | Syrian President, Ba'athist Leader, Coup Leader | Britannica .
  50. Radical Politics and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party . 163235 . Pipes . Daniel . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 1988 . 20 . 3 . 303–324 . 10.1017/S0020743800053642 .
  51. Web site: The world's enduring dictators: Emomali Rahmon, Tajikistan - CBS News . . 19 June 2011 .
  52. Web site: Tajikistan: Country Profile .
  53. https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-islamic-state-uses-tajikistans-dictator-in-recruitment-drive
  54. Thak Chaloemtiarana. Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism (The Southeast Asia Program Edition) Silkworm Books, 2007
  55. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-politics-timeline/timeline-thailands-turbulent-politics-since-2014-military-coup-idUSKCN2520CB
  56. Web site: Uzbekistan's New Era Might Just be Real .
  57. Web site: Uzbekistan | Geography, History, Maps, People, & Tourism | Britannica .
  58. Web site: Shavkat Mirziyoyev | Biography, Uzbekistan, & Presidency | Britannica . 20 July 2024 .
  59. "Mourning a Loss: Conservative Support for Ngo Dinh Diem" . 26786338 . Offenbach . Seth . The Journal of American-East Asian Relations . 2019 . 26 . 3 . 257–284 . 10.1163/18765610-02603003 .
  60. The Many-Sided Politics of South Vietnam . 45312031 . Butwell . Richard . Current History . 1969 . 56 . 330 . 71–112 . 10.1525/curh.1969.56.330.71 .
  61. South Vietnamese Regime Change . Fahrenkrug . David T. . Regime Change and the Role of Airpower . 2006 . 37–47 .
  62. Book: O. Henry. Cabbages and Kings. Doubleday, Page & Company. New York City. 1904. 132, 296. O. Henry.
  63. Foreign Estimates of the Argentine Dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas . 2506521 . Robertson . William Spence . The Hispanic American Historical Review . 1930 . 10 . 2 . 125–137 . 10.2307/2506521 .
  64. Web site: "Don't Cry for Me, Argentina" — the Tumultuous Times of Juan and Evita Peron – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training .
  65. Web site: When Neo-Fascism Was Power in Argentina . 2 July 2014 .
  66. Web site: Pedro Eugenio Aramburu | president of Argentina | Britannica .
  67. Web site: Dirty War | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica . 12 July 2024 .
  68. Web site: Juan Peron | Rise to Power, Wife, & Death | Britannica .
  69. Web site: Hugo Bánzer Suárez | Military Leader, Dictator, Politician | Britannica .
  70. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/05/12/hugo-banzer-bolivian-president/17613c63-cc40-4ef4-bdee-3552a85874c6/
  71. Web site: Luis García Meza | Bolivian military leader | Britannica .
  72. Web site: Some Bolivians Fear Return of Ex-Dictator : South America: Garcia Meza is expected to blow the whistle on former cronies, collaborators . . 21 March 1994 .
  73. Web site: Bolivia - the "Sexenio," 1946-52 .
  74. Web site: Estado Novo | Military Dictatorship, Authoritarianism & Fascism | Britannica .
  75. Web site: João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo | Military career, Political reforms, Dictatorship | Britannica .
  76. Web site: Where Conspiracy Reigns . . 16 September 2020 .
  77. News: Augusto Pinochet . The Guardian . 11 December 2006 . Coad . Malcolm .
  78. Book: Hayek: A Collaborative Biography . 978-3-319-91357-5 . The Pinochet Regime and the Trans-nationalization of Italian Neo-fascism . Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics . 27 October 2018 . 361–393 . Palgrave Macmillan . https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/47/1/1/157638/Military-Rule-in-Chile-The-Revolutions-of
  79. https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/47/1/1/157638/Military-Rule-in-Chile-The-Revolutions-of
  80. Chilean-Style Populism: Carlos Ibáñez's Electoral Support Base . 10.1017/S0022216X24000282 . 2024 . Mimica . Nicolás . Navia . Patricio . Journal of Latin American Studies . 56 . 2 . 225–251 . free .
  81. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/laureano-eleuterio-gomez-castro
  82. Web site: Gustavo Rojas Pinilla | Colombian Dictator & Military Leader | Britannica .
  83. News: Bonilla. Alejandro. La última dictadura. 25 July 2019. La Nación. 22 March 2009.
  84. News: Soto. Carlos. A 100 años de la última dictadura. 25 July 2019. La Nación. 8 April 2019.
  85. Book: Fernández Morales . Jesús Manuel . Las Presidencias del Castillo Azul . 2010 . Imprenta LIL . 1.
  86. Web site: Gerardo Machado y Morales | Cuban President, Military Leader, Autocrat | Britannica .
  87. Cavendish . Richard . Richard Cavendish (occult writer) . General Batista Returns to Power in Cuba . . London . History Today Ltd . March 2002 . 52 . 3 . September 30, 2017 .
  88. Book: The Way It Was and Other Writings. Jesus Colon. Acosta-Belén & Korrol. February 1993.
  89. Book: . Alex von Tunzelmann. Alex von Tunzelmann. Henry Holt and Company. 2011. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25612799
  90. Book: Crassweller, Robert D. . 1966 . The Life and Times of a Caribbean Dictator . New York . The Macmillan Company . https://time.com/archive/6830369/dominican-republic-ramfis-in-power/
  91. https://cowlatinamerica.voices.wooster.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/263/2021/02/Service-1978-Ecuadorians-Electing-President-After-Six-Years-of-.pdf
  92. Beverley. John. El Salvador. 1982. Social Text. en. Duke University Press. 5. 55–72. 466334. 10.2307/466334.
  93. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/25/world/eric-gairy-75-former-premier-of-grenada-ousted-in-1979.html
  94. Web site: GRENADA: The Fall of a Warlock . 2 April 1979 .
  95. 35 years later, the Grenadian Revolution . 45204025 . Rougier . Atiba . Dialectical Anthropology . 2019 . 43 . 2 . 253–258 . 10.1007/s10624-018-9538-1 .
  96. Fraser. Andrew. 154550395. Architecture of a Broken Dream: The CIA and Guatemala, 1952–54. Intelligence and National Security. August 2006. 20. 3. 486–508. 10.1080/02684520500269010.
  97. Web site: Guatemala - Civil War, Human Rights, Refugees | Britannica . https://www.jstor.org/stable/26459211?seq=4
  98. Book: Political Corruption in the Caribbean Basin: Constructing a Theory to Combat Corruption . Collier, Michael W. . 86 . 2005 . Routledge . 0415973287 . 13 December 2015.
  99. Book: Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights, 1988 . Press . 578 . 1988 . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . 0792312643 . 13 December 2015.
  100. Web site: Caribbean Affairs, Volume 1 . Press . 55 . 1988 . Trinidad Express Newspapers . 13 December 2015.
  101. Book: Autocracy . Tullock, Gordon . 17 . 1987 . Springer . 9024733987 . 13 December 2015.
  102. https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/mexico-1906-present/
  103. Web site: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Significance, Texas Revolution, & Facts | Britannica . 25 July 2024 .
  104. Web site: Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga | president of Mexico | Britannica .
  105. Web site: Porfirio Diaz | Presidency & Facts | Britannica .
  106. "Nada de Papeluchos!" Managing Globalization in Early Porfirian Mexico (Nada de Papeluchos! Controlando la Globalización Durante el Peróodo Temprano del Porfiriato en México) . 4499391 . Passananti . Thomas P. . Latin American Research Review . 2007 . 42 . 3 . 101–128 . 10.1353/lar.2007.0045 .
  107. Book: Keen. Benjamin. A History of Latin America. Haynes. Keith A.. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2009. 978-0-618-78318-2. Boston, MA. 450.
  108. Web site: Arnulfo Arias | Panamanian leader, politician, reformer | Britannica . 11 August 2024 .
  109. Web site: Manuel Noriega | the Dictator's Playbook . .
  110. Web site: Manuel Noriega | Facts & Biography | Britannica . 12 August 2024 .
  111. https://www.nytimes.com/1948/06/04/archives/paraguay-deposes-morinigo-after-an-8year-dictatorship-coup.html
  112. Web site: Alberto Fujimori | Biography, Presidency, & Facts | Britannica . 13 August 2024 .
  113. Web site: Uruguay - Military Regime, Democracy, Economy | Britannica .
  114. Web site: My Father Was Forced to Flee His Country for Demanding Freedom .
  115. News: Juan María Bordaberry obituary . The Guardian . 19 July 2011 . Gunson . Phil .
  116. Web site: Uruguay - THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT, 1973-85 .
  117. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/delgado-chalbaud-carlos-1909-1950
  118. Web site: Marcos Pérez Jiménez | Military Dictator, Authoritarian Rule | Britannica .
  119. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/22/world/marcos-perez-jimenez-87-venezuela-ruler.html https://www.atalayar.com/en/opinion/jose-e-mosquera/venezuela-country-of-caudillos-and-dictators/20240824140000204404.html https://www.jstor.org/stable/45334347
  120. The Extradition of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 1959-63: Practical Precedent for Enforcement of Administrative Honesty? . 156130 . Ewell . Judith . Journal of Latin American Studies . 1977 . 9 . 2 . 291–313 . 10.1017/S0022216X00020629 .
  121. Web site: Reform in Burundi deepens ruling party divisions .
  122. Web site: Why history will judge Burundi's Pierre Nkurunziza harshly . 11 June 2020 .
  123. Web site: Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in its Tracks .
  124. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-rebel-group-threatens-military-led-government-2023-08-22/
  125. Book: To Catch a Dictator . 10.7312/brod20258 . 10.7312/brod20258 . 2022 . Brody . Reed . Columbia University Press . 978-0-231-55463-3 .
  126. Web site: Idriss Déby Itno offered Chadians great hope, but ended up leaving a terrible legacy . 21 April 2021 .
  127. Book: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989 . 10.1017/CBO9780511819971 . 2006 . Schmitz . David F. . 978-0-521-86133-5 .
  128. https://www.cato.org/commentary/ten-years-after-coup-us-still-supports-tyranny-egypt# https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/08/24/egypt-is-again-under-military-rule-but-sisi-lacks-nassers-appeal
  129. Web site: Gabon moves towards democracy one year after coup – DW – 08/30/2024 . .
  130. Web site: The Gambia Story | PEACEBUILDING .
  131. The Military and Politics in Guinea . 48609199 . Bah . Mamadou Diouma . Armed Forces & Society . 2015 . 41 . 1 . 69–95 . 10.1177/0095327X13495391 .
  132. Still Standing: Neighbourhood Wars and Political Stability in Guinea . 40538315 . Arieff . Alexis . The Journal of Modern African Studies . 2009 . 47 . 3 . 331–348 . 10.1017/S0022278X09004108 .
  133. The Impact and Legacy of Twentieth-century Spanish Colonial Policy on the Socio-political Development of Guinea Ecuatorial . Gefame . 2006 . Wharton . Barrie .
  134. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793617873/Liberia-under-Samuel-Doe-1980%E2%80%931985-The-Politics-of-Personal-Rule
  135. The Radical and Reactionary Politics of Malawi's Hastings Banda . 26804506 . Gabay . Clive . Journal of Southern African Studies . 2017 . 43 . 6 . 1119–1135 . 10.1080/03057070.2017.1365525 .
  136. Book: Becoming Human Again: An Oral History of the Rwanda Genocide against the Tutsi . j.ctvw1d5vv . Miller . Donald E. . Miller . Lorna Touryan . Miller . Arpi Misha . 2020 . University of California Press . 10.2307/j.ctvw1d5vv . 978-0-520-34378-8 .
  137. https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/gs13_-_development_ideology_the_peasantry_and_genocoide_rwanda_represented_in_habyarimanas_speeches.pdf
  138. Web site: Omar al-Bashir brutalised Sudan – how his 30-year legacy is playing out today . 25 April 2023 .
  139. Web site: Togo Slides Toward Authoritarianism with Upcoming Elections .
  140. Web site: It is confirmed and proven: Togo is a dictatorship . 25 March 2020 .
  141. Web site: The Reign of the Snake – the Seedy Tenure of Togo's President Eyadema – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training .
  142. Web site: Togo's longtime leader signs a new constitution that eliminates presidential elections . . 7 May 2024 .
  143. Rise and Fall of Idi Amin . 4372504 . Bhagat . H. . Economic and Political Weekly . 1983 . 18 . 38 . 1614–1616 .
  144. African 'Fascism' in Perspective . 4361984 . Gupta . Anirudha . Economic and Political Weekly . 1972 . 7 . 44 . 2203–2206 .
  145. Web site: Uganda's Yoweri Museveni, from liberator to dictator – DW – 08/19/2018 . .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Right-wing dictatorship".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2025, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.