Proto-fascism explained

Proto-fascism refers to the direct predecessor ideologies and cultural movements that influenced and formed the basis of fascism.^{[1] [2]} A prominent proto-fascist figure is Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian nationalist whose politics influenced Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism.^[1] Proto-fascist political movements include the Italian Nationalist Association (Italian: Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, ANI), the German National Association of Commercial Employees (German: Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfen-Verband, DHV) the German National People's Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP),^[2] and the Union of the Russian People (ru|Союз русского народа|translit=Soyuz russkogo naroda; СРН/SRN).^[3]

Other people who have been labeled proto-fascist because they shared an ideological basis with fascism include:

• Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821)^[4]
• Thomas Carlyle (1795 - 1881)^[5]
• Paul de Lagarde (1827–1891)^{[6] [7] [8]}
• Hermann Goedsche (1815–1878)^[9]
• Goldwin Smith (1823–1910)^{[10] [11]}
• Georges Ernest Boulanger (1837–1891)^[12]
• George Fitzhugh (1806 - 1881)^[13]
• Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936)^[14]
• R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz (1887–1961)^{[15] [16]}
• John Ruskin (1819 - 1900)^{[17] [18]}
• Ion Dragoumis (1878 - 1920)^{[19] [20]}
• Vladimir Purishkevich (1870 - 1920)^{[21] [22] [23]}
• D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930). The English philosopher Bertrand Russell characterized Lawrence as a "proto-German fascist".^[24] This characterization is useful as a demarcation point between Fascism and proto-fascism. The former has totalitarian uniformity as its paradigm, but Russell is referring to Lawrence as a "nonconformist prophet" struggling with individual alienation, looking to the shared identity of ancestral blood and soil for reconnection i.e. an evolution of the German 19th-century Völkisch movement,^{[25] [26]} an ideology that was adopted by the National Socialist movement.
• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805 - 1872). The famous Genoese patriot strongly influenced Italian fascism, especially in its early years. In particular, fascism inherited from Mazzini the fervent irredentism, the concept of class collaboration, the pedagogical vocation and the spirit of solidarity. Mussolini himself was a great Mazzini admirer, and many fascist exponents were Mazzinian such as Italo Balbo, Giovanni Gentile, Giuseppe Bottai and Dino Grandi.^[27]
• Francesco Crispi (1818 - 1901). The known Sicilian statesman was admired by the dictator Mussolini and considered by many scholars as a precursor of Italian fascist regime, due to his authoritarian policies, the nationalist character, his strongman reputation and the aggressive colonial policy implemented during his government.^{[28] [29]}
• Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)^[30]

References

• Book: Griffin, Roger . Roger Griffin . The Nature of Fascism . 2006 . . 9781136145889.

Footnotes

Notes and References

1. Book: Spackman, Barbara . Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy in Italy . 78.
2. Book: Peter . Davies . Derek . Lynch . The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right . London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA . . 94.
3. Figes, p. 196
4. The Second Onslaught: Joseph de Maistre and Open Obscurantism . 22–23 . Isaiah . Berlin . 1965 . Harkness Theater, Columbia University .
5. Book: Ulrich . Broich . H. T. . Dickinson . Eckhart . Hellmuth . Martin . Schmidt . Reactions to Revolutions: The 1790s and Their Aftermath . 255.
6. https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/Intellectual-origins Fascism: Intellectual origins
7. http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1774 Paul de Lagarde on Liberalism, Education, and the Jews: German Writings (1886)
8. Johnson, Paul (1983), “Modern Times”, Harper and Row: New York
9. "The Jew in the modern world: a documentary history", by Paul R. Mendes-Flohr, Jehuda Reinharz, 1995,, a footnote at p. 363
10. Book: Kramer . Naomi . 2007 . Civil Courage: A Response to Contemporary Conflict and Prejudice . Peter Lang . 142–143 . 978-1433100574.
11. Book: 2021 . Routledge Library Editions: Racism and Fascism . . 32 . 9781138934221.
12. Book: Fuller, Robert Lynn . Robert Lynn Fuller . The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886-1914 . 2012 . McFarland . 251 . 9780786490257.
13. Reyes . Stefan Roel . Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for Including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies . Fascism . 8 . 2 . December 2019 . 307–330 . . 10.1163/22116257-00802005. free .
14. Hecht. Jennifer Michael. Vacher de Lapouge and the Rise of Nazi Science. Journal of the History of Ideas. 2000. 61. 2. 285–304. 10.1353/jhi.2000.0018. 170993471.
15. Joscelyn Godwin, "Schwaller de Lubicz: les Veilleurs et la connexion Nazie", in Politica Hermetica, number 5, pages 101-108 (Éditions L'Âge d'Homme, 1991).
16. Joscelyn Godwin, Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival, pages 54-55 (Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996). .
17. Book: McGovern, William Montgomery . From Luther to Hitler . Harrap . 1941 . 180 . William Montgomery McGovern.
18. Book: Tennyson, G. B. . Victorian Prose: A Guide to Research . The Modern Language Association of America . 1973 . 9780873522502 . DeLaura . David J. . New York . 78 . The Carlyles . G. I. Morris in "Divine Hitler" ([Die Neueren Sprachen], 1935) cites his own experience . . . A headmaster had told his students that 'Ruskin and Carlyle were the first National Socialists.' . registration.
19. Book: Mazis, John . Man For All Seasons: The Uncompromising Life of Ion Dragoumis . 2014 . The Isis Press . 978-9754285277.
20. News: Giánnis Mázis: "O Dragoúmis den écho kamía amfivolía óti ítan énas protofasístas" . el:Γιάννης Μάζης: "Ο Δραγούμης δεν έχω καμία αμφιβολία ότι ήταν ένας πρωτοφασίστας" . Yannis Mazis: "I have no doubt that Dragoumis was a proto-fascist" . 4 June 2017 . Εθνικόν Κράτος . 23 October 2018 . el-GR.
21. Liubosh, S. B., Russkii fashist V. M. Purishkevich, Leningrad: Byloe Publishing House, 1925
22. Shenfield, Stephen Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies and Movements Routledge, 2015, p. 31
23. Web site: krotov.info. www.krotov.info.
24. Book: Russel, Bertrand . Bertrand Russell . The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872-1914 . . 1951 . 112.
25. Luke . Ferretter . "A Prison for the Infinite": D. H. Lawrence and Bertrand Russell on the War . Études Lawrenciennes . 2015 . 46 . 10.4000/lawrence.226 . free .
26. Kurlander. Eric. 2002. The Rise of Völkisch-Nationalism and the Decline of German Liberalism: A Comparison of Liberal Political Cultures in Schleswig-Holstein and Silesia 1912-1924. European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire. 9. 1. 23–36. 10.1080/13507480120116182. 145167949. 1350-7486. Eric Kurlander.
27. Book: Sullam, Simon Levis . Giuseppe Mazzini and the Origins of Fascism . . 2015 . 978-1137514585.
28. https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-82803451 Nation-building in 19th-century Italy: the case of Francesco Crispi
29. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-87708350/randolph-churchill-italy-francesco.html The Randolph Churchill of Italy
30. Web site: Staudenmaier . Peter . 2009-01-10 . Anthroposophy and Ecofascism . 2024-07-20 . Institute for Social Ecology . en-US.