Political system explained

In political science, a political system means the form of political organization that can be observed, recognised or otherwise declared by a society or state.^[1]

It defines the process for making official government decisions. It usually comprizes the governmental legal and economic system, social and cultural system, and other state and government specific systems. However, this is a very simplified view of a much more complex system of categories involving the questions of who should have authority and what the government influence on its people and economy should be.

Along with a basic sociological and socio-anthropological classification, political systems can be classified on a social-cultural axis relative to the liberal values prevalent in the Western world, where the spectrum is represented as a continuum between political systems recognized as democracies, totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes, with a variety of hybrid regimes;^[2] ^[3] and monarchies may be also included as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three.^[4] ^[5]

Definition

According to David Easton, "A political system can be designated as the interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society".^[6] Political system refers broadly to the process by which laws are made and public resources allocated in a society, and to the relationships among those involved in making these decisions.^[7]

Basic classification

Social anthropologists generally recognize several kinds of political systems, often differentiating between ones that they consider uncentralized and ones they consider centralized.^[8]

Uncentralized systems
- Band society
  - Small family group, no larger than an extended family or clan; it has been defined as consisting of no more than 30 to 50 individuals.
  - A band can cease to exist if only a small group walks out.
- Tribe
  - Generally larger, consisting of many families. Tribes have more social institutions, such as a chief or elders.
  - More permanent than bands. Many tribes are sub-divided into bands.
Centralized governments
- Chiefdom
  - More complex than a tribe or a band society, and less complex than a state or a civilization
  - Characterized by pervasive inequality and centralization of authority.
  - A single lineage/family of the elite class becomes the ruling elite of the chiefdom
  - Complex chiefdoms have two or even three tiers of political hierarchy.
  - "An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief"^[9]
- Sovereign state
  - A sovereign state is a state with a permanent population, a defined territory, a government and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states.
Supranational political systems
- Supranational political systems are created by independent nations to reach a common goal or gain strength from forming an alliance.
Empires
- Empires are widespread states consisting of people of different ethnicities under a single rule. Empires - such as the Romans, or British - often made considerable progress in ways of political structures, creating and building city infrastructures, and maintaining civility within the diverse communities. Because of the intricate organization of the empires, they were often able to hold a large majority of power on a universal level.
Leagues
- Leagues are international organizations composed of states coming together for a single common purpose. In this way, leagues are different from empires, as they only seek to fulfill a single goal. Often leagues are formed on the brink of a military or economic downfall. Meetings and hearings are conducted in a neutral location with representatives of all involved nations present.

Western socio-cultural paradigmatic-centric analysis

See also: List of forms of government. The sociological interest in political systems is figuring out who holds power within the relationship between the government and its people and how the government’s power is used. According to Yale professor Juan José Linz, there are three main types of political systems today: democracies, totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes (with hybrid regimes).^[3] ^[10] Another modern classification system includes monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three.^[4] Scholars generally refer to a dictatorship as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism.^[11] ^[3] ^[12]

Democracy

Hybrid

See also: Democratization and Democratic backsliding.

Marxist/Dialectical materialistic analysis

See also: Dialectical materialism. 19th-century German-born philosopher Karl Marx analysed that the political systems of "all" state-societies are the dictatorship of one social class, vying for its interests against that of another one; with which class oppressing which other class being, in essence, determined by the developmental level of that society, and its repercussions implicated thereof, as the society progresses through the passage of time. In capitalist societies, this characterises as the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie or capitalist class, in which the economic and political system is designed to work in their interests collectively as a class, over those of the proletariat or working class.

Marx devised this theory by adapting his forerunner-contemporary Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's notion of dialectics into the framework of materialism.

External links

Topic guide on political systems at Governance and Social Development Resource Centre

Notes and References

Web site: Political system | Types, Components, Functions, & Facts | Britannica .
Book: Dobratz, B.A. . Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology . Taylor & Francis . 2015 . 978-1-317-34529-9 . Apr 30, 2023 . 47.
Book: . 2000 . Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes . Lynne Rienner Publisher . 143. 978-1-55587-890-0 . 1172052725 .
Book: Ginny Garcia-Alexander . Hyeyoung Woo . Matthew J. Carlson . 3 November 2017 . Social Foundations of Behavior for the Health Sciences . Springer . 137– . 978-3-319-64950-4 . 1013825392 .
Web site: 14.2 Types of Political Systems . 8 April 2016 . 19 October 2022 . 22 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022061920/https://opentextbooks.uregina.ca/sociology/chapter/14-2-types-of-political-systems/#:~:text=The%20major%20types%20of%20political,and%20instead%20rule%20through%20fear . dead .
Book: Easton, David.. The political system : an inquiry into the state of political science. 1971. Knopf. 470276419.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/political-system
Haviland, W.A. (2003). Anthropology: Tenth Edition. Wadsworth:Belmont, CA.
Book: Carneiro, Robert L. . The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State . Jones . Grant D. . Kautz . Robert R. . The Transition to Statehood in the New World . Cambridge, England . Cambridge University Press . New Directions in Archaeology . 2011 . 978-0-521-17269-1 . https://books.google.com/books?id=vOHS-UVTy2oC&pg=PA45 . 37–79 .
Book: Jonathan Michie . 3 February 2014 . Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences . Routledge . 95 . 978-1-135-93226-8 .
Book: Allan Todd . Sally Waller . Allan Todd . Sally Waller . 10 September 2015 . History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 Authoritarian States (20th Century) . Cambridge University Press . 10– . 978-1-107-55889-2 .
Sondrol . P. C. . 144333167 . Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner . Journal of Latin American Studies . 23 . 3 . 2009 . 599–620 . 10.1017/S0022216X00015868. 157386 .