List of political parties in India explained

India has a multi-party system. The Election Commission of India (ECI) accord to national-level and state-level political parties based upon objective criteria. A recognised political party enjoys privileges like a reserved party symbol, free broadcast time on state-run television and radio, consultation in the setting of election dates, and giving input in setting electoral rules and regulations. Other political parties that wish to contest local, state, or national elections are required to be registered by the Election Commission of India. Registered parties are upgraded as recognised national parties or state parties by the ECI if they meet the relevant criteria after a Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly election. The recognised party status is reviewed periodically by the ECI.

Before the amendment in 2016 (which came into force on 1 January 2014), if a political party failed to fulfill the criteria in the subsequent Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly election, they lost their status as a recognised party. In 2016, the ECI announced that such a review would take place after two consecutive elections instead of every election. Therefore, a political party shall retain the recognised party status even if they do not meet the criteria in the next election. However, if they fail to meet the criteria in the subsequent election following the next election, they would lose their status.

As per latest publications dated 23 March 2024 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, there are 6 national parties,^[1] 58 state parties,^[2] and 2,763 unrecognised parties.^[3] All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC. All 28 states of the country along with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, National Capital Territory of Delhi, and Puducherry have elected governments unless President's rule is imposed under certain condition.

National parties

A registered party is recognised as a national party only if it fulfills any one of the three conditions listed below:^[4]

• The party wins two per cent (11 seats) seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states.
• At a general election to Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly, the party polls six per cent of votes in any four or more states and in addition it wins four Lok Sabha seats.
• The party gets recognition as a state party in four states.

Party!rowspan=2 class="unsortable"

Flag	Election symbol	Political position	Ideology	Founded	Leader	Government in states/UTs		Seats
Chief ministers	Alliance partner					Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha	State assemblies	State councils
	AAP			Centre			Arvind Kejriwal
	BSP			Centre to centre-left	Ambedkarism Self-Respect		Mayawati
	BJP			Right-wing to far-right	Nationalism Neoliberalism Hindutva Hindu nationalism Right-wing populism Conservatism		J. P. Nadda
	CPI(M)			Left-wing	Communism Marxism–Leninism Secularism Socialism		Prakash Karat (interim)
	INC			Centre to centre-left	Big tent Secularism Liberalism Social democracy Civic nationalism		Mallikarjun Kharge
	NPP				Regionalism Cultural conservatism		Conrad Sangma

State parties

A registered party is recognised as a state party only if it fulfils any one of the five conditions listed below:^[4]

• A party should secure at least six per cent of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative assembly and win at least two seats in that state assembly.
• A party should secure at least six per cent of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at least one seat in Lok Sabha.
• A party should win at least three per cent of the total number of seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that state.
• At least one MP for every 25 members or any fraction allotted to the state in the Lok Sabha. ^[5]
• Under the liberalised criteria, one more clause that it will be eligible for recognition as state party if it secures eight per cent or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.

Party!rowspan=2 class=unsortable

Flag	Election symbol	Political position	Ideology	Founded	Leader(s)	Recognised in state(s)	Government in states/UTs		Seats
Chief minister	Alliance partner						Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha	State assemblies	State councils
State party in three or more states
			Centre	Bengali nationalism Progressivism Welfarism Secularism Populism	1998	Mamata Banerjee	Meghalaya Tripura West Bengal
			Left-wing	Communism Marxism–Leninism Anti-capitalism Socialism Secularism	1925	D. Raja	Kerala Manipur Tamil Nadu
			Left-wing	Secularism	1999	H. D. Deve Gowda	Arunachal Pradesh Karnataka Kerala
			Centre-left	Socialism[6] Secularism Integral humanism	2003	Nitish Kumar	Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Manipur
			Centre	Indian nationalism Secularism	1999	Ajit Pawar	Maharashtra Nagaland Arunachal Pradesh
State party in two states
			Centre[7] to centre-left[8]	Populism Socialism Secularism Progressivism Social equality Tamil nationalism[9] [10]	1972	Edappadi K. Palaniswami	Puducherry Tamil Nadu
			Centre-left to left-wing	Social democracy Dravidianism Marxism Social justice[11] Federalism	1949	M. K. Stalin	Puducherry Tamil Nadu
			Centre	Social Justice[12] Secularism[13]	2021	Chirag Paswan	Nagaland Bihar
			Centre-right	Christian right Regionalism Naga nationalism	2002	Kuzholuzo Nienu	Manipur Nagaland
			Centre	Indian liberalism Gandhism Indian nationalism	2024	Sharad Pawar	Maharashtra Nagaland
			Centre-left to left-wing	Socialism	1997	Lalu Prasad Yadav Tejashwi Yadav	Bihar Jharkhand
			Centre[14] to centre-right[15]	Populism[16] Economic liberalism[17]	1982	N. Chandrababu Naidu	Andhra Pradesh Telangana
			Centre-left[18]	Populism Regionalism	2011	Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy	Andhra Pradesh Telangana
State party in one state
			Left-wing	Left-wing nationalism Socialism Anti-imperialism Marxism[19]	1939	Debabrata Biswas	West Bengal
			Right-wing[20]	Composite nationalism[21] Minority rights[22] Dalit Rights[23] Constitutionalism[24]	1927	Asaduddin Owaisi	Telangana
			Centre	Social democracy Populism	2011	N. Rangaswamy	Puducherry
			Centre-right	Bengali Muslim rights Minority rights	2005	Badruddin Ajmal	Assam
			Centre-right	Regionalism (politics)	1986	Sudesh Mahto	Jharkhand
			Centre-right	Kurmis Interest	2016	Anupriya Patel	Uttar Pradesh
			Centre-right	Regionalism Anti-Bengali sentiment	1985	Atul Bora	Assam
			to centre-right	Regionalism[25] Populism[26] Conservatism Separatism	2001	K. Chandrashekar Rao	Telangana
			Centre-left	Regionalism[27] Populism Secularism Liberalism[28] Economic nationalism[29]	1997	Naveen Patnaik	Odisha
			Centre-left		2005	Hagrama Mohilary	Assam
			Far-left	Communism[30] Marxism–Leninism Maoism	1974	Dipankar Bhattacharya	Bihar
			Centre to centre-left	Social welfare Populism Secularism Social democracy	2005	Premallatha Vijayakant	Tamil Nadu
			Centre-left	Regionalism	2016	Vijai Sardesai	Goa
					1968	KP Pangniang	Meghalaya
			Centre	Social liberalism Regionalism	1996	Om Prakash Chautala	Haryana
			Centre-right[31]	Islamic modernism Social conservatismMinority rights	1948	Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal	Kerala
			Centre-right	Regionalism Ethnic nationalism Anti-immigration	2009	N.C. Debbarma	Tripura
				Kashmiriyat Kashmiri autonomy Secularism	1932	Farooq Abdullah	Jammu and Kashmir
				Democracy[32] [33] Anti-corruption Secularism[34] Women's rights	1982	Bhim Singh	Jammu and Kashmir
				Kashmiriyat Kashmiri autonomy[35] Regionalism	1999	Mehbooba Mufti	Jammu and Kashmir
			Left-wing	Social justice Feminism Direct democracy Agrarianism	2016	Renu Jogi	Chhattisgarh
					2018	Dushyant Chautala	Haryana
			Left-wing		1972	Shibu Soren Hemant Soren	Jharkhand
			Left-wing	Welfare[36] Democratic socialism[37]	1979	Jose K. Mani	Kerala
			Far-right	Hindutva[38] Right-wing populism[39] Regionalism[40] [41] Ultranationalism[42] Marathi interests	2006	Raj Thackeray	Maharashtra
			Centre	Populism Regionalism	1963	Deepak Dhavalikar	Goa
					1961	Zoramthanga	Mizoram
			Right	Regionalism	2017	Neiphiu Rio	Nagaland
				Regionalism	1977	Kamen Ringu	Arunachal Pradesh
					2018	Hanuman Beniwal	Rajasthan
		Football			2022	Viresh Borkar	Goa
			Far-left	Communism Marxism–Leninism[43] Revolutionary socialism	1940	Manoj Bhattacharya[44]	Kerala
			Left-wing[45] [46]	Social democracy[47] Democratic socialism Left-wing populism[48] Social conservatism	1992	Akhilesh Yadav	Uttar Pradesh
			Centre-right	Punjabiyat[49] [50] Conservatism[51] Federalism[52] [53]	1920	Sukhbir Singh Badal	Punjab
			Centre-left to left-wing	Democratic socialism	1993	Pawan Kumar Chamling	Sikkim
				Democratic socialism	2013	Prem Singh Tamang	Sikkim
			Right-wing to Far-right	Nationalism Hindutva Hindu Nationalism Marathi Regionalism Social Conservatism Conservatism Ultranationalism Economic Nationalism Right-wing populism	1966	Eknath Shinde	Maharashtra
				Conservatism (India) Hindutva Marathi nationalism Hindu nationalism Social conservatism Right-wing populism	2022	Uddhav Thackeray	Maharashtra
				Tripuri nationalism Greater Tipraland	2019	Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma	Tripura
				Regionalism Populism	1997	Metbah Lyngdoh	Meghalaya
			Centre	Regionalism	2015	Urkhao Gwra Brahma	Assam
				Regionalism Federalism	2021	Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit	Meghalaya
			Centre	Regionalism	1997	H. Lalrinmawia	Mizoram
				Anti Hindutva-Nationalism Secularism Conservative Christianity Christian right	2017	Lalduhoma	Mizoram
Recognition Pending
			Centre		2014	Pawan Kalyan	Andhra Pradesh
	[54]
	[55]
	[56]

Unrecognised parties

Notable registered unrecognised political parties (RUPPs)

Party	Founded	Leader(s)	States
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha	1915	Devendra Pandey	All-India
All India Hindustan Congress Party	2015	Buddh Prakash Sharma	Gujarat Rajasthan
All India Mahila Empowerment Party	2017	Nowhera Shaik	Telangana Karnataka
Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam	2018	T. T. V. Dhinakaran	Tamil Nadu
Amra Bangali	1983	Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar	West Bengal Tripura
Azad Adhikar Sena	2022	Amitabh Thakur, Dr Nutan Thakur	Uttar Pradesh
Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)	2020	Chanda Shekhar Azad	Uttar Pradesh
Bahujan Mukti Party	2012	Pravendra Pratap Singh	Bihar Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra
Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh	1983	Sundar Shaekhar	Maharashtra
Gorkha Janmukti Morcha	2007	Bimal Gurung	West Bengal
Goa Suraksha Manch	2016	Subhash Velingkar	Goa
Gondwana Ganatantra Party	1991	Hira Singh Markam	Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Maharashtra
Hindu Sena	2011	Vishnu Gupta	New Delhi
Hindustani Awam Morcha[57]	2015	Jitan Ram Manjhi	Bihar
Indiya Jananayaka Katchi	2010	T. R. Paarivendhar	Tamil Nadu
Indian Gandhiyan Party	2012	Aashin U S	Kerala
Indian Secular Front	2021	Nawsad Siddique	West Bengal
Ittehad-e-Millat Council	2001	Tauqeer Raza Khan	Uttar Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party	2020	Altaf Bukhari	Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party	2020	Mir Junaid	Jammu and Kashmir
Jan Shakti Party of India[58]	2015	Gurjeet Singh Azad	Punjab
Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)	2018	Raghuraj Pratap Singh	Uttar Pradesh
Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha	2024	Jairam Kumar Mahato	Jharkhand
Karnataka Rashtra Samithi	2019	Ravi Krishna Reddy	Karnataka
Kerala Congress	1964	P. J. Joseph	Kerala
Kerala Congress (B)	1989	R. Balakrishna Pillai	Kerala
Kerala Congress (Jacob)	1991	Anoop Jacob	Kerala
Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi	2013	E. R. Eswaran	Tamil Nadu
Kongunadu Makkal Katchi	2000	A. M. Raja	Tamil Nadu
Lok Satta Party	2006	Jaya Prakash Narayana	Andhra Pradesh Telangana
Lok Insaaf Party	2019	Simarjit Singh Bains	Punjab
Makkal Needhi Maiam	2018	Kamal Haasan	Tamil Nadu Puducherry
Manipur Peoples Party	1968	Sovakiran N.	Manipur
Manithaneya Makkal Katchi	2009	M. H. Jawahirullah	Tamil Nadu
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	1992	Vaiko	Tamil Nadu Puducherry
NISHAD Party	2016	Sanjay Nishad	Uttar Pradesh
Odisha Jan Morcha	2013	Pyarimohan Mohapatra	Odisha
Param Digvijay Dal	2014	Krishna Mohan Shankar Yogi	Uttar Pradesh
Pattali Makkal Katchi	1989	S. Ramadoss	Puducherry Tamil Nadu
Peace Party of India	2008	Mohamed Ayub	Uttar Pradesh
People's Democratic Alliance (Manipur)	2012	Bd. Behring Anal	Manipur
People's Democratic Front	2001	Ajoy Biswas	Tripura
Plurals Party	2020	Pushpam Priya Choudhary	Bihar
Puthiya Tamilagam	1996	K. Krishnasamy	Tamil Nadu
Raijor Dal	2020	Akhil Gogoi	Assam
Rashtriya Jan Jan Party	2020	Ashutosh Kumar	Bihar
Rashtriya Lok Dal	1996	Jayant Chaudhary	Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan
Rashtriya Samaj Paksha	2003	Mahadev Jankar	Maharashtra Kerala
Rashtriya Ulama Council	2008	Aamir Rashadi Madni	Uttar Pradesh
Republican Party of India (Athawale)	1999	Ramdas Athawale	Nagaland
Right to Recall Party	2019	Rahul Chimanbhai Mehta	All-India
Samata Party	1994	Uday Mandal[59]	Bihar Manipur[60]
Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)	1994	Simranjit Singh Mann	Punjab
Social Democratic Party of India	2009	M.K. Faizy	Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu
Socialist Party (India)	2011	Thampan Thomas	Uttar Pradesh
Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)	1948	Provash Ghosh	All-India
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party	2002	Om Prakash Rajbhar	Uttar Pradesh Bihar
Swaraj Abhiyan	2016	Yogendra Yadav	Haryana Karnataka Maharashtra
Tamil Maanila Congress	1996	G. K. Vasan	Tamil Nadu
Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam	2024	Vijay	Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Kongu Ilaingar Peravai	2001	U. Thaniyarasu	Tamil Nadu
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal	1979	Kashi Singh Airy	Uttarakhand
Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi	2018	Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar	Maharashtra
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi	1982	Thol. Thirumavalavan	Tamil Nadu
Vikassheel Insaan Party	2018	Mukesh Sahani	Bihar
Welfare Party of India	2011	S. Q. R. Ilyas	Kerala

Defunct political parties

Party	flag	Election symbol	Ideology	Founded	Dissolved
Scheduled Castes Federation			Social equality Social justice	1942	1957
Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress				1945	1957
Socialist Party of India			Socialism	1948	1952
Lok Sewak Sangh				1948	1971
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad			Hindu nationalism	1948	1971
All India Ganatantra Parishad			Liberalism Agrarianism	1950	1962
Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party				1951	1954
Commonweal Party				1951	1954
People's Democratic Front			Communism Marxism–Leninism	1951	1958
Krishikar Lok Party				1951	1959
Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party			Regionalism	1951	1960
Bharatiya Jana Sangh			Hindu nationalism National conservatism	1951	1977
Praja Socialist Party			Socialism	1952	1972
Swatantra Party			Liberal conservatism Secularism	1959	1974
Samyukta Socialist Party			Socialism	1964	1977
Bangla Congress				1967	1971
Bharatiya Kranti Dal				1967	1974
Utkal Congress				1969	1974
Indian National Congress (Organisation)				1969	1977
Pragati Legislature Party				1973	1974
Congress for Democracy				1977	1977
Janata Party (Secular) or Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party or Lok Dal			Secularism	1979 (JPE-S), 1984 (DMKP), 1980, 1985 (LD)	1988
Indian Congress (Socialist)				1978	1986
Indian National Congress (U)				1979	1981
Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)				1981	1988
Jan Morcha				1987	1988
Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani				1988	1989
Janata Dal				1988	1999
Lok Shakti				1998	2003
Lok Janshakti Party				2000	2021
Loktantrik Janata Dal				2018	2022
Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)[61]				2015	2024

See also

• Lists of political parties
• List of communist parties in India

Further reading

• Subrata K. Mitra and V. B. Singh. 1999. Democracy and Social Change in India: but parties have to be 70per of decision A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. (India HB) (U.S. HB).
• Subrata K. Mitra, Mike Enskat, Clemens Spiess (eds.). 2004. Political Parties in South Asia. Greenwood: Praeger.
• Political Parties, Democratic Politics II, Textbook in Political Science for Class X, NCERT

Notes and References

1. Web site: 26 March 2024 . List of National Parties . 17 April 2024 . . PDF.
2. Web site: 23 March 2024 . List of State Parties . 17 April 2024 . . PDF.
3. Web site: 27 March 2024 . List of RUPPs . 17 April 2024 . . PDF.
4. Web site: The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 . . 26 August 2024 .
5. https://www.nextias.com/ca/current-affairs/11-04-2023/recognition-of-national-or-state-party
6. Web site: Daily News and Analysis. Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Know your party symbols!. 10 April 2014.
7. Web site: AIADMK. . 16 March 2021 . 14 September 2023.
8. Book: Ogden, Chris. A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in India. 20 June 2019. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-253915-1. en. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil: 'All India Anna Dravidian Progress Federation') A political party. It was established in 1972.... 11 November 2022. 9 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230309044206/https://books.google.com/books?id=hksIEAAAQBAJ. live.
9. Price, P. (1996). Revolution and Rank in Tamil Nationalism. The Journal of Asian Studies, 55(2), 359-383.
10. Pamela Price (1999) Relating to leadership in the Tamil nationalist movement: C.N. Annadurai in person‐centred propaganda, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 22:2, 149-174,
11. News: M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality. Kannan. Ramya. 8 August 2018. The Hindu. 10 August 2019. 0971-751X.
    • Web site: Social Equality was Karunanidhi's Focus During Five Terms as Tamil Nadu CM. News18. 11 March 2019. 10 August 2019.
12. News: LJP's choice of candidates shows party stands for secularism, social justice: Paswan). 27 March 2019. Business Standard India. Press Trust of India.
13. News: LJP's choice of candidates shows party stands for secularism, social justice: Paswan). 27 March 2019. Business Standard India. Press Trust of India.
14. Web site: Tumultuous transition . 27 May 2017 .
15. Web site: Why no centre-right political party in India today? . 16 February 2014 .
16. Web site: Encyclopedia Britannica . February 2024 .
17. Price . Pamela . Srinivas . Dusi . Anastasia . Piliavsky . August 2014 . Patronage and autonomy in India's deepening democracy . Cambridge University Press . 217–236 . 10.1017/CBO9781107296930.011 . 9781107296930 .
18. Web site: This is how Jagan Reddy has turned into a political juggernaut in Andhra. 25 September 2021 .
19. Web site: Party constitution. All India Forward Bloc. 22 April 2017. India. 2017.
20. Web site: Though BJP and AIMIM are ideologically apart they share a few similarities.
21. Web site: Will fight back to save India's composite culture, Constitution: Asaduddin Owaisi. 26 May 2019.
22. Web site: Minority Upliftment.
23. Web site: AIMIM eyes minorities and Dalits in Malda.
24. News: AIMIM want to confront Hindu nationalism with Indian Constitution: Owaisi. Business Standard India. 8 February 2021.
25. Web site: Hyderabad. K. VENKATESHWARLU in. Regionalism and sub-regionalism. 23 April 2004. 14 September 2020. Frontline. en.
26. News: The Tribune. One year of Telangana a mixed bag for KCR. The Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), led by Chandrasekhar Rao, took over the reins of the new state amid euphoria and high expectations. ... Blending boldness with populism, KCR has earned the reputation for being a tough task master. 20 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014401/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/one-year-of-telangana-a-mixed-bag-for-kcr/88791.html. 21 July 2018. live.
27. Encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica. Biju Janata Dal. 27 January 2024 .
28. Web site: Daily News and Analysis. Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Know your party symbols!. 10 April 2014. Founded in December 1997, the Biju Janata Dal or the BJD is a regional political party of India. Having split from the larger faction Janata Dal, the party stands by democracy and liberalism..
29. News: Fighting economic nationalism in deals . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f5a8ac82-5938-11db-9eb1-0000779e2340 . 10 December 2022 . subscription . live . Capron . Laurence . Guillén . Mauro . 12 October 2006 . Financial Times . 22 May 2018.
30. Web site: General Programme of CPI(ML). 6 April 2013. Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) website. en-US. 23 March 2020. 8 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200408034607/http://cpiml.org/documents-2/10th-congress-cpiml/general-programme-of-cpiml/. dead.
31. Web site: A coloured scheme of things. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230719145124/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-a-coloured-scheme-of-things/301479 . Jul 19, 2023 .
32. Web site: History. 26 September 2015. JK Panthers Party. 13 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200413150239/http://nationalpanthersparty.com/history. dead.
33. News: SC upholds freeze on delimitation in J&K till 2026. PTI. The Hindu. 9 November 2010.
34. News: Headlines Today. 28 August 2014. Panther party MLAs disrupt house in Jammu and Kashmir assembly. 26 September 2015. youtube.com.
35. Web site: Jammu Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party . Self Rule . 16 October 2020.
36. Web site: KM Mani: The man behind the 'Theory of the Toiling Class'. 10 April 2019. 20 March 2021. The New Indian Express.
37. Web site: K M Mani honoured at British Parliament Hall. 7 September 2012. 20 March 2021. The New Indian Express.
38. News: CanIndia. Raj Thackeray goes right ahead with 'Hindutva'and development agenda for MNS. 23 January 2020. 28 October 2021. 19 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210519032327/https://www.canindia.com/raj-thackeray-goes-right-ahead-with-hindutva-agenda-for-mns/. dead.
39. Book: Bedi, Tarini. The Dashing Ladies of Shiv Sena. 42. SUNY Press. 2016.
40. News: Hindustan Times. Munde still keen on alliance with MNS. 2 March 2011.
41. Web site: Maharashtra Navnirman Sena. 29 March 2019. Election MS.
42. News: Foreign Policy. How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood. 15 March 2010.
43. Book: Bidyut Chakrabarty. Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies. 2014. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-997489-4. 61.
44. Web site: Indian citizenship act against humanity: Manoj Bhattacharya. prothomalo.com. March 2020.
45. News: Financial Times. Left wing triumphs in Uttar Pradesh election. 6 March 2012. The big winner in the Uttar Pradesh state election was the regional leftwing Samajwadi party. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/7c9c93d4-67b1-11e1-978e-00144feabdc0 . 10 December 2022 . subscription.
46. News: 21 June 1995. Indian MPs held hostage in caste struggle. The Independent.
47. Book: India at the Polls: Parliamentary Elections in the Federal Phase. 78. Orient Blackswan. 2003. Mahendra Prasad. Singh. Rekha. Saxena. 978-8-125-02328-9.
48. News: Zee News. Mulayam's son Prateek Yadav attracts eye balls during ride in Rs 5 crore Lamborghini. 14 January 2017.
49. News: SAD aims to widen reach, to contest UP poll . Chandigarh . The Tribune . 8 October 2015 . 8 October 2015.
50. News: Pandher . Sarabjit . In post-Independence India, the SAD launched the Punjabi Suba morcha in the 1960s, seeking the re-organisation of Punjab on linguistic basis. . The Hindu . 3 September 2013 . 15 September 2015.
51. Book: Grover, Verinder. Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab, Volume 4. 1996. Deep & Deep. 578.
52. News: Parkash Singh Badal calls for 'genuinely federal structure' for country . The Economic Times . 7 December 2014 . 10 October 2019.
53. Web site: Bharti . Vishav . Article 370: SAD 'dumps' its core ideology of federalism . The Tribune . 6 August 2019 . 10 October 2019.
54. News: 2024-06-07 . VCK, NTK set to get ECI recognition as state parties . 2024-11-24 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
55. Web site: CAP-Sikkim receives official recognition from ECI . 2024-11-24 . Sikkimexpress . en.
56. News: 2024-06-07 . VCK, NTK set to get ECI recognition as state parties . 2024-11-24 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
57. News: Manjhi's HAM recognised by poll panel . . 19 July 2015 . 25 November 2016.
58. Web site: June 2015 Notification. Election Commission of India. 2 . 17 September 2016.
59. Web site: महंगाई व बेरोजगारी के खिलाफ किया प्रदर्शन. 7 May 2021. www.livehindustan.com.
60. Web site: SAMATA PARTY – Official Website. 8 February 2022. en-US. 15 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220215101928/https://samataparty.org/. dead.
61. Web site: Allotment of Common Symbol -10B letter dt 15.9.15 . . 15 September 2015 . 25 November 2016.