List of people considered father or mother of a field explained

Often, discoveries and innovations are the work of multiple people, resulting from continual improvements over time. However, certain individuals are remembered for making significant contributions to the birth or development of a field or technology.[1] These individuals may often be described as the "father" or "mother" of a particular field or invention.

Academic disciplines

Humanities

See main article: List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field.

Natural and social sciences

See main article: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field.

Fine art

SubjectFather/motherReason
Cowboy sculptureFrederic Remington[2] Created first bronze cowboy sculpture in 1895
Japanese Manga (comics) and Anime (animation)Osamu TezukaCreator of Manga (Japanese comics) and Anime (Japanese Animation)

Games

SubjectFather/motherReason
Collectible card gameRichard GarfieldCreator of
Miniature wargamingH. G. Wells[3] Publication of Little Wars
Modern video gameRalph H. Baer
Nolan Bushnell		Magnavox Odyssey, Pong
Role-playing gameGary Gygax[4] Dave ArnesonCreators of Dungeons & Dragons
Stealth gameHideo Kojima[5] Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games
Video gameThomas T. Goldsmith Jr.Inventor of the first video game
Video game industryRalph H. BaerCreator of the Magnavox Odyssey; inventor of the first home video game console
WargamingCharles S. Roberts[6] Designer of Tactics

Military

SubjectFather/motherReason
Atomic bombEnrico Fermi[7]
Robert Oppenheimer[8]
Leó Szilárd[9]
BlitzkriegHeinz Guderian[10] [11]
Hydrogen bombEdward Teller[12] Member of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s
Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy"Hyman G. Rickover[13] [14] [15]
Fourth Generation WarfareWilliam S. Lind
The Soviet Union's Hydrogen BombAndrei Sakharov[16]
TankErnest Swinton (British), Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne (French)The need for armored and armed tracked vehicles to break the stalemate of trench warfare in WWI was noticed early on in the war by Winston Churchill and the British Landship Committee with Ernest Swinton working on British development and Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne credited for coming up with the French version[17] [18] [19]

Nations

See main article: Father of the Nation, Mother of the Nation and List of national founders.

Sports

See main article: List of people considered father or mother of a sport.

Technology

Fields

SubjectFather/motherReason
Aerodynamics (modern)Sir George Cayley[20] [21] Founding father of modern aerodynamics; first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust; modern airplane design is based on those discoveries
American manufactureSamuel Slater[22] described by Andrew Jackson
American landscape architectureFrederick Law Olmsted[23] Olmsted designed Central Park in New York City
ArchitectureImhotep[24] Built the first pyramid
AstronauticsKonstantin Tsiolkovsky[25]
Sergei Korolev[26]
Robert H. Goddard[27]
Hermann Oberth[28]
AviationFather Francesco Lana-Terzi[29] and Abbas ibn Firnas[30] [31] Ibn Firnas built the first human carrying glider and is reputed to have attempted two successful flights.[32] [33] Wrote Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670); first to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel
BionanotechnologyCarlo Montemagno[34] The development of biomolecular motors for powering inorganic nanodevices while at Cornell and muscle-driven self-assembled nanodevices while at UCLA.[35]
British watchmakingThomas Tompion[36]
Clinical trialsJames Lind[37] Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747
ComputingCharles Babbage[38] Inventor of the analytical engine, which was never constructed in his lifetime
CyberneticsNorbert Wiener[39] [40]
Gastrointestinal physiologyWilliam Beaumont[41]
GeneticsGregor Johann MendelFounder of genetics.[42]
Green RevolutionNorman Borlaug
MicroscopyAntonie van Leeuwenhoek[43]
Information theoryClaude Shannon[44]
Modern bladesmithingWilliam F. MoranFounder of the American Bladesmith Society
Modern kinematicsFerdinand FreudensteinApplied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms[45]
Modern KnifemakingBob LovelessFounder of the Knifemakers' Guild
NanotechnologyRichard SmalleyNobel Prize Biography[46]
PhotographyLouis Daguerre[47]
Nicéphore Niépce[48]
William Henry Fox Talbot[49]
Thomas Wedgwood[50]
RoboticsIsmail al-Jazari[51] [52]
Banū Mūsā brothers[53] 		Ismail al-Jazari Invented the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206[54]
The Bānu Musā brothers invented an automatic flute which may have been the first programmable machine
Western fiction novelsOwen WisterWister wrote the first fictional western novel The Virginian in 1902

Computing

SubjectFather/motherReason
C (programming language)Dennis Ritchie
AssemblerNathaniel Rochester
Concurrent computing/Concurrent programmingEdsger W. DijkstraIn his 2004 memoir, "A Programmer's Story: The Life of a Computer Pioneer", Per Brinch Hansen wrote that he used "Cooperating Sequential Processes" to guide his work implementing multiprogramming on the RC 4000, and described it saying, "One of the great works in computer programming, this masterpiece laid the conceptual foundation for concurrent programming."
CompilerJohn BackusCredited as having introduced the first complete compiler in 1957, although rudimental compilers (linker) were created by Grace Hopper in 1952 and by J. Halcombe Laning and Neal Zerlier (Laning and Zierler system) in 1954.
ComputerCharles Babbage[55] The concepts he pioneered in his analytical engine later formed the basis of modern computers.
Alan Turing[56] [57] Secret code breaker during WWII; invented the Turing machine (1936)
John V. Atanasoff[58] Invented the digital computer in the 1930s
Konrad Zuse[59] Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer
John von Neumann[60] Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. John von Neumann is also considered to be the inventor of flowchart.
John W. Mauchly[61]
J.Presper Eckert[62] 		Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
Computer programAda LovelaceRecognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never completed.
InternetVint Cerf[63] [64] Bob Kahn[65] Developed the Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) during 1973-81, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[66] There were many other Internet pioneers involved in the creation of the Internet.
Logo (programming language)Seymour Papert[67]
MicroprocessorFederico FagginMarcian Hoff[68]

Stanley Mazor
Masatoshi Shima[69]

Designers of the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004.
Packet switchingPaul Baran[70] Donald Davies[71] Recognized by historians and the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.[72] Baran published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into "message blocks" and sending it over distributed networks between 1960 and 1964.[73] [74] Davies conceived of and named the concept of packet switching in data communication networks in 1965.[75] Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Davies' original 1965 design.[76] Larry Roberts learned about Davies' and Baran's work at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967. He and Leonard Kleinrock subsequently worked on the ARPANET, but their claims to have originated the concept of packet switching are disputed by other Internet pioneers,[77] [78] [79] including by Robert Taylor, Paul Baran, and Donald Davies.[80]
Pentium microprocessorVinod Dham[81] [82] The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[83] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[84] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[85] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium".
Personal computerChuck Peddle[86] Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET
Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[87]
André Truong Trong Thi[88]
Programmable logic controllerDick Morley
Python (programming language)Guido van Rossum
Search engineAlan Emtage[89] [90] [91] Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines
SGMLCharles Goldfarb[92]
SpreadsheetDan BricklinInvented the VisiCalc spreadsheet program, which was the killer application of the Apple II. VisiCalc is considered the first killer app in computer history.[93]
Self-stabilization (Self-stabilizing distributed systems)Edsger W. Dijkstra
Structured programmingEdsger W. Dijkstra
World Wide WebTim Berners-Lee[94] The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Visual BasicAlan Cooper[95]
XMLJon Bosak[96]
Wi-FiVic Hayes

Inventions

SubjectFather/motherReason
AC induction motorNikola TeslaInventor of the AC induction motor, the foundation of the electric power grids worldwide for the transmission and distribution of electric power.
AirplaneWright brothers[97] [98] [99] Invented the first successful powered fixed-wing aircraft, upon which further aircraft designs, methods of flight, and aircraft control systems were based.
Air conditioningWillis Carrier[100]
BatteryAlessandro Volta[101] Invented the first electrical battery, the Voltaic pile.
CanningNicolas Appert
ChronographGeorge Graham[102] Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book The Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism
Color photographySergey Prokudin-Gorsky[103] A Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in color photography of early 20th-century Russia.
Compact DiscKees Immink[104]
EkranoplanRostislav Alexeev[105] Alexeyev revolutionised the shipbuilding industry (though in secrecy) by inventing craft that use ground effect, whereby a wing traveling close to the ground is provided with a better lift-drag ratio - thereby enabling a combination of greater aircraft weight for less power and/or enhanced fuel economy.
Electric generatorMichael FaradayDiscoverer of electromagnetism. Inventor of the Faraday disk, the first electric generator and the Faraday cage.
Modern firearmsJohn Moses Browning[106] Browning revolutionized the firearm industry with his automatic rifles that were manufactured by Winchester, Colt, Remington and Savage
Glow plug engineRay Arden[107] Invented the first glow plug for model engines
HelicopterIgor Sikorsky[108] Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based.
Instant noodleMomofuku Ando[109] Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them.
Japanese televisionKenjiro Takayanagi[110] [111]
Jet engineFrank Whittle[112] [113]
Hans von Ohain[114] 		Von Ohain´s design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950s.[115]
KaraokeDaisuke Inoue[116] Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up.
LaserCharles Hard Townes
Lightning prediction systemAlexander Stepanovich PopovThe first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
Marine chronometerJohn Harrison[117]
Mobile phoneMartin Cooper[118]
Periodic tableDmitri Mendeleev[119] Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged the elements in an order that we would now recognise. He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table.
PlasticsLeo BaekelandBaekeland was responsible for the creation of Bakelite, an early marketable plastic, in 1907.
Printing pressJohannes GutenbergInventor of the movable type printing press, which led to a sharp worldwide increase in literacy, education and mass communication. It also led to the spread and sharing of knowledge.
Radio (radio communication)Guglielmo Marconi[120] Developed the first form of radio wireless telegraphy
Radio (Radio broadcasting)Reginald Fessenden
David Sarnoff		Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915.
Radio (FM radio)Edwin H. ArmstrongObtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)
RadiotelephonyReginald Fessenden[121] [122]
Spread spectrumPaul Beard[123] Inventor of the spread spectrum, created Spektrum to promote its use.
TelephoneJohann Philipp Reis
Antonio Meucci
Alexander Graham Bell[124] 		See Invention of the telephone
TelevisionPaul Gottlieb Nipkow[125] [126]

Philo T. Farnsworth[127]

Vladimir Zworykin[128] [129]

John Logie Baird[130] [131]

Co-inventors of the electronic television, Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. Fundamental to Baird's system was the Nipkow disk, invented by Paul Gotlieb Nipkow.[132]
TokamakLev Artsimovich
Tube structureFazlur Rahman Khan[133] One of the greatest engineers of the 20th century. Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower.
Video game consoleRalph H. BaerCreator of the Magnavox Odyssey; inventor of the first video game console

Transport

SubjectFather/motherReason
Automotive industryCarl Benz[134] [135] His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical modern automobile and first car put into series production.[136]
20th century American car industryHenry Ford[137] Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses.
American Interstate Highway SystemDwight D. Eisenhower[138] Proposed and signed the act which created the System.
Automatic transmissionOscar Banker[139] [140]
Bicycle industryJames Starley[141] Developed the differential gear and the bicycle chain.
Erie CanalDe Witt Clinton[142]
Electric tractionFrank J. Sprague[143] Developed electric elevator, electric railway and electric motor.
Flight simulatorEdwin Albert Link[144] Developed the Link Trainer.
Full-suspension mountain bikeJon Whyte[145] Used his suspension design expertise at Benetton Formula to design the first full-suspension mountain bike for Marin Bikes.
Gasoline Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen)Carl Benz
Gasoline OmnibusCarl Benz
Gasoline Motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen)Gottlieb Daimler/Wilhelm Maybach
Gasoline TruckGottlieb Daimler (DMG Lastkraftwagen)/Carl Benz
High-performance VW industryGene Berg[146]
Hot rodEd Winfield[147]
Import car cultureRJ DeVera[148] Influential for popularizing the import car scene in the mid-1990s.
Kustom KultureVon Dutch[149]
MaglevHermann Kemper,[150] Eric Laithwaite[151] German engineer Hermann Kemper built a working model linear induction motor in 1935.[152] In the late 1940s, professor Eric Laithwaite of Imperial College in London developed the first full-size working model, an important and necessary precursor to maglev trains. 
Monster truckBob Chandler[153] Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history.
Mountain bikeGary Fisher[154]
RailwaysGeorge Stephenson[155] Pioneered rail transport, steam locomotives and invented standard-gauge railway track gauge.
Rock CrawlingMarlin Czajkowski[156] In 1994, Marlin made final drive ratios of 200:1 and lower possible in typical off road vehicles (primarily Toyota Hilux trucks) and changed the way people access remote off-roading destinations.
Rotary engineFelix Wankel[157] [158]
Route 66Cyrus Avery[159]
TailfinHarley Earl[160] [161] [162]
Tunneling (Modern)Alan Muir Wood[163] [164] [165] Involved in the Channel Tunnel and Jubilee line extension.
Traffic safetyWilliam Phelps Eno[166]
TrolleybusErnst Werner von Siemens[167] [168] Built the Electromote in 1882.
Turbocharged enginePaul Rosche[169] A lifetime employee of BMW, he evolutionized the turbocharged engine into automobile use. He also developed the first European turbocharged car, the racing 1969 BMW 2002 TiK that evolved into the production 1972 2002 Turbo.
Vehicular cyclingJohn Forester[170] Effective cycling founder
Yellow school busFrank W. Cyr[171]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Lienhard, John H. . John H. Lienhard . 30 June 2008 . How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines . Oxford, England . Oxford University Press . 9780195341201.
  2. Web site: First Rodeo Cowboy in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Eliteequestrian.us. 10 January 2016.
  3. http://theminiaturespage.com/ref/minigide.html The Miniatures Page
  4. Web site: Rausch . Allen . 2004-08-15 . Gary Gygax Interview - Part I . . 2005-01-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080917213140/http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html . 2008-09-17 .
  5. Web site: Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4. 1UP.com. 2009-03-26. 2010-04-01. dead. https://archive.today/20120712012022/http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175. 2012-07-12.
  6. Web site: Alanemrich.com. Alanemrich.com. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070607125435/http://www.alanemrich.com/CSR_pages/CSRfoundingfather.htm. 2007-06-07.
  7. Book: Lichello, R. . 1971 . Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb . SamHar Press . 978-0-87157-011-6.
  8. Web site: J Robert Oppenheimer Biography of Manhattan Project Director. Jennifer Rosenberg. About.com Education. 10 January 2016. 2011-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050454/http://history1900s.about.com/cs/robertoppenheimer/p/oppenheimer.htm. dead.
  9. Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p. 5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
  10. Web site: Heinz Guderian. 2009-05-26. Chris Trueman.
  11. Web site: General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg . Chris Shimp . 2001-03-01 . 2009-05-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081012074616/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm . 2008-10-12 .
  12. "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, 1965-12-31, p. 19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30 - Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
  13. Book: Jeffries, John . 2001 . Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr . Fordham Univ Press . 162 . 978-0-8232-2110-3 . 'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'.
  14. "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, 1957-12-06, p. 33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
  15. Book: Galantin, I. J. . 1997 . Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles . University of Illinois Press . 978-0-252-06675-7., p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
  16. Web site: Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights. 2007-03-03. Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. 2015-12-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151229021107/https://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/. dead.
  17. Harold S. Sharp, Handbook of Pseudonyms and Personal NicknamesSupplement · Volumes 1-2, Scarecrow Press - 1975, Page 440
  18. https://books.google.com/books?id=J2LNDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22father+of+the+tank%22&pg=PT812 Mark Adkin, The Western Front Companion · Pen & Sword Books - 2017
  19. John Masefield, The Old Front Line, Pen & Sword Books Limited - 2006, pages 59-60
  20. Encyclopedia: Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist) . Britannica . 2009-07-26 . English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft..
  21. Web site: The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling . 2009-07-26 . Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust - and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider..
  22. Book: Cameron . Edward Hugh . Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures . 1960 . B. Wheelright Company . en.
  23. Web site: Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150502015240/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/massachusetts_conservation/frederick_law_olmsted.html. 2015-05-02.
  24. Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
  25. Web site: Tsiolkovskiy. https://web.archive.org/web/20020618154124/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsivskiy.htm. dead. 18 June 2002. Astronautix.com. 10 January 2016.
  26. Web site: Korolev. Astronautix.com. 10 January 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20020701161450/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/korolev.htm. 1 July 2002.
  27. Web site: Goddard. https://web.archive.org/web/20021108195321/http://astronautix.com/astros/goddard.htm. dead. 8 November 2002. Astronautix.com. 10 January 2016.
  28. Web site: Oberth. https://web.archive.org/web/20020617053834/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/oberth.htm. dead. 17 June 2002. Astronautix.com. 10 January 2016.
  29. [Thomas Woods|Woods, Thomas]
  30. Marshall Cavendish Reference. Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish, 2010 p. 106.
  31. Sustainable Aviation by T. Hikmet Karakoc, C. Ozgur Colpan, Onder Altuntas, Yasin Sohret
  32. http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1910.htm . Transcript. 'Abbas Ibn Firnas . John H. Lienhard . The Engines of Our Ingenuity . The Engines of Our Ingenuity . NPR . KUHF-FM Houston . 2004 . 1910 . 2009-08-31-->.
  33. [Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]
  34. Powering an Inorganic Nanodevice with a Biomolecular Motor. Carlo D.. Montemagno. Harold G.. Craighead. Anatoli G.. Olkhovets. Hercules P.. Neves. George D.. Bachand. Ricky K.. Soong. 24 November 2000. Science. 290. 5496. 1555–1558. 10.1126/science.290.5496.1555. 11090349. 2000Sci...290.1555S.
  35. Self-assembled microdevices driven by muscle. Jianzhong. Xi. Jacob J.. Schmidt. Carlo D.. Montemagno. 1 February 2005. Nature Materials. 4. 2. 180–184. 10.1038/nmat1308. 15654345. 2005NatMa...4..180X. 25628241 .
  36. News: The Man Behind the Brand: George Graham . 20 August 2013.
  37. Web site: A brief history of clinical trials . The Human Genome . Twyman . Richard . 22 September 2004 . Wellcome Trust . 29 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091215042751/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html . 15 December 2009 .
  38. Book: Lee, J.A.N.. 1995. International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Fitzroy Dearborn. Chicago. 978-1-884964-47-3.
  39. Book: Belzer, Belzer . 1977 . Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development... . Marcel Dekker . 978-0-262-73009-9., p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, …"
  40. Book: Wiener, Norbert . 1965 . 1948 . Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine . MIT Press . 978-0-8247-2257-9. (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
  41. Web site: William Beaumont Papers. oculus.nlm.nih.gov. 2018-09-26.
  42. Book: Bowler, Peter J. . Evolution: the history of an idea . University of California Press . Berkeley . 2003 . 978-0-520-23693-6 . registration .
  43. [Nick Lane|Lane, Nick]
  44. Web site: Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory. Collins. Graham P.. Scientific American. en. 2020-01-23.
  45. Book: Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein . 1 . 151–181 . 10.1007/978-1-4020-6366-4_7 . Ferdinand Freudenstein (1926–2006). History of Mechanism and Machine Science. 2007. Roth. Bernard. 978-1-4020-6365-7 .
  46. Web site: Richard E. Smalley - Biographical . 2014-06-12.
  47. Book: Barger, M. Susan . The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science . William B. White . Johns Hopkins University Press . 2000 . 20 . 978-0-8018-6458-2 . Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre... . 2013-08-21.
  48. Book: Barger, M. Susan. The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. William B. White . Johns Hopkins University Press. 2000. 978-0-8018-6458-2 . 17 . The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce.... . 2013-08-21.
  49. Book: Ellis, Roger. Who's Who in Victorian Britain. 2001. Stackpole Books. 978-0-8117-1640-6 . 116. cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965" . 2013-08-21.
  50. Book: Booth, Martin. Opium: A History. 1999. St. Martin's Press. 978-0-312-20667-3 . registration. 30 . Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography. . 2013-08-21.
  51. Book: Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. 2009. Springer. 9789048123452. Marco Ceccarelli . 2013-08-20 . 13. Other chapters of al-Jazari's work describe fountains and musical automata which are of interest mainly because the flow of water in them alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. Several ingenious devices for hydraulic switching were used to achieve this operation (Rosheim 1994). These revolutionary machines owed him the title of the father of robotics (Chapius and Droz 1958; Nocks 2007)..
  52. Book: Syria, 2nd. 2010. Bradt Travel Guides . 9781841623146. Diana Darke. 98. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind was the crankshaft, invented by the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari. He devised it to raise water for irrigation. He also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, and was the father of robotics. . 2013-08-21.
  53. Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", Mechanism and Machine Theory, Elsevier, 36 (5): 589–603, doi:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2
  54. Book: Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2 . 2009 . Springer . 9789048123452 . Marco Ceccarelli . http://www.abebooks.com/9789048123452/9048123453/plp . 2013-08-20 . 4 . Al-Jazari . Others gave amusement and aesthetic pleasure to the members of royal circles, which led him to invent the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties (Margaret 2006; Franchi and Güzeldere 2005)..
  55. Book: My Big Book of Computers 6. Ratna Sagar. 9788170708827. BPB Publications. 4 July 2012. 7. Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers, because the concepts he pioneered in his engine later formed the basis of modern computers..
  56. Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century . https://web.archive.org/web/20000709152445/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html . dead . 2000-07-09 . . 2009-06-13 . The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine . Paul . Gray . 1999-03-29.
  57. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3781481.stm 'Father of the computer' honoured
  58. Web site: Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91 . 2006-07-28 . Bruner . Jeffrey . Rebuilding the ABC . Ames Laboratory . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060828012547/http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html . 2006-08-28 .
  59. http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/Neumann_vs_Zuse.html Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts
  60. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/ The Modern History of Computing
  61. Web site: Inventor Profile: John Mauchly . Invent Now - Hall of Fame . . North Canton, OH, USA . 2004-03-29 . dead . 2013-08-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130824135331/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html . 2013-08-24 .
  62. Web site: Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert . Invent Now - Hall of Fame . . North Canton, OH, USA . 2004-03-29 . dead . 2013-08-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130805075654/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html . 2013-08-05 .
  63. http://tap.gallaudet.edu/emergency/nov05conference/Remarks/Goldberg.asp Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible
  64. Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
  65. Kahn do, No (2007-01-18). "Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register
  66. Web site: Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973. The Great Idea Finder. 2010-09-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20100924095721/http://ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm. 2010-09-24. dead.
  67. Web site: Logo and Learning. 2021-06-30. el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/. Logo Foundation.
  68. Web site: RPI Alumni Hall of Fame: Marcian E. Hoff. Rpi.edu. 10 August 2017.
  69. Web site: Kosaku Inagaki's Home Page . . 2010-04-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110203043622/http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ . 2011-02-03 .
  70. Web site: Inductee Details - Paul Baran. National Inventors Hall of Fame. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091231/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316. 6 September 2017. 6 September 2017.
  71. Web site: Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies. National Inventors Hall of Fame. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328. 6 September 2017. 6 September 2017.
  72. News: The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable. 2015-05-30. Washington Post. en-US. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231409/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/. 2015-05-30. 2020-02-18. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran.
  73. Baran. Paul. 2002. The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts. IEEE Communications Magazine. en. 40. 7. 42–48. 10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006. 0163-6804. Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960..
  74. Web site: Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet. Monica. 1776 Main Street Santa. California 90401-3208. www.rand.org. en. 2020-02-15.
  75. Web site: The Evolution of Packet Switching. Roberts. Lawrence G.. November 1978. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html. 2016-03-24. 5 September 2017. Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system. none.
    Web site: The ARPANET & Computer Networks. Roberts. Lawrence G.. May 1995. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html. 2016-03-24. 13 April 2016. Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network..
  76. Roberts. Lawrence G.. November 1978. The Evolution of Packet Switching. IEEE Invited Paper. 2017-09-10. In nearly all respects, Davies’ original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.. 2018-12-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf. dead.
  77. Book: The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Isaacson. Walter. 2014. Simon & Schuster. 9781476708690. 245. This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching.
  78. "... there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization."
  79. Trevor Harris, University of Wales. 2009. Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies.. Variety in Mass Communication Research. en. Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate claims on the invention of packet switching. 2020-01-23 . 2021-10-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001438/https://www.academia.edu/378261. dead.
  80. Web site: Internet pioneers airbrushed from history. Scantlebury. Roger. 25 June 2013. The Guardian. 10 September 2017.
  81. http://www.magazine.uc.edu/1000/dham.htm The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham
  82. http://www.rediff.com/computer/1999/jan/30tf.htm Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay
  83. p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, 2003-07-21, ISSN 0199-6649.
  84. p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13 (3) (June 1993), pp. 11–21, .
  85. p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, (3268), 1992-06-01.
  86. Web site: commodore.ca - History - Chuck Peddle Inventor of the Personal Computer. Commodore.ca. 10 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160127142536/http://www.commodore.ca/history/people/chuck_peddle/chuck_peddle.htm. 27 January 2016. dead.
  87. News: Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC' . BBC News . 2010-04-02 . 2013-08-21.
  88. https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/09/6850 A Talk with the Father of Computing
  89. Web site: The Fathers of Computing. Eweek.com. 28 May 2012. 10 August 2017.
  90. Web site: History of the Internet. Computerhope.com. 10 August 2017.
  91. Web site: History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?. Jeff. Casmer. Evancarmichael.com. 10 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20110818052842/http://www.evancarmichael.com/Home-Based-Business/3010/History-of-the-Search-Engine--What-Came-Before-Google.html. 18 August 2011. dead.
  92. Web site: XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I. 27 September 2007. 10 August 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004047/http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html. 27 September 2007.
  93. D. J. Power, A Brief History of Spreadsheets, DSSResources.COM, v3.6, 2004-08-30
  94. https://web.archive.org/web/20050323231844/http://telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/01/28/nweb228.xml Three loud cheers for the father of the web
  95. Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
  96. Web site: XML.com. Edd Dumbill. 29 February 2000. Xml.com. 10 January 2016.
  97. Web site: The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age. Smithsonian Institution. 2019-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20150813220152/http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/. 2015-08-13. live.
  98. Following the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories Symposium Papers. Following in the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories. Mary Ann. Johnson. 2001-09-28. 2019-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20150619100928/http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/following/symposium/program/3/. 2015-06-19 . live.
  99. News: Flying through the ages. BBC News. 1999-03-19. 2019-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20141021044458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/great_balloon_challenge/299568.stm. 2014-10-21. live.
  100. Web site: The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning. https://archive.today/20120709075915/http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm. dead. 9 July 2012. About.com Inventors. 10 January 2016.
  101. Web site: Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799 . Ieeeghn.org . IEEE Global History Network . 18 February 2015.
  102. Web site: Brawn GP Announces New Team Partnership with Graham-London. Thetimetv.com. 10 January 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160121143459/http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133. 21 January 2016.
  103. Web site: Photographer to the Tsar - The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibitions - Library of Congress. Loc.gov. 10 January 2016. 2001-04-17.
  104. http://www.surroundmusic.net/articles/dvdbesound.htm
  105. Web site: In search of the Caspian Sea Monster. Theregister.co.uk. 10 January 2016.
  106. Web site: Gun designer John Browning is born - Jan 21, 1855 . HISTORY.com. 12 October 2016.
  107. Web site: Model Engine Builders—Ray Arden. Craftsmanshipmuseum.com/. 10 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20151224201840/http://www.craftsmanshipmuseum.com/Arden.htm. 24 December 2015. dead.
  108. https://archive.today/20120713195052/http://inventors.about.com/od/hstartinventions/a/helicopter.htm Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based
  109. Web site: News Vault: The Father of Instant Noodles . 2009-10-09 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091228051002/http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html . 2009-12-28 .
  110. Web site: Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television . 2006-12-09 . NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/ . 2016-01-01 .
  111. News: Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary). 2006-12-09. New York Times . 1990-07-25.
  112. News: Sculpture to jet engine inventor . BBC News . 2005-10-20 . 2010-05-08.
  113. Web site: AIRCRAFT ENGINE. Thaitechnics.com. 10 January 2016.
  114. Web site: Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain - German designer. 10 December 2023 . britannica.com.
  115. News: Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress . The New York Times . 10 August 1996 . Foderaro . Lisa W. .
  116. News: In Missing a Beat, Father of Karaoke Lost Out on Fortune. https://web.archive.org/web/20121106074449/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html. dead. 2012-11-06. The Washington Post. 10 January 2016. 2003-01-19. Greimel. Hans.
  117. News: John Harrison (1693-1776) . dead . 2013-08-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121022211857/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm . 2012-10-22 .
  118. News: Meet the man who invented the mobile phone . BBC News . 2010-04-23 . 2010-05-08.
  119. News: Mendeleev's periodic table . BBC - GCSE Bitesize . 2012-06-22.
  120. Sungook Hong, Wireless, From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press, 2001, pp. x–xii
  121. Book: McLuhan, Marshall . Take Today; the Executive as Dropout . Barrington Nevitt . 1972 . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . 978-0-15-187830-7. "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)https://books.google.com/books?id=nID6mwAvEiwC&q=fessenden+%22father+of%22
  122. Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17 (1) 40–47, as cited in Book: Silverman, Steve. Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. 978-0-7407-3340-6. 2003. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 160
  123. Web site: Untitled Page . 2016-01-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151220182902/https://www.modelaircraft.org/files/BeardPaul.pdf . 2015-12-20 .
  124. Book: Van Meggelen, Jim . Jared Smith . Leif Madsen . 2005 . Asterisk: The Future of Telephony . O'Reilly . 978-0-596-00962-5 ., p. 190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
  125. "Beim Vater des Fernsehens—Was der siebzigjährige Paul Nipkow erzählt". Neues Wiener Journal. 23 August 1930.
  126. Web site: Verstappen . Maria . 3 June 2019 . Terugspoelen naar de begindagen van de televisie in Neerkant . 22 March 2023 . Eindhovens Dagblad . nl.
  127. Web site: Philo Farnsworth . Society of Television Engineers . 2013-08-21 . Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit??? . https://web.archive.org/web/20070713085015/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm . 2007-07-13 . dead .
  128. Web site: Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network . 2008-03-03. the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin.
  129. Web site: Zworykin at Museum.TV . 2008-03-03. "inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television".".
  130. Web site: John Logie Baird: TV Inventor . 2009-07-26 . John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system..
  131. Web site: The World's First High Definition Color Television System . 2009-07-26.
  132. Web site: 2 August 2019 . Nipkow-Scheibe . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803104047/https://www.dpma.de/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/meilensteine/tempo90/nipkow/index.html . 3 August 2019 . 22 March 2023 . DPMA.de . de.
  133. Book: Weingardt, Richard. Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. 2005. 978-0-7844-0801-8. 75.
  134. Web site: Carl Benz: Know all about the man regarded as 'father of automobile industry' . 5 April 2022 .
  135. Carl Benz: Father of the Automobile IndustryFanning, Leonard M.Published by MERCER PUBLISHING, NEW YORK, 1955
  136. Web site: Der Streit um den "Geburtstag" des modernen Automobils . de . The fight over the birth of the modern automobile . . 2014-12-22 . German Patent and Trade Mark Office . https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082130/https://www.dpma.de/service/klassifikationen/ipc/ipcprojekt/einekurzegeschichtedesautomobils/geburtstagdesautos/index.html . 2017-01-02 . .
  137. Web site: Henry Ford: Father of 20th century American industry. https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175919/http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/. usurped. 15 December 2010. Trendsupdates.com. 10 January 2016.
  138. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions . Federal Highway Administration . 2013-08-21.
  139. Web site: Oscar H. Banker Asadour Sarafian. Armenian Arts. 27 February 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130723093717/http://armenianarts.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Armenian-Arts-January-2012.pdf. 23 July 2013.
  140. Book: Mouradian, George. Armenian infotext. 1995. Bookshelf Publishers. Southgate, Mich.. 9780963450920. 1st.
  141. Web site: James Starley British inventor Britannica . www.britannica.com . en.
  142. Web site: Enterprising Waters: New York's Erie Canal Press Kit The New York State Museum . www.nysm.nysed.gov.
  143. Web site: Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates..
  144. Web site: Binghamton University - Flight and Ground Vehicle Simulation Update at Binghamton University . 2013-04-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130507222300/http://www.binghamton.edu/watson/professional-development/programs/flight-simulation/ . 2013-05-07 .
  145. Web site: Jon Whyte leaves ATB Sales - Bike Magic. Bikemagic.com. 12 October 2016.
  146. Web site: Who's Who of Volkswagen . VW Trends - TEN: The Enthusiast Network . 26 March 2009 . VW Trends . 10 January 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014439/http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html . 15 April 2012 .
  147. Web site: Ed Winfield. Hemmings.com. 10 January 2016.
  148. Web site: About Us : Versus Motorsport Store . 2009-09-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090603104831/http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php . 2009-06-03 .
  149. Web site: A Tribute to a Founding Father of Kustom Kulture. 1 December 2000. Hot Rod. 10 January 2016.
  150. Web site: Wilson . Cornell . Maglev: Magnetic Levitating Trains Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook .
  151. Web site: Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains – USC Viterbi School of Engineering .
  152. Web site: CEM - Fall/Winter 1997 Issue - Germany's Transrapid . 2011-08-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000224/http://cem.colorado.edu/archives/fl1997/thor.html . 2011-09-28 .
  153. http://mthof.angelfire.com/CLASS2008.html
  154. Web site: Gary Fisher's busy day . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081223160833/http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0 . 2008-12-23 . 2013-08-21.
  155. News: George Stephenson, the Father of Railways. . The New York Times . 21 November 1872.
  156. Web site: About. Marlincrawler.com. 10 January 2016. dead. https://archive.today/20130128082819/http://www.marlincrawler.com/about#passion. 28 January 2013.
  157. Web site: Irishcar.com - Mazda and the Wankel Engine . irishcar.com . 11 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20031012203809/http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm . 12 October 2003 . dead.
  158. Web site: We wouldn't be here if it weren't for Felix | Rotorhead . 2010-09-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101023180558/http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/ . 2010-10-23 .
  159. Book: Steil, Tim . 2000 . Route 66 . MBI Publishing Company . 978-0-7603-0747-2. 18. Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year..
  160. Book: Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France . Univ of North Carolina Press . 2010 . 9780807895726 . 360 . 2013-08-21.
  161. News: DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay . The New York Times . Dan . McCosh . 2003-03-07.
  162. Web site: This website is currently unavailable . 2010-12-28 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110727070510/http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/ . 2011-07-27 .
  163. News: Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87 . Department of Engineering . 2009-03-02 .
  164. Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87 . New Civil Engineer . 4 February 2009 . en.
  165. News: Sir Alan Muir Wood: the father of modern tunnelling . en.
  166. Web site: William Phelps Eno . Eno Transportation Foundation . 2013-08-21.
  167. Book: Keskin . Ali Ümit . Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering: Problems with Solutions . 3 May 2017 . Springer . 978-3-319-55101-2 . en.
  168. Book: Gupta . S. V. . Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units . 3 November 2009 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-3-642-00738-5 . en.
  169. Web site: BMW congratulates Paul Rosche: The "father" of the Formula One World Championship engine turns 80 today.. BMW Group. 3 January 2016.
  170. News: Aschwanden . Christie . Christie Aschwanden . Bikes and cars: Can we share the road? . 22 July 2014 . . November 2, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121111004437/http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-biking2-2009nov02%2C0%2C668242%2Cfull.story . 11 November 2012 . live . Forester is the father of the "vehicular cycling" movement -- a philosophy that views the bicycle as a form of transportation that belongs on the streets alongside cars. .
  171. Book: Watson, Rollin J.. The School As a Safe Haven. 2002. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. 978-0-89789-900-0. 30. The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles - one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism..

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