List of national flags of sovereign states explained

All 193 member states and 2 observer states of the United Nations, in addition to several de facto states, represent themselves with national flags. National flags generally contain symbolism of their respective state and serve as an emblem which distinguishes themselves from other states in international politics. National flags are adopted by governments to strengthen national bonds and legitimate formal authority. Such flags may contain symbolic elements of their peoples, militaries, territories, rulers, and dynasties. The flag of Denmark is the oldest flag still in current use as it has been recognized as a national symbol since the 14th century.

Background and definitions

See also: History of flags. According to the Collins English Dictionary, a national flag is "a flag that represents or is an emblem of a country."^[1] The word country can be used to refer to a sovereign state, sometimes also called an independent state.^[2] It is customary in international law that states adopt a flag to distinguish themselves from other states.

National flags are considered to "provide perhaps the strongest, clearest statement of national identity," and governments have used them to promote and create bonds within the country, motivate patriotism, honor the efforts of citizens, and legitimate formal authority.^[3] Throughout history, elements within flags have been used to symbolize rulers, dynasties, territories, militaries, and peoples of their respective countries.^[4] Flags also conceptually represent a country's core values, such as group membership and love for the country.^[5] In 1975, American vexillologist Whitney Smith stated thus regarding the role of flags in society:^{[6] [7]}

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a sovereign state is "a state or nation with a defined territory and a permanent population, which administers its own government, and which is recognized as not subject to or dependent upon another power." The amount of sovereign states in the world is generally derived from the number of member states of the United Nations (UN), although non-member states do exist,^[8] with such states being called de facto states. As of 2024, the UN currently includes 193 member states and 2 permanent observer states: the State of Palestine and Vatican City.^{[9] [10]} De facto states include Northern Cyprus,^[11] Abkhazia,^[12] South Ossetia,^[13] Transnistria,^[14] Kosovo,^[15] the Sahrawi Republic,^[16] Somaliland,^[17] and Taiwan.

The oldest flag of a sovereign state which is currently in use is the flag of Denmark, which has been recognized as a national symbol of the country since the 13th century, although the current version was officially adopted in 1867.^{[18] [19]} All 193 member states and 2 observer states are represented by their respective flags at the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City.^[20]

Flags of UN member states and observer states

Flag(s)! scope="col"

State	Aspect ratio	Date of latest adoption	Designer(s)	Description
	Afghanistan (Islamic Republic)				Three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other 2 bands.	[21]
	Albania				Red with a black double-headed eagle in the center.	[22]
	Algeria			Disputed	Two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary.	[23]
	Andorra				Three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other 2 so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8.	[24]
	Angola				Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle).	[25]
	Antigua and Barbuda				Red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band.
	Argentina				Three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), white, and sky blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face (delineated in brown) known as the Sun of May.	[26]
	Armenia				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange.	[27]
	Australia				Blue with the flag of the United Kingdom in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small, five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars.	[28] [29]
	Austria				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red.	[30]
					Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red with the coat of arms of Austria in the center.
	Azerbaijan				Three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), red, and green; a vertical crescent moon and an eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band.
					Three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side.	[31]
	Bahrain				Red with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side.	[32]
	Bangladesh				Green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center.	[33] [34]
	Barbados				Three equal vertical bands of ultramarine blue (hoist side), gold, and ultramarine blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band.	[35]
	Belarus			.	Red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red.	[36]
	Belgium				Three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red.	[37] [38]
	Belize				Royal blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms.	[39] [40]
	Benin				Two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green band on the hoist side.
	Bhutan			Mayeum Choying Wangmo Dorji	Divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white Druk facing away from the hoist side.	[41] [42]
	Bolivia				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green.	[43] [44] [45] [46]
					Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band.
					A grid of 49 squares distributed in 7 columns by 7 rows, arranged in diagonal bands of 7 colors (white, yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, green) with white on the main diagonal.
	Bosnia and Herzegovina				A wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle.	[47]
	Botswana				Light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center.	[48] [49]
	Brazil				Green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue globe with 27 white stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged as in the night sky over Rio de Janeiro and containing a banner with the national motto .	[50]
	Brunei				Yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center.
	Bulgaria				Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red.	[51]
	Burkina Faso				Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center.	[52]
	Burundi				Divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below).
	Cambodia				Three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white, three-towered temple, representing Angkor Wat, outlined in black in the center of the red band.
	Cameroon				Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band.
	Canada				Two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square.	[53] [54]
	Cape Verde				Five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10 yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side.	[55] [56]
	Central African Republic				Four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band.	[57]
	Chad			Naiyia Amina Goudja	Three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and red.	[58]
	Chile	2:3		Unclear	Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center.	[59] [60]
	China			Zeng Liansong	Red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner.
	Colombia				Three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red.	[61] [62]
	Comoros				Four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a vertical white crescent moon with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent.
		Unclear		(allegedly)	Sky blue field divided diagonally from the lower hoist corner to upper fly corner by a red stripe bordered by two narrow yellow stripes; a yellow, five-pointed star appears in the upper hoist corner	[63]
					Divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red.	[64]
	Costa Rica				Five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue.	[65] [66]
					Five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk placed toward the hoist side of the red band.
	Croatia				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue superimposed by the coat of arms.	[67]
	Cuba				Five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center.	[68]
	Cyprus				Centered on a white field is a copper-colored silhouette of the island above two olive-green-colored, crossed olive branches.	[69] [70]
	Czech Republic			(allegedly)	Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side.	[71] [72]
	Denmark				Red with a white Nordic cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side.	[73] [74]
	Djibouti	Unclear			Two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center.
	Dominica				Green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a Sisserou parrot, unique to Dominica, encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow.	[75]
	Dominican Republic				A centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are ultramarine blue (hoist side) and vermilion red, and the bottom ones are vermilion red (hoist side) and ultramarine blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the cross.
	Ecuador				Three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag.	[76]
	Egypt				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national coat of arms (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band.	[77] [78] [79]
	El Salvador				Three equal horizontal bands of cobalt blue (top), white, and cobalt blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band.	[80] [81]
	Equatorial Guinea	Unclear			Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto Spanish; Castilian: UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA .
	Eritrea				Red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle.
	Estonia				Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white.	[82] [83]
	Eswatini			Sobhuza II	Three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white Nguni shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally.
	Ethiopia				Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands.
	Fiji				Light blue with the flag of the United Kingdom in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is taken from Fiji's coat of arms.	[84]
	Finland				White with a blue Nordic cross.
	France				Three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red.	[85]
	Gabon				Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue.	[86]
					Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green.	[87]
	Georgia				White rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross.	[88] [89]
	Germany				Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold.	[90]
	Ghana				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band.	[91]
	Greece				Nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner.
	Grenada				A rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle.	[92] [93]
	Guatemala				Three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band.	[94]
	Guinea				Three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green.
	Guinea-Bissau				Two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band.
	Guyana				Green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green.
	Haiti				Two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms.	[95]
	Honduras				Three equal horizontal bands of turquoise blue (top), white, and turquoise blue, with five turquoise, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band.	[96] [97]
	Hungary				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green.
	Iceland				Blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Nordic cross.	[98] [99]
	India			Pingali Venkayya	Three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band.
	Indonesia			Fatmawati (allegedly)	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white.	[100]
	Iran				Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem in red is centered in the white band; the Takbir in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band.	[101]
	Iraq				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir in green Arabic script is centered in the white band.
	Ireland				Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange.	[102] [103]
	Israel				White with a blue hexagram known as the Star of David centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag.
	Italy				Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red.	[104]
	Ivory Coast				Three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green.	[105]
	Jamaica				Diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side).	[106]
	Japan			Nichiren (allegedly)	White with a large red disk in the center.	[107]
	Jordan				Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star.	[108] [109]
	Kazakhstan				A gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold.	[110]
	Kenya				Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center.	[111]
	Kiribati				The upper half is red with a yellow frigatebird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the Pacific ocean.	[112]
	Kuwait				Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side.	[113]
	Kyrgyzstan				Red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of four lines, a stylized representation of a "tunduk" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt.	[114]
	Laos				Three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band.	[115]
	Latvia				Three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon.	[116] [117]
	Lebanon				Three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band.	[118]
	Lesotho				Three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; centered in the white stripe is a black mokorotlo, a traditional Basotho straw hat.
	Liberia			(lead)	11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner	[119]
	Libya				Three horizontal bands of red (top), black (double width), and green with a white crescent and star centered on the black stripe.	[120]
	Liechtenstein				Two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band.
	Lithuania				Three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red.	[121]
	Luxembourg				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue.
	Madagascar				Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side.	[122] [123] [124]
	Malawi				Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered on the black band.
	Malaysia				14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star.	[125]
	Maldives				Red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag.
	Mali				Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red.	[126]
	Malta				Two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red.
	Marshall Islands				Blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes.
	Mauritania				Green with a yellow, five-pointed star between the horns of a yellow, upward-pointing crescent moon; red stripes along the top and bottom edges.
	Mauritius				Four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green.	[127]
	Mexico			(coat of arms)	Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band.	[128] [129] [130]
				(initial version)	Light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered.	[131] [132]
	Moldova				Three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; the coat of arms is centered in the yellow band.	[133] [134]
	Monaco				Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white.
	Mongolia				Three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol).	[135] [136] [137]
	Montenegro				A red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky.	[138]
	Morocco			Disputed	Red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as the Seal of Solomon in the center of the flag.	[139] [140]
	Mozambique			(allegedly; initial version)	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book.	[141] [142]
	Myanmar				Design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes.	[143] [144] [145]
	Namibia				A wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a golden-yellow, 12-rayed sunburst.
	Nauru				Blue with a narrow, horizontal, gold stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side.
	Nepal	See			Crimson red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun.	[146] [147]
	Netherlands				Three equal horizontal bands of red (bright vermilion; top), white, and blue (cobalt).	[148] [149]
	New Zealand				Blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag.	[150]
	Nicaragua				Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band.	[151]
	Niger				Three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band.	[152]
	Nigeria				Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green.
	North Korea			Disputed	Three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star.	[153]
	North Macedonia				A yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field.	[154] [155]
	Norway		(retained at independence)		Red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Nordic cross.	[156]
	Oman				Three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band.	[157]
	Pakistan				Green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field.
	Palau				Light blue with a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side.	[158] [159] [160]
	Palestine				Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side.	[161]
	Panama			Disputed	Divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center.	[162] [163]
	Papua New Guinea				Divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered.
	Paraguay				Three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms; the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury.	[164] [165] [166]
	Peru			(initial version)	Three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red.
					Three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band.
	Philippines				Two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star.	[167]
	Poland				Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red.
	Portugal				Two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line.	[168]
	Qatar				Maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side.	[169]
	Romania				Three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red.
	Russia				Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red.
	Rwanda				Three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band.	[170] [171]
	Saint Kitts and Nevis				Divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red.
	Saint Lucia				Cerulean blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border.
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines				Three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern.
	Samoa				Red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white, five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation.	[172] [173] [174]
	San Marino				Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature, Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word .
	São Tomé and Príncipe				Three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side.	[175]
	Saudi Arabia				Green with the Shahada in large white Thuluth script.	[176]
	Senegal				Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band.
	Serbia				Three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle is divided into four quarters by a white cross.	[177]
	Seychelles				Five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side.	[178] [179]
	Sierra Leone				Three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue.
	Singapore			Toh Chin Chye	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle.	[180] [181]
	Slovakia			(current design) (current design)	Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white double-barred cross of Cyril and Methodius surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side.	[182] [183]
	Slovenia				Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; the coat of arms of Slovenia (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands.	[184] [185]
	Solomon Islands			Disputed	Divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green.	[186] [187]
					Light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center.	[188] [189]
					Two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes.	[190]
	South Korea				White with a red (top) and blue taijitu in the center; there is a different black trigram from the I Ching in each corner of the white field.	[191]
	South Sudan				Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star.	[192]
	Spain				Three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band.	[193] [194]
	Sri Lanka				Yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a maroon rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels.
	Sudan				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side.
	Suriname				Five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band.	[195]
	Sweden				Blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Nordic cross.	[196]
	Switzerland				Red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag.
	Syria				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band.
	Tajikistan				Three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe.	[197]
	Tanzania				Divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue.
	Thailand			Vajiravudh	Five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red.
	Timor-Leste	Unclear			Red with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle.	[198] [199]
	Togo	Unclear			Five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner.	[200] [201]
	Tonga				Red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner.	[202]
	Trinidad and Tobago				Red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side.	[203]
	Tunisia				Red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star.
	Turkey				Red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening.
	Turkmenistan				Green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white, five-pointed stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe.	[204]
	Tuvalu				Light blue with the flag of the United Kingdom in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field.
	Uganda	Unclear			Six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a grey crowned crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side.
	Ukraine				Two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow.
	United Arab Emirates				Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side.	[205] [206]
	United Kingdom				Blue field with the red cross of Saint George edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red saltire of Saint Patrick, which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew.	[207]
	United States			Disputed	13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars.	[208] [209]
	Uruguay				Nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face (delineated in black) known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy.
	Uzbekistan				Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a vertical, white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white, five-pointed stars shifted to the hoist on the top band.
	Vanuatu				Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow.	[210]
	Vatican City				Two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band.	[211]
	Venezuela				Three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red.
					Three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band.
	Vietnam			Disputed	Red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center.	[212] [213]
	Yemen				Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black.	[214]
	Zambia				Green field with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag.	[215]
	Zimbabwe				Seven equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe Bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle.	[216]

Flags of de facto states

Flag(s)	State	Aspect ratio	Date of latest adoption	Designer(s)	Description
	Abkhazia				Seven equal horizontal stripes of green (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner with a white dexter hand appaumé below an arc of seven white five-pointed stars.	[217]
	Afghanistan (Islamic Emirate)				White with a black Shahada in Thuluth script in the center.	[218] [219] [220]
	Kosovo				Centered on a dark blue field is a gold-colored silhouette map of Kosovo surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc.	[221] [222]
	Northern Cyprus				White with a vertical red crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and red five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening centered between two equal horizontal red bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag.	[223]
	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic			El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed	Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side. a red, five-pointed star and crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) centered in the white band.
	Somaliland				Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; a white Shahada centered in the green band; a black, five-pointed star centered in the white band.
	South Ossetia				Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), red, and yellow.
	Taiwan			Lu Haodong (canton) Sun Yat-sen (red field)	Red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays.	[224]
	Transnistria				Three horizontal bands of red (top), green (half-width), and red with a yellow hammer and sickle below a yellow outline of a five-pointed star in the upper hoist-side corner of the top band.

See also

• Gallery of flags of dependent territories – list of flags of dependent territories

Notes

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87. Poels . Jos . 2017 . Where the Gambia River gives life: A tribute to Gambia's flag designer Louis Lucien Thomasi . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240201034410/https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ICV27-D5-Poels.pdf . 2024-02-01 . 2024-08-30.
88. Web site: 2018-11-14 . საქართველოს ორგანული კანონი საქართველოს სახელმწიფო სიმბოლოების შესახებ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240718125612/https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4368486?publication=0 . 2024-07-18 . 2024-08-30 . matsne.gov.ge.
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96. News: Acosta . Dalma . 2022-01-26 . El error histórico que no debe repetirse al implementar la Bandera azul turquesa . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240702122540/https://www.elheraldo.hn/especiales/tomadeposesion/error-historico-azul-turquesa-bandera-honduras-rectificacion-nacional-decreto-color-xiomara-castro-AAeh1510505 . 2024-07-02 . 2024-09-03 . .
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104. Book: Israel, Jonathan . Jonathan Israel . Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre . 2015-09-22 . Princeton University Press . 978-0-691-16971-2 . 647 . en.
105. Web site: 2018-07-03 . Création du Drapeau national de la République de Côte d'Ivoire . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240715073841/https://louisthomasachille.com/histoire/creation-du-drapeau-national-de-la-republique-de-cote-divoire . 2024-07-15 . 2024-09-05 . louisthomasachille.com.
106. Encyclopedia: NATIONAL SYMBOLS . Encyclopedia of Jamaican Heritage . Twin Guinep Publishers . Senior . Olive . 2003 . en . 978-976-8007-14-8.
107. Encyclopedia: Kokki . . . Frédéric . Louis . 2002 . Louis Frédéric . en . 978-0-674-01753-5 . 48943301.
108. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . Scarecrow Press . Gubser . Peter . 1991 . en . 978-0-8108-2449-2.
109. Podeh . Elie . 2022 . Anthems in the Arab world: A hybrid national symbol . Nations and Nationalism . en . 28 . 4 . 1379–1394 . 10.1111/nana.12803 . 1354-5078.
110. Book: Kassymova . Didar . Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan . Kundakbayeva . Zhanat . Markus . Ustina . 2012-05-18 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7983-6 . xxxiii . en.
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114. News: Putz . Catherine . 2024-01-03 . Kyrgyzstan's New Flag Debuts in Bishkek . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240704112312/https://thediplomat.com/2024/01/kyrgyzstans-new-flag-debuts-in-bishkek/ . 2024-07-04 . 2024-08-19 . The Diplomat.
115. Encyclopedia: FLAGS . Historical Dictionary of Laos . Rowman & Littlefield . Stuart-Fox . Martin . 2023-02-06 . en . 978-1-5381-2028-6 . Creak . Simon.
116. Web site: 2018-11-27 . Procedures for the Application of the Law on the National Flag of Latvia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240718092838/https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/209092-procedures-for-the-application-of-the-law-on-the-national-flag-of-latvia . 2024-07-18 . 2024-09-05 . likumi.lv.
117. Web site: Pumpuriņš . Tālis . 2024-05-04 . Latvijas valsts karogs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240714095135/http://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/8867-Latvijas-valsts-karogs . 2024-07-14 . 2024-09-05 . Latvian National Encyclopedia.
118. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Lebanon . Rowman & Littlefield . Najem . Tom . 2021-06-15 . en . 978-1-5381-2044-6 . Amore . Roy C..

     see also "PHARAOUN, HENRI (1901–1993)"

119. Book: Richardson, Nathaniel R. . Liberia's Past and Present . 1959 . Diplomatic Press and Publishing Company . 978-0-608-32932-1 . 89 . en . registration.
120. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Libya . Rowman & Littlefield . John . Ronald Bruce St . 2014-06-04 . en . 978-0-8108-7876-1.
121. Web site: Akmenytė-Ruzgienė . Vilma . National flag of Lithuania . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101930/https://www.lrs.lt/sip/portal.show?p_r=38111&p_k=2&p_a=1745&p_kade_id=9 . 2024-08-15 . 2024-09-06 . lrs.lt.
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126. News: 2019-07-19 . Mali : L'histoire du drapeau national . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720140401/https://maliactu.net/mali-lhistoire-du-drapeau-national/ . 2019-07-20 . 2024-09-07 . .
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129. Web site: 2018-02-23 . Historia de la bandera de México . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192219/https://www.gob.mx/bancodelbienestar/articulos/historia-de-la-bandera-de-mexico . 2023-10-26 . 2024-09-07 . gob.mx.
130. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Mexico . Scarecrow Press . Alisky . Marvin . 2008 . en . 978-0-8108-5995-1.
131. Web site: Chp. 5 Title 1: Genral Provisions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327145951/https://fsmlaw.org/fsm/code/title01/t1ch5_2014.html . 2024-03-27 . 2024-08-17 . fsmlaw.org.
132. 1972 . Peace, Freedom and Loyalty . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240907132112/https://books.google.be/books?id=ricxAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA9-PA35&dq=%22Gonzalo+Santos%22#v=onepage&q=%22Gonzalo%20Santos%22&f=false . 2024-09-07 . 2024-09-07 . Micronesian Reporter . 35 . 20 . 3 . 0026-2781 . 5692371.
133. Musteată . Sergiu . 2014 . 1991: A Chronology of Moldova's Independance . live . Euxeinos . 15–16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240714094444/https://gce.unisg.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/HSG_ROOT/Institut_GCE/Euxeinos/15-16/Musteata_Euxeinos_15_16_2014.pdf . 2024-07-14.
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135. Boldbaatar . Jigjid . Humphrey . Caroline . 2007-01-01 . The Process of Creation of National Symbols and Their Adoption in the 1992 Constitution of Mongolia . Inner Asia . en . 9 . 1 . 3–22 . 10.1163/146481707793646584 . 2210-5018.
136. 1. 12. 5. Mongolia. 1992-02-12. https://www.conscourt.gov.mn/?page_id=842&lang=en. 2024-08-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20240806220301/http://www.conscourt.gov.mn/?page_id=842&lang=en. 2024-08-06. Constitutional Court of Mongolia.
137. News: 2015-04-19 . Монгол төрийн далбааг зохиосон Додийн Чойдог . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210423034706/http://www.choibalsan.mn/index.php?newsid=9201 . 2021-04-23 . 2024-09-07 . Choibalsan.mn . mn.
138. Encyclopedia: FLAG OF MONTENEGRO . Historical Dictionary of Montenegro . Rowman & Littlefield . Djukanovic . Bojka . 2023-01-24 . en . 978-1-5381-3915-8.
139. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Morocco . Rowman & Littlefield . Boum . Aomar . 2016-06-02 . en . 978-1-4422-6297-3 . Park . Thomas K..
140. News: Aublanc . Alexandre . Mouline . Nabil . 2024-01-24 . Maroc : " Le drapeau rouge frappé d'un pentagramme vert est le fruit de longues tractations avec la France " . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240716051514/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/24/maroc-le-drapeau-rouge-frappe-d-un-pentagramme-vert-est-le-fruit-de-longues-tractations-avec-la-france_6212738_3212.html . 2024-07-16 . 2024-09-07 . . fr.
141. Encyclopedia: NATIONAL SYMBOLS . Historical Dictionary of Mozambique . Rowman & Littlefield . Darch . Colin . 2018-12-15 . en . 978-1-5381-1135-2.
142. News: Pemba . Adolfo Manuel . 2024-02-06 . Autoproclamado "autor" da bandeira da Frelimo não foi pago até hoje . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240301183611/https://evidencias.co.mz/2024/02/06/autoproclamado-autor-da-bandeira-da-frelimo-nao-foi-pago-ate-hoje/ . 2024-03-01 . 2024-09-07 . Evidências . pt.
143. Web site: 2010-10-21 . The Union Flag Law . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240817181950/http://www.asianlii.org/mm/legis/laws/uflpadcln82010474.pdf . 2024-08-17 . 2024-08-17 . Asian Legal Information Institute.
144. Encyclopedia: FLAGS OF BURMA (HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY) . Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) . Rowman & Littlefield . Seekins . Donald M. . 2017-03-27 . en . 978-1-5381-0183-4.
145. News: 2016-09-01 . Myanmar unveils new national flag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105537/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2010/10/21/myanmar-unveils-new-national-flag/ . 2024-08-19 . 2024-08-19 . San Diego Tribune.
146. Nosowitz . Dan . 2018-09-03 . Decoding the Unusual Shape of the Nepali Flag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621072625/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nepal-flag-shape . 2024-06-21 . 2024-08-18 . . 960889351.
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148. Healy . Don . 1994-07-01 . Evolutionary Vexillography: One Flag's Influence in Modern Design . Raven: A Journal of Vexillology . en . 1 . 41–64 . 10.5840/raven199415.
149. Encyclopedia: NATIONAL SYMBOLS . Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands . Rowman & Littlefield . Koopmans . Joop W. . 2015-11-05 . en . 978-1-4422-5593-7.
150. News: 2016-03-04 . Another country - looking back 115 years . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813092305/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/another-country-looking-back-115-years/KHHOILRPBCQJK2MS3CXIK2JOCE/ . 2023-08-13 . 2024-08-19 . The New Zealand Herald.
151. Book: White . Steven F. . Culture and Customs of Nicaragua . Calderon . Esthela . 2008-01-30 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 978-0-313-08739-4 . en . 3.
152. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Niger . Rowman & Littlefield . Idrissa . Rahmane . 2020-02-26 . en . 978-1-5381-2015-6.
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169. Web site: Al-Adaam . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520132246/https://www.qatar.qa/en/qatar/al-adaam/ . 2024-05-20 . 2024-08-20 . Qatar.qa.
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191. Kim . Myeong-Jin . 2015-03-15 . The Taekeugki . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240822163209/https://books.google.be/books?id=yFSOBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11&dq=%22Lee+Eung-jun%22+%22flag%22#v=onepage&q=%22Lee%20Eung-jun%22%20%22flag%22&f=false . 2024-08-22 . 2024-08-22 . KOREA.
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115. Encyclopedia: FLAGS . Historical Dictionary of Laos . Rowman & Littlefield . Stuart-Fox . Martin . 2023-02-06 . en . 978-1-5381-2028-6 . Creak . Simon.
116. Web site: 2018-11-27 . Procedures for the Application of the Law on the National Flag of Latvia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240718092838/https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/209092-procedures-for-the-application-of-the-law-on-the-national-flag-of-latvia . 2024-07-18 . 2024-09-05 . likumi.lv.
117. Web site: Pumpuriņš . Tālis . 2024-05-04 . Latvijas valsts karogs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240714095135/http://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/8867-Latvijas-valsts-karogs . 2024-07-14 . 2024-09-05 . Latvian National Encyclopedia.
118. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Lebanon . Rowman & Littlefield . Najem . Tom . 2021-06-15 . en . 978-1-5381-2044-6 . Amore . Roy C..

     see also "PHARAOUN, HENRI (1901–1993)"

119. Book: Richardson, Nathaniel R. . Liberia's Past and Present . 1959 . Diplomatic Press and Publishing Company . 978-0-608-32932-1 . 89 . en . registration.
120. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Libya . Rowman & Littlefield . John . Ronald Bruce St . 2014-06-04 . en . 978-0-8108-7876-1.
121. Web site: Akmenytė-Ruzgienė . Vilma . National flag of Lithuania . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101930/https://www.lrs.lt/sip/portal.show?p_r=38111&p_k=2&p_a=1745&p_kade_id=9 . 2024-08-15 . 2024-09-06 . lrs.lt.
122. Book: Galibert, Didier . Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar: État postcolonial, légitimités et territoire, 1956-2002 . 2009 . KARTHALA Editions . 978-2-8111-0213-5 . 546 . fr.
123. Book: Deschamps, Hubert . Histoire de Madagascar: Avec 13 cartes et 31 photographies . 1972-01-01 . FeniXX . 978-2-402-62701-6 . 274 . fr.
124. News: Tétaud . Sarah . 2020-06-22 . Madagascar: les débuts mouvementés du drapeau national . live . https://archive.today/20240906200530/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200622-madagascar-histoire-drapeau-origines-mouvement%C3%A9es . 2024-09-06 . 2024-09-06 . Radio France Internationale.
125. News: Hisamudin . Hakimie Amrie . 2021-08-31 . Fly the flag high – and remember the shy patriot behind it . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210830235216/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/08/31/fly-the-flag-high-and-remember-the-shy-patriot-behind-it/ . 2021-08-30 . 2024-09-06 . Free Malaysia Today.
126. News: 2019-07-19 . Mali : L'histoire du drapeau national . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720140401/https://maliactu.net/mali-lhistoire-du-drapeau-national/ . 2019-07-20 . 2024-09-07 . .
127. News: Elix . Joëlle . 2017-03-12 . Gurudutt Moher, père du quadricolore . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240907114936/https://lexpress.mu/s/article/302077/gurudutt-moher-pere-quadricolore . 2024-09-07 . 2024-09-07 . L'Express.
128. News: 2022-01-04 . Francisco Eppens, el potosino que diseñó el escudo mexicano . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220105000707/https://laorquesta.mx/francisco-eppens-el-potosino-que-diseno-el-escudo-mexicano-2/ . 2022-01-05 . 2024-09-07 . La Orquesta.mx.
129. Web site: 2018-02-23 . Historia de la bandera de México . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192219/https://www.gob.mx/bancodelbienestar/articulos/historia-de-la-bandera-de-mexico . 2023-10-26 . 2024-09-07 . gob.mx.
130. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Mexico . Scarecrow Press . Alisky . Marvin . 2008 . en . 978-0-8108-5995-1.
131. Web site: Chp. 5 Title 1: Genral Provisions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327145951/https://fsmlaw.org/fsm/code/title01/t1ch5_2014.html . 2024-03-27 . 2024-08-17 . fsmlaw.org.
132. 1972 . Peace, Freedom and Loyalty . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240907132112/https://books.google.be/books?id=ricxAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA9-PA35&dq=%22Gonzalo+Santos%22#v=onepage&q=%22Gonzalo%20Santos%22&f=false . 2024-09-07 . 2024-09-07 . Micronesian Reporter . 35 . 20 . 3 . 0026-2781 . 5692371.
133. Musteată . Sergiu . 2014 . 1991: A Chronology of Moldova's Independance . live . Euxeinos . 15–16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240714094444/https://gce.unisg.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/HSG_ROOT/Institut_GCE/Euxeinos/15-16/Musteata_Euxeinos_15_16_2014.pdf . 2024-07-14.
134. Web site: 2011-04-24 . Государственный флаг Республики Молдова . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609204739/http://vexillographia.ru/moldova/state.htm . 2023-06-09 . 2024-09-07 . vexillographia.ru.
135. Boldbaatar . Jigjid . Humphrey . Caroline . 2007-01-01 . The Process of Creation of National Symbols and Their Adoption in the 1992 Constitution of Mongolia . Inner Asia . en . 9 . 1 . 3–22 . 10.1163/146481707793646584 . 2210-5018.
136. 1. 12. 5. Mongolia. 1992-02-12. https://www.conscourt.gov.mn/?page_id=842&lang=en. 2024-08-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20240806220301/http://www.conscourt.gov.mn/?page_id=842&lang=en. 2024-08-06. Constitutional Court of Mongolia.
137. News: 2015-04-19 . Монгол төрийн далбааг зохиосон Додийн Чойдог . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210423034706/http://www.choibalsan.mn/index.php?newsid=9201 . 2021-04-23 . 2024-09-07 . Choibalsan.mn . mn.
138. Encyclopedia: FLAG OF MONTENEGRO . Historical Dictionary of Montenegro . Rowman & Littlefield . Djukanovic . Bojka . 2023-01-24 . en . 978-1-5381-3915-8.
139. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Morocco . Rowman & Littlefield . Boum . Aomar . 2016-06-02 . en . 978-1-4422-6297-3 . Park . Thomas K..
140. News: Aublanc . Alexandre . Mouline . Nabil . 2024-01-24 . Maroc : " Le drapeau rouge frappé d'un pentagramme vert est le fruit de longues tractations avec la France " . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240716051514/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/24/maroc-le-drapeau-rouge-frappe-d-un-pentagramme-vert-est-le-fruit-de-longues-tractations-avec-la-france_6212738_3212.html . 2024-07-16 . 2024-09-07 . . fr.
141. Encyclopedia: NATIONAL SYMBOLS . Historical Dictionary of Mozambique . Rowman & Littlefield . Darch . Colin . 2018-12-15 . en . 978-1-5381-1135-2.
142. News: Pemba . Adolfo Manuel . 2024-02-06 . Autoproclamado "autor" da bandeira da Frelimo não foi pago até hoje . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240301183611/https://evidencias.co.mz/2024/02/06/autoproclamado-autor-da-bandeira-da-frelimo-nao-foi-pago-ate-hoje/ . 2024-03-01 . 2024-09-07 . Evidências . pt.
143. Web site: 2010-10-21 . The Union Flag Law . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240817181950/http://www.asianlii.org/mm/legis/laws/uflpadcln82010474.pdf . 2024-08-17 . 2024-08-17 . Asian Legal Information Institute.
144. Encyclopedia: FLAGS OF BURMA (HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY) . Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) . Rowman & Littlefield . Seekins . Donald M. . 2017-03-27 . en . 978-1-5381-0183-4.
145. News: 2016-09-01 . Myanmar unveils new national flag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105537/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2010/10/21/myanmar-unveils-new-national-flag/ . 2024-08-19 . 2024-08-19 . San Diego Tribune.
146. Nosowitz . Dan . 2018-09-03 . Decoding the Unusual Shape of the Nepali Flag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621072625/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nepal-flag-shape . 2024-06-21 . 2024-08-18 . . 960889351.
147. News: 2020-02-09 . राष्ट्रिय झण्डाको गणितबारे डिजाइनर शङ्करनाथ रिमाल . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221103192653/https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-51416341 . 2022-11-03 . 2024-08-19 . BBC Nepali.
148. Healy . Don . 1994-07-01 . Evolutionary Vexillography: One Flag's Influence in Modern Design . Raven: A Journal of Vexillology . en . 1 . 41–64 . 10.5840/raven199415.
149. Encyclopedia: NATIONAL SYMBOLS . Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands . Rowman & Littlefield . Koopmans . Joop W. . 2015-11-05 . en . 978-1-4422-5593-7.
150. News: 2016-03-04 . Another country - looking back 115 years . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813092305/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/another-country-looking-back-115-years/KHHOILRPBCQJK2MS3CXIK2JOCE/ . 2023-08-13 . 2024-08-19 . The New Zealand Herald.
151. Book: White . Steven F. . Culture and Customs of Nicaragua . Calderon . Esthela . 2008-01-30 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 978-0-313-08739-4 . en . 3.
152. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Niger . Rowman & Littlefield . Idrissa . Rahmane . 2020-02-26 . en . 978-1-5381-2015-6.
153. Encyclopedia: Hoare . James . Historical dictionary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea . 2012 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-6151-0 . Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East . Lanham, Md.
154. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia . Rowman & Littlefield . Bechev . Dimitar . 2019-09-03 . en . 978-1-5381-1962-4.
155. Book: Kolstø, Pål . Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe . 2016-04-01 . Routledge . 978-1-317-04936-4 . 176 . en.
156. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Norway . Rowman & Littlefield . Leiren . Terje . 2019-10-08 . en . 978-1-5381-2312-6 . Sjåvik . Jan.
157. Web site: Flag, Emblem and National Anthem . 2024-08-19 . www.fm.gov.om . en-US.
158. Shuster . Donald R. . 2009 . The Republic of Palau and its Compact, 1995–2009 . The Journal of Pacific History . en . 44 . 3 . 325–332 . 10.1080/00223340903356872 . 0022-3344.
159. Web site: 2018-03-22 . The Flag - Palau International Ship Registry . 2024-08-19 . www.palaureg.com . en-US.
160. Web site: Flag of Palau – PalauGov.pw . 2024-08-19 . en-US.
161. Web site: The Palestinian Flag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240714150202/https://www.mofa.pna.ps/en-us/palestine/thepalestinianflag . 2024-07-14 . 2024-08-19 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (State of Palestine).
162. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Panama . Rowman & Littlefield . Leonard . Thomas M. . 2014-11-18 . en . 978-0-8108-7835-8.
163. Web site: 1949-12-15 . Reglamento para el uso de los Símbolos de la Patria - Ley Número 34 (del 15 de diciembre de 1949) por la cual se adoptan la Bandera, el Himno y el Escudo de Armas de la República y se reglamenta su uso así como el de las Banderas Extranjeras . Regulations for the use of the Symbols of the Homeland - Law Number 34 (of December 15, 1949) by which the Flag, the Anthem and the Coat of Arms of the Republic are adopted and its use is regulated as well as that of Foreign Flags . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070218132447/http://www.pa/secciones/patria/reglamentos_simbolos_patrios.htm . February 18, 2007 . 2024-08-19 . www.pa . es.
164. Web site: 2013-07-15 . Decreto N°11400 . 2024-08-20 . informacionpublica.paraguay.gov.py.
165. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Paraguay . Rowman & Littlefield . Nickson . R. Andrew . 2015-06-17 . en . 978-0-8108-7964-5.
166. News: 2013-07-16 . Franco quiere cambiar la bandera: El color del león es el problema . dead . https://archive.today/20130717055248/http://www.hoy.com.py/nacionales/franco-quiere-cambiar-la-bandera-paraguaya-el-color-del-len-es-el-problema . July 17, 2013 . 2024-08-20 . Hoy.
167. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of the Philippines . Scarecrow Press . Guillermo . Artemio R. . 2005 . en . 978-0-8108-5490-1 . Win . May Kyi.
168. Encyclopedia: FLAG, PORTUGUESE NATIONAL . Historical Dictionary of Portugal . Wheeler . Douglas L. . Opello . Walter C. . 2010-05-10 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7075-8 . en.
169. Web site: Al-Adaam . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520132246/https://www.qatar.qa/en/qatar/al-adaam/ . 2024-05-20 . 2024-08-20 . Qatar.qa.
170. News: 2002-01-02 . Rwanda gets new flag, national anthem and coat of arms . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240311233614/http://www.afrol.com/News2002/rwa001_new_flag.htm . 2024-03-11 . 2024-08-21 . Afrol.
171. Web site: 2009-04-20 . Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091028065640/http://www.primature.gov.rw/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,859/Itemid,95/ . 2009-10-28 . 2024-08-21 . primature.gov.rw.
172. News: Tinetali-Fiavaai . Grace . 2024-08-02 . A brief history of Sāmoan flags: 'Uniting under what colonisers brought to us', says academic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240801050438/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/523870/a-brief-history-of-samoan-flags-uniting-under-what-colonisers-brought-to-us-says-academic . 2024-08-01 . 2024-08-21 . Radio New Zealand.
173. News: W. Samoa's Flag Approved In NZ . Pacific Islands Monthly . XIX . 8 . 20 . 1 March 1949 . 21 August 2024 . National Library of Australia . 29 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053637/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317397656/view?sectionId=nla.obj-328460056 . live .
174. News: NEW FLAG FOR WESTERN SAMOA . Otago Daily Times . 9 . 26 February 1949 . 21 August 2024 . Papers past . 29 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053640/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19490226.2.132 . live .
175. 14. 1. São Tomé and Príncipe. 1975-11-05. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_2003. Constituteproject.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20231026024253/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_2003. 2023-10-26. 2024-08-21.
176. Web site: 2023 . THE GUIDELINE FOR THE USE OF THE SAUDI ARABIAN FLAG . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240714195613/https://cms.saudiflag.sa/uploads/Saudi_flag_ENGLISH_2023_617441c5ce.pdf . 2024-07-14 . 2024-08-21 . saudiflag.sa.
177. Book: Elgenius, Gabriella . Symbols of Nations and Nationalism: Celebrating Nationhood . 2018-11-12 . Springer . 978-0-230-31704-8 . 73–74 . en.
178. Web site: 1996-06-18 . National Symbols Act . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240821222353/https://seylii.org/akn/sc/act/1996/3/eng@1996-06-18 . 2024-08-21 . 2024-08-22 . SeyLII.
179. Web site: 2021 . GUIDELINES ON SPECIFICATIONS AND CORRECT USAGE OF THE SEYCHELLES' NATIONAL SYMBOLS . https://web.archive.org/web/20240427200938/https://mfa.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Guidelines-for-Proper-use-of-National-Symbols-1-1.pdf . 2024-04-27 . 2024-08-22 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Seychelles).
180. News: 2019-11-24 . History of the Singapore Flag: What it Could Have Looked Like . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162359/https://thekopi.co/2019/11/24/history-of-sg-flag/ . 2024-05-23 . 2024-08-22 . Kopi.
181. Web site: Sim . Cheryl . 2014-09-01 . Singapore's national flag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240821231336/https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=66bb01bf-8643-4d4b-b77b-8dd01a185e3b . 2024-08-21 . 2024-08-22 . National Library Board.
182. Encyclopedia: STATE SYMBOLS . Historical Dictionary of Slovakia . Scarecrow Press . Kirschbaum . Stanislav J. . 2013-11-14 . en . 978-0-8108-8030-6.
183. News: 2017-08-03 . Zomrel autor výtvarného spracovania štátnych symbolov SR . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221101131230/https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/zomrel-autor-vytvarneho-spracovania-symb/273523-clanok.html . 2022-11-01 . 2024-08-22 . News Agency of the Slovak Republic.
184. Encyclopedia: FLAG OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA . Historical Dictionary of Slovenia . Rowman & Littlefield . Plut-Pregelj . Leopoldina . 2018-02-22 . en . 978-1-5381-1106-2 . Kranjc . Gregor . Lazarevic . Žarko . Rogel . Carole.
185. Web site: 2020-12-20 . Symbols of Slovenia GOV.SI . 2024-08-22 . Portal GOV.SI . en.
186. News: 2012-01-18 . The Solomon Islands Flag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231227121727/https://www.solomontimes.com/news/the-solomon-islands-flag/2659 . 2023-12-27 . 2024-08-22 . Solomon Times.
187. News: Nolan . Jimmy . 2020-07-10 . Is Thomas Giosa Our Nation's Flag Designer? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522233302/https://www.solomontimes.com/news/is-thomas-giosa-our-nations-flag-designer/10011 . 2024-05-22 . 2024-08-22 . Solomon Times.
188. News: Casoowe . Cabdishakuur . 2020-10-12 . Maalinta Calanka: Calamada kala duwan ee Soomaalida iyo xilliyada dabaaldegyada . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230811122430/https://www.bbc.com/somali/war-53233077 . 2023-08-11 . 2024-08-22 . BBC Somali Service.
189. Web site: 2012-09-04 . Africa's Flags: A Vexillological Approach to Africa . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231002112749/https://www.africa.com/africas-flags-a-vexillological-approach-to-africa/ . 2023-10-02 . 2024-08-22 . Africa.com.
190. Encyclopedia: FLAG QUESTION . Saunders . Christopher . Historical Dictionary of South Africa . Limb . Peter . 2021 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-1-5381-3025-4 . en.
191. Kim . Myeong-Jin . 2015-03-15 . The Taekeugki . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240822163209/https://books.google.be/books?id=yFSOBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11&dq=%22Lee+Eung-jun%22+%22flag%22#v=onepage&q=%22Lee%20Eung-jun%22%20%22flag%22&f=false . 2024-08-22 . 2024-08-22 . KOREA.
192. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Kramer . Robert S. . Historical Dictionary of the Sudan . Jr . Richard A. Lobban . Fluehr-Lobban . Carolyn . 2013-03-22 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7940-9 . en.
193. Encyclopedia: FLAGS OF SPAIN . Historical Dictionary of Spain . Rowman & Littlefield . Smith . Angel . 2018 . en . 978-1-5381-0882-6.
194. Web site: López . Alejandro Sierra . Un proyecto de reforma de la bandera de España . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620080742/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/archivos/mc/archivos/nhn/destacados/documentos-destacados/hispanidad-banderas.html . 2024-06-20 . 2024-08-22 . Ministry of Culture (Spain).
195. News: 2016-09-17 . Oorspronkelijke ontwerper Surinaamse vlag overleden . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425002356/https://www.waterkant.net/suriname/2016/09/17/oorspronkelijke-ontwerper-surinaamse-vlag-overleden/ . 2023-04-25 . 2024-08-22 . .
196. Encyclopedia: FLAG . Historical Dictionary of Sweden . Rowman & Littlefield . Elgán . Elisabeth . 2015-09-17 . en . 978-1-4422-5071-0 . Scobbie . Irene.
197. News: Gadzhieva . Amal Khanum . 2012-01-06 . Зухур ХАБИБУЛЛАЕВ: "Любовь – это все" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240822213354/https://www.asiaplustj.info/ru/news/opinion/20120106/zukhur-khabibullaev-lyubov-eto-vse . 2024-08-22 . 2024-08-22 . Asia-Plus.
198. News: Jolliffe . Jill . 2002-05-18 . When East Timor first flew its flag in defiance . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240829103852/https://www.theage.com.au/world/when-east-timor-first-flew-its-flag-in-defiance-20020518-gdu7sa.html . 2024-08-29 . 2024-08-29 . The Age.
199. Web site: National Symbols . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240724090232/https://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=34&lang=en . 2024-07-24 . 2024-08-29 . timor-leste.gov.tl.
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201. Book: Posamentier . Alfred S. . The Glorious Golden Ratio . Lehmann . Ingmar . 2011-12-20 . Prometheus Books . 978-1-61614-424-1 . 54 . en.
202. Latu . Paula Onoafe . Fakaongo and tau'ataina: the influences of the Tongan traditional religion, the European civilization and Wesleyan teachings on the formation of Tongan religious identities . 2011 . 2024-09-22 . PhD . . 53 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240623180450/https://mro.massey.ac.nz/server/api/core/bitstreams/b40701ba-3f3e-4c63-a3f1-2f0667536dd2/content . 2024-06-23.
203. News: 2022-08-16 . Father of the flag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827164431/https://trinidadexpress.com/opinion/letters/father-of-the-flag/article_7c170d1c-1cf1-11ed-936b-4f4c865c8b92.html . 2022-08-27 . 2024-08-23 . Trinidad Express Newspapers.
204. Web site: 2023-03-16 . About National flag of Turkmenistan (new edition) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230812153335/https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=17893 . 2023-08-12 . 2024-08-23 . cis-legislation.com.
205. News: Farooqui . Mazhar . 2021-10-28 . Meet the Emirati diplomat who designed UAE's flag as a teenager . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524170118/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/meet-the-emirati-diplomat-who-designed-uaes-flag-as-a-teenager . 2024-05-24 . 2024-08-23 . Khaleej Times.
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Further reading

• Book: Mucha, Ludvík . Webster's Concise Encyclopedia of Flags & Coats of Arms . 1985 . Crescent Books . 978-0-517-49951-1 . en.
• Book: Crampton, William G. . The Complete Guide to Flags . 1989 . Gallery Books . 978-0-8317-1605-9 . en.
• Book: World Flags . 2004-01-01 . Philip's . 978-0-19-965293-8 . 1 . en . 10.1093/acref/9780199652938.001.0001.