Haplogroup M-P256 Explained
| M-P256 |
| Map: | Melanesia M ADN-Y.PNG |
| Origin-Date: | 32,000-47,000 years BP |
| Origin-Place: | Wallacea (eastern Indonesia)
or New Guinea |
| Ancestor: | K2b1 |
| Mutations: | P256 |
Haplogroup M, AKA M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 to 47,000 years ago.[1]
M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua and western Papua New Guinea.[2] In addition, M-P256 is also found in neighboring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and indigenous Australians.
Phylogenetic structure
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by YCC in 2008[3] and ISOGG in 2016.[4]
- M* (P256)
- M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
- M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5)
- M1b (P87)
- M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2)
- M2 (M353, M387)
- M3 (P117, P118)
Distribution
M* (M-P256*)
The paragroup M-P256* is found at a low frequency in New Guinea (6.3%) and Flores (2.5%).[5]
M1 (M-M4)
| M-M4 |
| Origin-Date: | 8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP |
| Origin-Place: | Southeast Asia - Melanesia |
| Ancestor: | M-P256 |
| Mutations: | M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35 |
This group is found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
An extreme geographical outlier was apparently identified in a 2012 study, which reported a Hazara individual from Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, with M1 (among a sample of 60 males from the mentioned area).[7] The Hazara individual carried the SNP M186 (which is believed to be equivalent to M4).
Old names (YCC 2002/2008)| M-M4 |
| Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
| Underhill 2000 | VIII |
| Hammer 2001 | 1U |
| Karafet 2001 | 37 |
| Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
| Su 1999 | H17 |
| Capelli 2001 | E |
| YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M* |
| YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M |
| YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1 |
| YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1 | |
M1a (M-P34)
M1a (M-P34) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands.[8]
Old names (YCC 2002/2008)| M-P34 |
| Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
| Underhill 2000 | VIII |
| Hammer 2001 | 1U |
| Karafet 2001 | 37 |
| Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
| Su 1999 | H17 |
| Capelli 2001 | E |
| YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M1 |
| YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M1 |
| YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1a |
| YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1a | |
M1b (M-P87)
M1b M-P87(xM104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in addition to one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea.
The subclade M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa.[9]
| Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | M-P22 |
| Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
| Underhill 2000 | VIII |
| Hammer 2001 | 1U |
| Karafet 2001 | 38 |
| Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
| Su 1999 | H17 |
| Capelli 2001 | E |
| YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M2* |
| YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M2a |
| YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1b1 |
| YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1b1 |
|
M2 (M-M353)
M2 is found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna.[10]
The subclade M2a (M-M177, also referred to as M-SRY9138) has been found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands.[11]
Alternative names previously used within peer-reviewed literature for the M2a subclade are listed below.
| Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138
AKA M-M177 |
| Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 23 |
| Underhill 2000 | VIII |
| Hammer 2001 | 1E |
| Karafet 2001 | 25 |
| Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
| Su 1999 | H5 |
| Capelli 2001 | F |
| YCC 2002 (Longhand) | K1 |
| YCC 2005 (Longhand) | K1 |
| YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M2a |
| YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M2a |
|
M3 (M-P117)
M3 (P117, P118) is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and is also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna.
Previous phylogenetic history
See main article: article and Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups.
Prior to 2002, at least seven different naming systems for the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree were used within academic literature, leading to considerable confusion. To resolve this, in 2002, major research groups collaborated to form the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). This resulted in a joint paper publication that contained a single new tree as a standard to use by the scientific community. Later, another group of scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy worked to continually improve the naming system.
The table below brings together the nomenclature used in Haplogroup M studies, prior to the landmark 2002 YCC Tree, enabling researchers reviewing older literature to quickly convert between the different nomenclatures that were in use.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
|---|
| M4 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 37 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M* | M | M1 | M1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| M-P34 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 37 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M1 | M1 | M1a | M1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| M-P22/M-M104 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 38 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2* | M2a | M1b1 | M1b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| M-M16 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 39 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2a | M2a1 | M1b1a | M1b1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| M-M83 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 38 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2b | M2a2 | M1b1b | M1b1b | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138 | 23 | VIII | 1E | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K1 | K1 | M2a | M2a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
|
- SourcesThe following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.
References
Sources for conversion tables
- Capelli . Cristian . Wilson . James F. . Richards . Martin . Stumpf . Michael P.H. . Gratrix . Fiona . 4 . A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania . The American Journal of Human Genetics . February 2001 . 68 . 2 . 432–443 . 10.1086/318205 . . free . 11170891 . 1235276 .
- Hammer . Michael F. . Karafet . Tatiana M. . Redd . Alan J. . Jarjanazi . Hamdi . Santachiara-Benerecetti . Silvana . 4 . Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 1 July 2001 . 18 . 7 . 1189–1203 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 . . free . 11420360 .
- Kaladjieva . Luba . Calafell . Francesc . Jobling . Mark A . Angelicheva . Dora . de Knijff . Peter . 4 . Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages . European Journal of Human Genetics . February 2001 . 9 . 2 . 97–104 . 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 . . free . 11313742 .
- Karafet . Tatiana . Xu . Liping . Du . Ruofu . Wang . William . Feng . Shi . 4 . Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes . The American Journal of Human Genetics . September 2001 . 69 . 3 . 615–628 . 10.1086/323299 . . free . 11481588 . 1235490 .
- Su . Bing . Xiao . Junhua . Underhill . Peter . Deka . Ranjan . Zhang . Weiling . 4 . Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age . The American Journal of Human Genetics . December 1999 . 65 . 6 . 1718–1724 . 10.1086/302680 . . free . 10577926 . 1288383 .
- Underhill . Peter A. . Shen . Peidong . Lin . Alice A. . Jin . Li . Passarino . Giuseppe . 4 . Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations . Nature Genetics . November 2000 . 26 . 3 . 358–361 . 10.1038/81685 . 11062480 . .
External links
See also
Notes and References
- Scheinfeldt . Laura . Friedlaender . Françoise . Friedlaender . Jonathan . Latham . Krista . Koki . George . Karafet . Tatyana . Hammer . Michael . Lorenz . Joseph . 2006-06-05 . Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 23 . 8 . 1628–1641 . 10.1093/molbev/msl028 . 16754639 . 1537-1719.
- Kayser . Manfred . Brauer . Silke . Weiss . Gunter . Schiefenhövel . Wulf . Underhill . Peter . Shen . Peidong . Oefner . Peter . Tommaseo-Ponzetta . Mila . Stoneking . Mark . 2003 . Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 72 . 2 . 281–302 . 10.1086/346065 . 0002-9297 . 379223 . 12532283.
- Karafet . Tatiana M. . Mendez . Fernando L. . Meilerman . Monica B. . Underhill . Peter A. . Zegura . Stephen L. . Hammer . Michael F. . 2008-05-01 . New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree . Genome Research . en . 18 . 5 . 830–838 . 10.1101/gr.7172008 . 1088-9051 . 2336805 . 18385274.
- Web site: ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup M . 2024-09-18 . isogg.org.
- Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox,,Sean Downey, J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer, "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia", Molecular Biological Evolution, (2010), vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1833-1844.
- Nagle . Nano . Ballantyne . Kaye N. . van Oven . Mannis . Tyler-Smith . Chris . Xue . Yali . Taylor . Duncan . Wilcox . Stephen . Wilcox . Leah . Turkalov . Rust . van Oorschot . Roland A.H. . McAllister . Peter . Williams . Lesley . Kayser . Manfred . Mitchell . Robert J. . The Genographic Consortium . 2016 . Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y -chromosomes . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . en . 159 . 3 . 367–381 . 10.1002/ajpa.22886 . 26515539 . 0002-9483.
- Haber . Marc . Platt . Daniel E. . Bonab . Maziar Ashrafian . Youhanna . Sonia C. . Soria-Hernanz . David F. . Martínez-Cruz . Begoña . Douaihy . Bouchra . Ghassibe-Sabbagh . Michella . Rafatpanah . Hoshang . Ghanbari . Mohsen . Whale . John . Balanovsky . Oleg . Wells . R. Spencer . Comas . David . Tyler-Smith . Chris . 2012-03-28 . Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events . PLOS ONE . en . 7 . 3 . e34288 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 . free . 1932-6203 . 3314501 . 22470552. 2012PLoSO...734288H .
- Karafet . Tatiana M . Lansing . J. S . Redd . Alan J . Watkins . Joseph C . Surata . S. P. K . Arthawiguna . W. A . Mayer . Laura . Bamshad . Michael . Jorde . Lynn B . Hammer . Michael F . 2005 . Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders . Human Biology . 77 . 1 . 93–114 . 10.1353/hub.2005.0030 . 16114819 . 1534-6617.
- Kayser . M. . Choi . Y. . van Oven . M. . Mona . S. . Brauer . S. . Trent . R. J. . Suarkia . D. . Schiefenhovel . W. . Stoneking . M. . 2008-04-03 . The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 25 . 7 . 1362–1374 . 10.1093/molbev/msn078 . 0737-4038.
- Kayser . Manfred . Brauer . Silke . Cordaux . Richard . Casto . Amanda . Lao . Oscar . Zhivotovsky . Lev A. . Moyse-Faurie . Claire . Rutledge . Robb B. . Schiefenhoevel . Wulf . Gil . David . Lin . Alice A. . Underhill . Peter A. . Oefner . Peter J. . Trent . Ronald J. . Stoneking . Mark . 2006 . Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific . Molecular Biology and Evolution . en . 23 . 11 . 2234–2244 . 10.1093/molbev/msl093 . 16923821 . 1537-1719. 11858/00-001M-0000-0010-0145-0 . free .
- Cox . Murray P. . Mirazón Lahr . Marta . 2006 . Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands . American Journal of Human Biology . en . 18 . 1 . 35–50 . 10.1002/ajhb.20459 . 16378340 . 1042-0533.
