pronounced as /notice/The four hu are a traditional way of classifying syllable finals of Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese, based on different glides before the central vowel of the final. They are[1] [2]
The terms kāikǒu and hékǒu come from the Song dynasty rime tables describing Middle Chinese.[3] The Qing phonologist Pan Lei divided each of these categories in two based on the absence or presence of palatalization, and named the two new categories.[4]
This traditional classification is reflected in the bopomofo notation for the finals, but less directly in the pinyin:
| ! | Qíchǐ | Hékǒu | Cuōkǒu | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | |
| pronounced as /a/ | ㄚ | a | pronounced as /ia/ | ㄧㄚ | ia | pronounced as /ua/ | ㄨㄚ | ua | ||||
| pronounced as /ɤ/ | ㄜ | e | pronounced as /ie/ | ㄧㄝ | ie | pronounced as /uo/ | ㄨㄛ | uo | pronounced as /ye/ | ㄩㄝ | üe | |
| pronounced as /ɨ/ | ㄭ | -i | pronounced as /i/ | ㄧ | i | pronounced as /u/ | ㄨ | u | pronounced as /y/ | ㄩ | ü | |
| pronounced as /ai/ | ㄞ | ai | pronounced as /uai/ | ㄨㄞ | uai | |||||||
| pronounced as /ei/ | ㄟ | ei | pronounced as /uei/ | ㄨㄟ | wei/-ui | |||||||
| pronounced as /au/ | ㄠ | ao | pronounced as /iau/ | ㄧㄠ | iao | |||||||
| pronounced as /ou/ | ㄡ | ou | pronounced as /iou/ | ㄧㄡ | you/-iu | |||||||
| pronounced as /an/ | ㄢ | an | pronounced as /iɛn/ | ㄧㄢ | ian | pronounced as /uan/ | ㄨㄢ | uan | pronounced as /yɛn/ | ㄩㄢ | üan | |
| pronounced as /ən/ | ㄣ | en | pronounced as /in/ | ㄧㄣ | in | pronounced as /uən/ | ㄨㄣ | wen/-un | pronounced as /yn/ | ㄩㄣ | ün | |
| pronounced as /aŋ/ | ㄤ | ang | pronounced as /iaŋ/ | ㄧㄤ | iang | pronounced as /uaŋ/ | ㄨㄤ | uang | ||||
| pronounced as /əŋ/ | ㄥ | eng | pronounced as /iŋ/ | ㄧㄥ | ing | pronounced as /uəŋ/, pronounced as /ʊŋ/ | ㄨㄥ | weng/-ong | pronounced as /iʊŋ/ | ㄩㄥ | iong | |
| pronounced as /aɚ/ | ㄦ | er | ||||||||||