Chlorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurochloridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula HSO3Cl. It is also known as chlorosulfonic acid, being the sulfonic acid of chlorine. It is a distillable, colorless liquid which is hygroscopic and a powerful lachrymator. Commercial samples usually are pale brown or straw colored.[1]
Salts and esters of chlorosulfuric acid are known as chlorosulfates.
Chlorosulfuric acid is a tetrahedral molecule. Its structure was debated for many decades until in 1941 S. S. Dharmatti proved by magnetic susceptibility that chlorine is directly bonded to sulfur.[2] [3]
The formula is more descriptively written SO2(OH)Cl, but HSO3Cl is traditional. It is an intermediate, chemically and conceptually, between sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).[4] The compound is rarely obtained pure. Upon standing with excess sulfur trioxide, it decomposes to pyrosulfuryl chlorides:[5]
2 ClSO3H + SO3 → H2SO4 + S2O5Cl2
The industrial synthesis entails the reaction of hydrogen chloride with a solution of sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid:[5]
HCl + SO3 → ClSO3HIt can also be prepared by the method originally used by acid's discoverer Alexander William Williamson in 1854, namely chlorination of sulfuric acid, written here for pedagogical purposes as HSO3(OH) vs. the usual format H2SO4:
PCl5 + HSO3(OH) → HSO3Cl + POCl3 + HClThe latter method is more suited for laboratory-scale operations.
Williamson's discovery disproved then-popular hypothesis that sulfuric acid is a compound of water (which was incorrectly assumed to have formula of HO) and sulfur trioxide.[6]
ClSO2OH is used to prepare alkyl sulfates, which are useful as detergents and as chemical intermediates:
ROH + ClSO3H → ROSO3H + HCl
An early synthesis of saccharin begins with the reaction of toluene with ClSO2OH to give the ortho- and para-toluenesulfonyl chloride derivatives:
CH3C6H5 + 2 ClSO2OH → CH3C6H4SO2Cl + H2SO4 + HClOxidation of the ortho isomer gives the benzoic acid derivative that then is cyclized with ammonia and neutralized with base to afford saccharin.
Reaction with hydrogen peroxide is used to produce peroxydisulfuric acid ("persulfuric acid") and peroxydisulfates. These are used as oxidizing agents and for initiating free radical polymerization, for example to produce polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon).
Chlorosulfonic acid has been used as an anti-contrail agent in Ryan Model 147 reconnaissance drones,[7] and to produce smoke screens.[8] [9]
ClSO3H reacts violently with water to yield sulfuric acid and hydrogen chloride, commonly seen as vapors fuming from the liquid:
ClSO3H + H2O → H2SO4 + HCl
Precautions should be taken, such as proper ventilation associated with HCl.