Alkyl polyglycoside explained

Alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) are a class of non-ionic surfactants widely used in a variety of cosmetic, household, and industrial applications. Biodegradable and plant-derived from sugars, these surfactants are usually derivatives of glucose and fatty alcohols.^[1] The raw materials are typically starch and fat, and the final products are typically complex mixtures of compounds with different sugars comprising the hydrophilic end and alkyl groups of variable length comprising the hydrophobic end.^[2] When derived from glucose, they are known as alkyl polyglucosides.

APGs exhibit good wetting, foaming, and detergency properties, making them effective in cleaning and personal care products.^{[3] [4]} They are also stable across a wide pH range and compatible with various other surfactants.^[5]

Uses

APGs are used to enhance the formation of foams in detergents. They are also used in the personal care industry because they are biodegradable and safe for sensitive skin.^[6]

Preparation

APGs are produced by combining a sugar such as glucose with a fatty alcohol in the presence of acid catalysts at elevated temperatures.^[7]

Notes and References

1. Book: Alkyl Polyglycosides . Karlheinz Hill . Wolfgang von Rybinski . Gerhard Stoll . Wiley-VCH. 2008 . 978-3-527-61468-4.
2. 10.3139/113.110056 . Analysis of the Influence of Alkyl Polyglycoside Surfactant and Cosolvent Structure on Interfacial Tension in Aqueous Formulations versus n-Octane . 2010 . Iglauer . S. . Wu . Y. . Shuler . P. . Tang . Y. . Goddard . W. A. . Tenside Surfactants Detergents . 47 . 2 . 87–97 .
3. Web site: Alkyl Polyglucoside surfactants (APG) . Stanford Chemicals . Aug 29, 2024.
4. Book: Rosen . Milton . Kunjappu . Joy . 2012 . Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena . Wiley . 29 . 9780470541944.
5. Book: Ruiz, Cristobal . 2008 . Sugar-Based Surfactants: Fundamentals and Applications . CRC Press . 14 . 1st . 978-1420051667.
6. 37 . 10 . 1998 . 1328–1345 . Alkyl Polyglycosides—Properties and Applications of a new Class of Surfactants . W von Rybinski . K Hill . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980605)37:10<1328::AID-ANIE1328>3.0.CO;2-9. 29710912 .
7. 10.1016/j.catcom.2007.03.010 . Novel stereo controlled glycosylation of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside using MgO–ZrO2 as an environmentally benign catalyst . 2007 . Joshi . Vishal Y. . Sawant . Manohar R. . Catalysis Communications . 8 . 12 . 1910–1916 .