XPath 3 explained

XPath 3 is the latest version of the XML Path Language, a query language for selecting nodes in XML documents. It supersedes XPath 1.0 and XPath 2.0.

XPath 3.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 8 April 2014, while XPath 3.1 became a W3C Recommendation on 21 March 2017.

New features in XPath 3.0

Compared to XPath 2.0, XPath 3.0 adds the following new features:

Inline function expressions
  • Anonymous functions can be created in an expression context. For example, the expression creates a function that returns the product of its two arguments. The expression creates a sequence of functions, each one returning a different node from a collection.
    Dynamic function calls
  • Function values may be called without being referenced by name. For example, fetches the second item from sequence $f, and invokes it as a function, passing the string "Hi there" as argument.
    Union types
  • Union types, as defined in XML Schema, may be used in type conversions and function type signatures.
    Namespace literals
  • XML namespaces may be referenced using braced URI literals. For example, the qualified name math:pi may be expanded to, embedding the namespace URI inside the prefix.
    String concatenation operator
  • The new || operator may be used for string concatenation: $a || $b is equivalent to .
    Mapping operator
  • The new ! operator performs simple mapping: E1 ! E2 evaluates E2 for each item in the sequence E1, and concatenates the resulting items. This is comparable to the path operator /, but the ! operator does not perform duplicate elimination nor document ordering of the results.

    New features in XPath 3.1

    XPath 3.1 mainly adds support for array and map (associative array) data types. These types and their associated functionality are intended to ease working with JSON data.

    Another innovation is the arrow operator => for function chaining. For example, the XPath 2.0 expression

    can now be written

    References

    This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "XPath 3".

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