19 (number) explained

19 (nineteen) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20. It is a prime number.

Mathematics

Nineteen is the eighth prime number.

Number theory

19 forms a twin prime with 17,^[1] a cousin prime with 23,^[2] and a sexy prime with 13.^[3] 19 is the fifth central trinomial coefficient,^[4] and the maximum number of fourth powers needed to sum up to any natural number (see, Waring's problem).^[5] It is the number of compositions of 8 into distinct parts.^[6]

19 is the eighth strictly non-palindromic number in any base, following 11 and preceding 47.^[7] 19 is also the second octahedral number, after 6,^[8] and the sixth Heegner number.

In the Engel expansion of pi,^[9] 19 is the seventh term following and preceding . The sum of the first terms preceding 17 is in equivalence with 19, where its prime index (8) are the two previous members in the sequence.

Prime properties

19 is the seventh Mersenne prime exponent.^[10] It is the second Keith number, and more specifically the first Keith prime.^[11] In decimal, 19 is the third full reptend prime,^[12] and the first prime number that is not a permutable prime, as its reverse (91) is composite (where 91 is also the fourth centered nonagonal number).

• 19 × 91 = 1729, the first Hardy-Ramanujan number or taxicab number, also a Harshad number in base-ten, as it's divisible by the sum of its digits, 19.^{[13] [14]}

1729 is also the nineteenth dodecagonal number.^[15]

19, alongside 109, 1009, and 10009, are all prime (with 109 also full reptend), and form part of a sequence of numbers where inserting a digit inside the previous term produces the next smallest prime possible, up to scale, with the composite number 9 as root.^[16] 100019 is the next such smallest prime number, by the insertion of a 1.

• Numbers of the form 10_n9 equivalent to 10^x + 9 with x = n + 1, where n is the number of zeros in the term, are prime for, and probably prime for .^[17]

Otherwise,

is the second base-10 repunit prime, short for the number .^[18]

The sum of the squares of the first nineteen primes is divisible by 19.^[19]

Figurate numbers and magic figures

19 is the third centered triangular number as well as the third centered hexagonal number.^{[20] [21]}

• The 19th triangular number is 190, equivalently the sum of the first 19 non-zero integers, that is also the sixth centered nonagonal number.^{[22] [23]}

19 is the first number in an infinite sequence of numbers in decimal whose digits start with 1 and have trailing 9's, that form triangular numbers containing trailing zeroes in proportion to 9s present in the original number; i.e. 19900 is the 199th triangular number, and 1999000 is the 1999th.^[24]

• Like 19, 199 and 1999 are also both prime, as are 199999 and 19999999. In fact, a number of the form 19_n, where n is the number of nines that terminate in the number, is prime for:

.^[25]

The number of nodes in regular hexagon with all diagonals drawn is nineteen.^[26]

• Distinguishably, the only nontrivial normal magic hexagon is composed of nineteen cells, where every diagonal of consecutive hexagons has sums equal to 38, or twice 19.^[27]
• A hexaflexagon is a strip of nineteen alternating triangular faces that can flex into a regular hexagon, such that any two of six colorings on triangles can be oriented to align on opposite sides of the folded figure.^[28]
• Nineteen is also the number of one-sided hexiamonds, meaning there are nineteen ways of arranging six equiangular triangular polyforms edge-to-edge on the plane without turn-overs (and where holes are allowed).^[29]

can be used to generate the first full, non-normal prime reciprocal magic square in decimal whose rows, columns and diagonals — in a 18 x 18 array — all generate a magic constant of 81 = 9².^[30]

• The next prime number to generate a like-magic square in base-ten is 383,^[31] the seventy-sixth prime number (where 19 × 4 = 76).^[32] A regular 19 x 19 magic square, on the other hand, has a magic constant

of 3439 = 19 × 181.^[33]

Collatz problem

The Collatz sequence for nine requires nineteen steps to return to one, more than any other number below it.^[34] On the other hand, nineteen requires twenty steps, like eighteen. Less than ten thousand, only thirty-one other numbers require nineteen steps to return to one:

.^[35]

In abstract algebra

represents the abstract structure of the 57-cell: a universal 4-polytope with a total of one hundred and seventy-one (171 = 9 × 19) edges and vertices, and fifty-seven (57 = 3 × 19) hemi-icosahedral cells that are self-dual.^[36]

In total, there are nineteen Coxeter groups of non-prismatic uniform honeycombs in the fourth dimension: five Coxeter honeycomb groups exist in Euclidean space, while the other fourteen Coxeter groups are compact and paracompact hyperbolic honeycomb groups.

• There are also specifically nineteen uniform honeycombs inside the Euclidean

tesseractic honeycomb group in 4-space. In 5-space, there are nineteen uniform polytopes with simplex symmetry.

There are infinitely many finite-volume Vinberg polytopes up through dimension nineteen, which generate hyperbolic tilings with degenerate simplex quadrilateral pyramidal domains, as well as prismatic domains and otherwise.^[37]

• Vinberg polytopes of lowest rank mirrors exist up through the seventeenth dimension, where there exists a unique figure with nineteen facets.^[38] It is expressed with the simple Dynkin diagram, .

On the other hand, a cubic surface is the zero set in

of a homogeneous cubic polynomial in four variables a polynomial with a total of twenty coefficients, which specifies a space for cubic surfaces that is 19-dimensional.^[39]

Finite simple groups

, the largest sporadic group: .^[40]

• Janko groups

and are the two-smallest of six pariah groups that are not subquotients of , which contain 19 as the largest prime number that divides their orders.^[41] holds as standard generators that yield a semi-presentation where, while holds as standard generators, where .^{[42] [43]} is the dimensionality of the minimal faithful complex representation of O'Nan group — the second-largest after of like-representation in and largest amongst the six pariahs^[44] — whose value lies midway between primes (10939, 10949), the latter with a prime index of ,^[45] which is the nineteenth tetrahedral number.^[46] , as the only non-strict group of Lie type that can loosely categorize as sporadic, has group order, whose prime factors (inclusive of powers) generate a sum equal to 54, which is the smallest non-trivial 19-gonal number.^[47]

In the Happy Family of sporadic groups, nineteen of twenty-six such groups are subquotients of the Friendly Giant, which is also its own subquotient.^[48] If the Tits group is indeed included as a group of Lie type,^[49] then there are nineteen classes of finite simple groups that are not sporadic groups.

Worth noting, 26 is the only number to lie between a perfect square (5²) and a cube (3³); if all primes in the prime factorizations of 25 and 27 are added together, a sum of 19 is obtained.

Heegner number

19 is the sixth Heegner number.^[50] 67 and 163, respectively the 19th and 38th prime numbers, are the two largest Heegner numbers, of nine total.

The sum of the first six Heegner numbers 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, and 19 sum to the seventh member and fourteenth prime number, 43. All of these numbers are prime, aside from the unit. In particular, 163 is relevant in moonshine theory.

Science

• 19 is the atomic number of potassium.
• 19 years is very close to 235 lunations. See Metonic cycle.
• COVID-19 is the shortened name of Coronavirus disease 2019, the cause of the global pandemic that began in 2019.
• The James Webb Space Telescope's optical elements are in an array of 19 hexagons, wherein 18 segmented primary mirrors focus light into a centered secondary mirror situated above the collecting mirrors, that in-turn reflects back onto the telescope's central imagers. It is a shape akin to the order-3 magic hexagon.

Religion

Islam

• The number of angels guarding Hell ("Hellfire") ("Saqar") according to the Qur'an: "Over it are nineteen" (74:30), after which the Qur'an describes this number as being "a trial for those who disbelieve" (74:31), a sign for people of the scripture to be "convinced" (74:31) and that believers "will increase in faith" (74:31) due to it.
• The Number of Verse and Sura together in the Qur'an which announces Jesus son of Maryam's (Mary's) birth (Qur'an 19:19).
• A group called United Submitter International claim the Quran has mathematical structure based on the number 19. The gematrical value of WAHD = 6+1+8+4=19, Wahd means 'One' (God) to the first verse (1:1), known as Bas-malah, consists of 19 Arabic letters or the Quran consists of 114 (19x6) surat etc.

Baháʼí Faith

In the Bábí and Baháʼí Faiths, a group of 19 is called a Váhid, a Unity . The numerical value of this word in the Abjad numeral system is 19.

• The Baháʼí calendar is structured such that a year contains 19 months of 19 days each (along with the intercalary period of Ayyám-i-Há), as well as a 19-year cycle and a 361-year (19x19) supercycle.
• The Báb and his disciples formed a group of 19.
• There were 19 Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh.

Celtic paganism

19 is a sacred number of the goddess Brigid because it is said to represent the 19-year cycle of the Great Celtic Year and the amount of time it takes the Moon to coincide with the winter solstice.^[51]

Music

• "19" is a 1985 song by Paul Hardcastle, including sampled soundbites taken from a documentary about the Vietnam War in which 19 is claimed to have been the average age of United States soldiers killed in the conflict.^[52] The song was parodied by British satirist Rory Bremner under the pseudonym 'The Commentators,' as N-n-nineteen, Not Out, the title referring to the batting average of David Gower, the England cricket captain, during his side's risible performance against the West Indies in 1984 when they lost 5–0.
• "I Was Only Nineteen" by the Australian group Redgum reached number one on the Australian charts in 1983. In 2005 a hip hop version of the song was produced by The Herd.
• 19 is the name of Adele's 2008 debut album, so named since she was 19 years old at the time.
• "Hey Nineteen" is a song by American jazz rock band Steely Dan, on the 1980 album Gaucho.
• Nineteen has been used as an alternative to twelve for a division of the octave into equal parts. This idea goes back to Salinas in the sixteenth century, and is interesting in part because it gives a system of meantone tuning, being close to 1/3 comma meantone. See 19 equal temperament.
• Some organs use the 19th harmonic to approximate a minor third.

Literature

• Stephen King's eight-book epic The Dark Tower saga employs the number 19 in books , , , , and The Wind Through the Keyhole as a mysterious and important number. They refer to the "ka-tet of 19", "Directive Nineteen," many names add up to 19, 19 seems to permeate every aspect of Roland and his traveler's lives. In addition, the number ends up being a powerful key.
• In Jodi Picoult's bestselling book Nineteen Minutes, the number 19 is referenced multiple times. It is most commonly referenced when referring to the main subject of the book, the school shooting rampage that took place over a span of 19 minutes.
• The novel S. by Doug Dorst uses 19 and its multiples throughout. S is the 19th letter of the alphabet.

Games

• The game of Go is played on a grid of 19×19 lines (though variants can be played on grids of other sizes).
• Though the maximum score for a cribbage hand is 29, there is no combination of cards that adds up to 19 points. Many cribbage players, therefore, jokingly refer to a zero-point hand as "a 19 hand".

Age 19

• In four countries, 19 is the age of majority.
• In two countries, 19 is the minimum legal drinking age.
• In three countries, 19 is the minimum legal smoking age.
• The minimum age for the NBA draft is 19 years old.

In sports

• In golf, the '19th hole' is the clubhouse bar and in match play, if there is a tie after 18 holes, an extra hole(s) is played. In miniature golf it is an extra hole on which the winner earns an instant prize.

In other fields

• The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution gave American women the right to vote.
• The Vietnam War spanned over 19 years, from November 1955 to April 1975.

External links

• Number 19 at the Database of Number Correlations
• Prime Curios for the number 19

Notes and References

1. 2022-08-05 .
2. 2022-08-05 .
3. 2022-08-05 .
4. 2022-08-05 .
5. 2022-08-05 .
6. 2024-07-14 .
7. 2024-06-19 .
8. 2016-08-17.
9. 2024-06-14 .
10. Web site: Sloane's A000043 : Mersenne exponents. The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. 2016-05-31.
11. 2022-08-05 .
12. 2022-08-05 .
13. Web site: 19 . Prime Curios! . 2022-08-05 .
14. 2022-10-11 .
15. 2023-12-21 .
16. 2022-07-26 .
17. 2022-07-28 .
18. Guy, Richard; Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, p. 7
19. 2022-06-02.
20. Web site: Sloane's A125602 : Centered triangular numbers that are prime. The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. 2016-05-31.
21. Web site: Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers. The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. 2016-05-31.
22. 2022-07-13 .
23. 2022-11-30 .
24. Web site: Sequence A186076 . Sloane, N. J. A. . The On-line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . 2022-07-13 . "Note that terms A186074(4) and A186074(10) have trailing 0's, i.e. 19900 = Sum_ k and 1999000 = Sum_ k...". "This pattern continues indefinitely: 199990000, 19999900000, etc." .
25. 2022-07-26 .
26. 2023-04-04 .
27. A Unique Magic Hexagon . Trigg, C. W. . Recreational Mathematics Magazine . February 1964 . 2022-07-14 .
28. Gardner . Martin . Martin Gardner . Hexaflexagons . . 43 . 1 . . 2–5 . January 2012 . 10.4169/college.math.j.43.1.002 . 10.4169/college.math.j.43.1.002 . 218544330 .
29. 2023-12-08 .
30. Book: Andrews, William Symes . Magic Squares and Cubes . . Chicago, IL . 1917 . 176, 177 . 9780486206585 . 1136401 . 1003.05500 . 0114763 .
31. 2023-09-04 .
32. 2023-09-06 .
33. 2023-09-04 .
34. Web site: Sloane . N. J. A. . Neil Sloane . 3x+1 problem . . OEIS Foundation . 2023-01-24 .
35. 2023-01-24 .

    "Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000".

36. Coxeter . H. S. M. . Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter . 10.1007/BF00149428 . 1 . . 679218 . 87–99 . Ten toroids and fifty-seven hemidodecahedra . 13 . 1982 . 120672023 .
37. Allcock. Daniel. Infinitely many hyperbolic Coxeter groups through dimension 19. Geometry & Topology. 11 July 2006. 10. 2. 737–758. 10.2140/gt.2006.10.737. 0903.0138. 14378861.
38. Tumarkin . P. . Hyperbolic Coxeter n-polytopes with n + 2 facets . . . 75 . 848–854 . 2004 . 5/6 . 10.1023/B:MATN.0000030993.74338.dd . math/0301133v2 . 2086616 . 15156852 . 1062.52012.
39. Seigal . Anna . Ranks and symmetric ranks of cubic surfaces . . 101 . . Amsterdam . 2020 . 304–306 . 10.1016/j.jsc.2019.10.001 . 2018arXiv180105377S . 1444.14091 . 55542435 . 1801.05377 .
40. 2022-12-11 .
41. Book: Ronan . Mark . Mark Ronan . Symmetry and the Monster: One of the Greatest Quests of Mathematics . . New York . 2006 . 244–246 . 978-0-19-280722-9 . 180766312 . 10.1007/s00283-008-9007-9 . free . 2215662 . 1113.00002 .
42. Book: Wilson, R.A . Robert Arnott Wilson . The Atlas of Finite Groups - Ten Years On (LMS Lecture Note Series 249) . Chapter: An Atlas of Sporadic Group Representations . https://webspace.maths.qmul.ac.uk/r.a.wilson/pubs_files/ASGRweb.pdf. Cambridge University Press . Cambridge, U.K . 1998 . 267 . 10.1017/CBO9780511565830.024 . 9780511565830 . 726827806 . 0914.20016 . 59394831 .

    List of standard generators of all sporadic groups.

43. Nickerson . S.J. . Wilson . R.A. . Robert Anton Wilson . Semi-Presentations for the Sporadic Simple Groups . Experimental Mathematics . 14 . 3 . 365 . . 2011 . Oxfordshire . 10.1080/10586458.2005.10128927 . 2172713 . 1087.20025 . 13100616 . 10.1.1.218.8035 .
44. Jansen . Christoph . 2005 . The Minimal Degrees of Faithful Representations of the Sporadic Simple Groups and their Covering Groups . . 8 . 122−144 . . 10.1112/S1461157000000930 . free . 121362819 . 1089.20006 . 2153793 .
45. 2024-02-28 .
46. C(n+2,3) = n*(n+1)*(n+2)/6. . 2024-02-28 .
47. 2023-12-09 .
48. John F.R. Duncan . Michael H. Mertens . Ken Ono . Pariah moonshine . Nature Communications . 8 . 2017 . 1 . 2 (Article 670) . 10.1038/s41467-017-00660-y . 28935903 . 5608900 . 1709.08867 . 2017NatCo...8..670D . ...so [sic] moonshine illuminates a physical origin for the monster, and for the 19 other sporadic groups that are involved in the monster. .
49. R. B. Howlett . L. J. Rylands . D. E. Taylor . Matrix generators for exceptional groups of Lie type . Journal of Symbolic Computation . 2001 . 31 . 4 . 429 . 10.1006/jsco.2000.0431 . ...for all groups of Lie type, including the twisted groups of Steinberg, Suzuki and Ree (and the Tits group). . free .
50. Web site: Sloane's A003173 : Heegner numbers . 2016-05-31 . The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
51. https://www.mimosaspirit.com/blogs/news/brigit-triple-goddess-of-the-flame-health-hearth-the-forge Brigid: Triple Goddess of the Flame (Health, Hearth, & Forge)
52. Web site: Roush, Gary . Statistics about the Vietnam War . Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network . 2008-06-02 . 2009-12-06 . Assuming KIAs accurately represented age groups serving in Vietnam, the average age of an infantryman (MOS 11B) serving in Vietnam to be 19 years old is a myth, it is actually 22. None of the enlisted grades have an average age of less than 20. . https://web.archive.org/web/20100106193244/http://www.vhfcn.org/stat.html . 2010-01-06 . dead.