Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens explained

Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Sri Lanka.

As of 2024, Sri Lankan citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 44 countries and territories, ranking the Sri Lankan passport 97th in the world according to the Henley Passport Index.[1] This has hampered the ability of Sri Lankan business people to travel and connect with peers and maintain a globally competitive outlook.[2]

Although Sri Lanka is a middle-income country, successive Sri Lankan governments have made little or no efforts to improve the standing of the passport.[3] [4] The Sri Lankan passport continues to rank in the bottom 10% of Henley's Annual Passport Rankings.[5] Considering the extent of the Sri Lankan diaspora, a passport with wider access to the world could contribute to a more competitive and future-ready society.[6]

Sri Lanka has limited personal or business contacts with the ASEAN, a region with which it shares significant historical and cultural relations. Within the SAARC region, the Sri Lankan government has made little effort to encourage religious tourism from countries such as Nepal and Bhutan.[7] Sri Lanka and Thailand signed a Free Trade Agreement in February 2024, and agreed to enable visa-free travel.[8]

Sri Lankans are unable to travel to Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh and the Philippines, five of the world's most important markets, without a complex visa application process with a hefty visa fee.[9] The inability to access the financial markets of Hong Kong has been especially detrimental to the growth of businesses in Sri Lanka.[10]

Despite demands from citizens and civil society groups, Sri Lanka has largely been unsuccessful in expanding visa-free travel for its citizens.[11] The Sri Lankan government has been able to negotiate visa-free travel to numerous countries for diplomatic and official passport holders, effectively developing a 2-tiered system that benefits state officials and politicians over ordinary citizens.[12] [13] [14] [15] Likewise, the Sri Lankan state spends millions on maintaining an extensive diplomatic service, which is said to bring little or no benefits to its citizens.

In July 2024, Sri Lanka announced it will issue biometric passports to its citizens in order to address the poor standing of the passport.[16] The process, however, has been delayed due to procurement inconsistencies.[17] Most recently, Sri Lanka signed a visa waiver for diplomatic and official passport holders with Cambodia.[18]

The Sri Lankan state has made statements from time to time that it wishes to enhance links within the Indian Ocean littoral but has largely struggled to convert these statements into reality.[19] In 2023, the Sri Lankan President Ranil Wickramasinghe noted that Sri Lanka had applied for membership in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and is actively seeking to establish trade relations with countries in ASEAN.[20]

Visa requirements

CountryVisa requirementAllowed stayNotes (excluding departure fees)
Afghanistan
Albania[21]
  • Visa-free travel for a maximum stay of 90 days within any 180-day period for valid or previously used visa issued by a Schengen area country, the United States, or the United Kingdom.
Algeria
Andorra
  • Multiple-entry Schengen visa covers entry.
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda[22]
Argentina
Armenia
Australia and territories[23]
  • May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).
Austria
Azerbaijan[24] 30 days
Bahamas3 months
Bahrain14 days
  • Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 14 days for those who hold a valid residency permit to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, who have already stayed for more than 6 months in their country of residence.
Bangladesh
Barbados6 months
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
  • Visa on arrival for US or Schengen visa holders.
[25] 30 days
  • Must have an International Vaccination Certificate.
Bhutan[26]
30 days[27]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Multiple-entry visa (issued by a Schengen country, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, Monaco, Romania, the United Kingdom or the United States) covers entry for a maximum stay of 30 days or until the visa expires. A maximum stay of 90 days within any 180-day period is permitted.[28]
Botswana[29] 3 months
Brazil
Bulgaria
  • Multiple-entry Schengen visa covers entry.
Burkina Faso[30]
Burundi1 month
Cambodia[32] 30 days
Cameroon[33]
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
Colombia[34]
Comoros45 days
[35] 7 days
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire[36] 3 months
Croatia
  • Multiple-entry Schengen visa covers entry.
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti[37] 90 days
Dominica6 months
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea[38]
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia[39] 90 days
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon[40]
Gambia90 days
  • Must obtain an entry clearance from Gambian Immigration prior to arrival.[41]
Georgia[42]
  • e-Visa available for holders of a valid visa or residence permit from a Schengen area country, OECD member country, or a GCC country can travel to Georgia visa-free for a period of 90 days. Visitors obtain an entry visa stamp to Georgia on arrival. The GCC resident permit should be at least six-months old for Georgia visa exemption.
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada3 months
Guatemala
Guinea[43] 90 days
Guinea-Bissau90 days
Guyana
Haiti90 days
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India[44] 30 days
Indonesiae visa
[45] 30 days
Iraq
Ireland
  • Visa is issued free of charge.[46]
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan[47]
Kenya[48] 90 days
Kiribati90 days
  • 90 days within any 12-month period.
  • Visa-free transit through Incheon airport.
Kuwait
  • GCC residents can apply for e-Visa if they have residency in one of the GCC countries (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Oman).
Kyrgyzstan[49] 60 days
[50] 30 days
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho90 days
Liberia
Libya[51]
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar60 days
Malawi30 days
Malaysia[52] 30 days
Maldives30 days
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius60 days[53]
Mexico
  • Holders of a valid visa for Canada, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom or a Schengen area country may stay for a maximum of 180 days.
30 days
  • Citizens holding a residence permit or a valid visa issued by one of the member states of the European Union or one of the parties to the Schengen Agreement can apply for an electronic visa.[54]
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
  • Multiple-entry Schengen visa covers entry for a maximum of 30 days.
Morocco
Mozambique[55] 30 days
  • Upon arrival, the visa will be issued after payment of the fee at the point of entry.
Myanmar[56] 28 days
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal90 days[57]
New Zealand and territories
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining Electronic Travel Authorization prior to departure.[58]
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria[59] 90 days
  • Multiple-entry Schengen visa covers entry for a maximum of 15 days and at least five more days than the stay.
Norway
Oman
  • Foreigners residing in GCC countries may obtain a visa on arrival in Oman. Entry visas are issued to residents of any GCC country who arrive directly from any GCC country. Restrictions apply to non-degree related professions (e.g., labourers, carpenters).
  • Entry visas are also granted to members of the resident's family as long as they enter together.
Pakistan[60] 30 days / 3 months
Palau30 days
Panama
Papua New Guinea[61] 60 days
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar[62]
  • Visitors may apply for a visa on the Hayya website.
Romania
  • Multiple-entry Schengen visa covers entry.
Rwanda30 days
Saint Kitts and Nevis3 months
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines3 month
Samoa60 days
San Marino
[63]
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
  • Visa-free travel for a maximum stay of 90 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union or the United States.
Seychelles[64] 3 months
Sierra Leone30 days
Singapore30 days
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia30 days
South Africa
[65]
  • Obtainable online.
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel.
Spain
Sudan
Suriname[66]
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan[67] 30 days
60 days
Timor-Leste30 days
Togo[68] 15 days
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
  • Conditional eVisa. Maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union or the United States.
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu1 month
Uganda[69] 3 months
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
  • May apply using 'Smart service'.[70]
United Kingdom
United States and territories
Uruguay
Uzbekistan[71] 30 days
Vanuatu30 days
90 days
  • According to IATA, Sri Lankan citizens can visit Venezuela without a visa for up to 90 days, but it is unclear if this is the case.
[72]
  • e-Visa is valid for up to 90 days with single or multiple entries.
  • Prearranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City or Da Nang airports.
  • Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days.
Yemen
Zambia[73] 90 days
Zimbabwe[74] 3 months

Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories

Unrecognized or partially recognized countries
CountriesConditions of accessNotes
[75]
[76] Do not need a visa—a holder of a valid biometric residence permit issued by one of the Schengen member states or a valid multi-entry Schengen Visa, a holder of a valid Laissez-Passer issued by United Nations Organizations, NATO, OSCE, Council of Europe or European Union a holder of a valid travel documents issued by EU Member and Schengen States, United States of America, Canada, Australia and Japan based on the 1951 Convention on Refugee Status or the 1954 Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons, as well as holders of valid travel documents for foreigners (maximum 15 days stay).[77]
[78]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[79]
Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.
30 days for US$30, payable on arrival.[80] [81]
[82] Multiple-entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[83] [84]
[85]
[86] Registration required after 24 hours.[87] [88]
Dependent and autonomous territories
CountryConditions of accessNotes
China
Hong Kong
[89]
Denmark
Faroe Islands
Greenland
Netherlands
Aruba
Caribbean NetherlandsIncludes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French West IndiesIncludes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy
Mayotte
New Caledonia
Reunion
Saint Pierre and Miquelon[90]
Wallis and Futuna
New Zealand
Cook Islands31 days
Niue30 days
Tokelau[91]
United Kingdom
Anguilla
Bermuda
Cayman Islands
GibraltarVisa exemptions for holders of a valid UK multiple-entry visa or EU family residence permit
[92]
[93]
Montserrat
[94]

Passport validity

Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and one or two blank pages.[95]

General limitations on passport use

Visitors holding an Israeli passport or any passports showing evidence of travelling to Israel are not allowed to enter some countries due to the Arab League boycott of Israel. Some Arab League countries refuse entry to travelers whose passport shows evidence of entry into Israel or hold an unused Israeli visa.

Criminal record

Some countries (e.g., Canada and the United States[96]) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Blank passport pages

Many countries require the passport presented to have a minimum number (generally one or two) blank pages.[97] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted toward the minimum number.

Persona Non Grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity. Attempts to enter the Gaza Strip by sea may attract a 10-year ban on entering Israel.[98]

Fingerprinting

Several countries including Afghanistan, Argentina, Cambodia, China (applies for ages 14 to 70), Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival.[99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105]

Additionally, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar conduct iris scanning on arrival and on visitors that need to apply for a UAE visa.[106] [107]

See also

References and notes

References
Notes

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Global Passport Ranking.
  2. Web site: Dignity should not be part of the price of a visa - Opinion Daily Mirror . 2024-07-12 . www.dailymirror.lk . English.
  3. Web site: Sri Lanka passport ranked among bottom 10-pct of the world. 2020-01-09 . EconomyNext . 2020-01-25.
  4. Web site: Bulgarian President seeks increased bilateral trade, tourism flows and multifaceted cooperation with SL Daily FT . 2023-11-27 . www.ft.lk . English.
  5. Web site: Sri Lanka passport ranked among bottom 10-pct of the world . 2020-01-09 . EconomyNext . 2020-01-15.
  6. News: Visa free travel . 2017-01-06. Sunday Observer. 2017-11-05.
  7. Web site: South Asia; Economic integration – A reality or fantasy? Daily FT . www.ft.lk . en . 2019-12-30.
  8. Web site: 2024-05-30 . Sri Lanka tourists to get 60-day visa free entry to Thailand . 2024-05-31 . EconomyNext . en.
  9. Web site: Visa Application at the Indonesian Embassy in Colombo . 17 May 2024.
  10. Web site: Upgrade SL Passport, enable people to travel to 190 countries without VISA - Breaking News Daily Mirror . 2024-07-17 . www.dailymirror.lk . English.
  11. Web site: Moving up the passport ladder . 2018-12-21 . Sunday Observer . en . 2019-06-01.
  12. Web site: Publications – Foreign Ministry – Sri Lanka . 2020-08-31 . en-US.
  13. Web site: Upgrade SL Passport, enable people to travel to 190 countries without VISA - Latest News Daily Mirror . 2022-06-08 . www.dailymirror.lk . English.
  14. Web site: Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka signs agreement with Ukraine on visa exemption for diplomats and officials . www.colombopage.com . 2019-10-04.
  15. Web site: 2022-05-27 . Ex-Sri Lanka govt heavyweight Wimal Weerawansa’s wife gets two years in prison: report . 2024-06-03 . EconomyNext . en.
  16. Web site: Sri Lanka’s new e-passport to secure gateway to the world - News Features . 2024-07-12 . www.dailymirror.lk . English.
  17. Web site: Despite minister’s assurance, delays continue in obtaining passports . 2024-11-26 . Print Edition - The Sunday Times, Sri Lanka.
  18. Web site: Sri Lanka, Cambodia exempt visas for diplomatic and official passport holders . 2023-05-03 . www.adaderana.lk . en.
  19. Web site: Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka assures commitment to strengthen partnership and engagement with littoral states . 2023-05-14 . www.colombopage.com.
  20. Web site: IANS . 2023-08-10 . SL to join RCEP, signs FTAs with ASEAN nations once debt restructuring completed . 2023-08-10 . www.dtnext.in . en.
  21. Web site: Albania eVisa.
  22. Web site: Antigua and Barbuda eVisa.
  23. Web site: Australia Subclass 600.
  24. Web site: Azerbaijan eVisa.
  25. Web site: Benin eVisa.
  26. Web site: Bhutan eVisa.
  27. Web site: Bolivia Online Visa.
  28. https://visalogy.com/passport/Sri-Lanka#BA Visa Requirements for Sri Lankans on Visalogy
  29. Web site: Botswana eVisa.
  30. Web site: Burkina Faso eVisa.
  31. 1467795755629150208. chrisnibas . Nationals of all countries requiring visa for #Burundi, can now just request it upon arrival at Bujumbura Inter… . 6 December 2021.
  32. Web site: Cambodia eVisa.
  33. Web site: Cameroon eVisa.
  34. Web site: Colombia Online Visa.
  35. Web site: DR Congo eVisa.
  36. Web site: CI eVisa.
  37. Web site: Djibouti eVisa.
  38. Web site: Equatorial Guinea eVisa.
  39. Web site: Ethiopia eVisa.
  40. Web site: Gabon eVisa.
  41. Entry clearance is not required if traveling as tourists on a charter flight.
  42. Web site: Georgia eVisa.
  43. Web site: Guinea eVisa.
  44. Web site: India eVisa.
  45. Web site: Iran eVisa.
  46. https://www.dfa.ie/travel/visas/visas-for-ireland/#tabs-3 No fee required
  47. Web site: Kazakhstan eVisa.
  48. Web site: Kenya eTA.
  49. Web site: Kyrgyzstan eVisa.
  50. Web site: Laos eVisa.
  51. Web site: Libya eVisa.
  52. Web site: Malaysia eVisa.
  53. Web site: Archived copy . 2017-05-25 . 2016-02-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160202220733/http://passport.govmu.org/English/Passport%20and%20Visa%20Requirement%20in%20Mauritius/Pages/Visa-Requirements-in-Mauritius.aspx . dead .
  54. Web site: Moldova eVisa.
  55. Web site: Mozambique eVisa.
  56. Web site: Myanmar eVisa.
  57. Web site: Nepal Online Visa.
  58. Web site: Information about: Australian Resident Visa . immigration.govt.nz . Immigration New Zealand . May 21, 2020 . Australian citizens and permanent residents can visit, work and live in New Zealand. You do not need a visa before you travel to New Zealand..
  59. Web site: Nigeria Immigration Services.
  60. Web site: Pakistan Online Visa.
  61. Web site: PNG eVisa.
  62. Web site: Qatar Hayya.
  63. Web site: ST eVisa.
  64. Web site: Seychelles Electronic Border System.
  65. Web site: South Sudan eVisa.
  66. Web site: Who can apply for E-Visa?.
  67. Web site: Tajikistan eVisa.
  68. Web site: Togo eVisa.
  69. Web site: Uganda eVisa.
  70. Web site: UAE Smart Service.
  71. Web site: Uzbekistan eVisa.
  72. Web site: Vietnam eVisa.
  73. Web site: Zambia eVisa.
  74. Web site: Zimbabwe eVisa.
  75. Web site: MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA . 2016-05-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160424181640/http://mfaapsny.org/council/visa.php. 2016-04-24 . dead.
  76. Web site: Visas For Foreign Citizens - For Kosovo Citizens - Consular Services - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo . Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo.
  77. Web site: Visas For Foreign Citizens - For Kosovo Citizens - Consular Services - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo. Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130310115928/http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,20 . 2013-03-10.
  78. Web site: VISA Regulations. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus . 4 March 2014.
  79. Web site: Israel Country Specific Information . Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State . 18 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131114103216/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1064.html#entry_requirements . 14 November 2013 . dead . dmy-all.
  80. Web site: Practical travel information on Visas in Somaliland, Puntland & Somalia - Lonely Planet Travel Information . 2014-08-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141106194323/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas . 2014-11-06 . dead .
  81. Web site: VISA Application . 2006-11-17 . https://archive.today/20061117003149/http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm . 2006-11-17 . dead .
  82. Web site: Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia | Министерство иностранных дел . 2017-09-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131015140424/http://www.mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 . 2013-10-15 . dead .
  83. Web site: О визах . About visas . ru . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia . 2022-03-06.
  84. Web site: Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia Министерство иностранных дел . 2017-09-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131015140424/http://www.mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 . 2013-10-15 . dead .
  85. Web site: 線上填寫簽證申請系統 . 2019-09-10 . 2016-01-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160112075442/https://visawebapp.boca.gov.tw/BOCA_MRVWeb/subroot/MRVWeb0_form.jsp . dead.
  86. Web site: Министерство иностранных дел - Приднестровской Молдавской Республики. Министерство иностранных дел.
  87. Web site: Luxlana.net . 2015-08-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131022114723/http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html . 2013-10-22 . dead .
  88. http://transnistria-tour.com/en/rules-and-tipps Rules and recommendations | Transnistria tour
  89. Web site: Entry Requirements.
  90. http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france/coming-to-france/getting-a-visa/article/foreign-nationals-holding-ordinary Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements
  91. Web site: Welcome to nginx . 2014-03-15 . https://archive.today/20140315034207/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=NZ&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=AI&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C . 2014-03-15 . dead.
  92. Web site: Immigration Details for the Isle of Man . 2014-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140629181047/http://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/immigration/foreign-nationals/ . 2014-06-29 . dead.
  93. Web site: Visa and passport requirements for visitors . 2017-06-17 . 2010-03-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100330042041/http://www.gov.je/Travel/InformationAdvice/Visitors/Pages/VisaPassport.aspx . dead.
  94. Web site: Saint Helena eVisa. Saint Helena Government.
  95. Web site: International Travel Information . Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State . 20 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131022175900/http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis_pa_tw_1168.html . 22 October 2013 . dead . dmy-all.
  96. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/inadmissibility/conviction.asp Government of Canada -- Overcome criminal convictions
  97. Web site: Country Information . Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State . 11 September 2017.
  98. Web site: PlanetData / World News & Information / Travel Warnings / Israel . 2014-04-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125621/http://www.planetdata.net/worldnews/travel.php?region=117&story=299 . 2014-04-13.
  99. Web site: Argentina strengthens migratory control . 20 July 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233906/http://infosurhoy.com/en_GB/articles/saii/features/main/2012/09/27/feature-01 . 2 December 2013 . dead . dmy-all.
  100. Web site: Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move . 20 November 2007 . Reuters.
  101. Web site: S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors . F_161.
  102. Web site: Cambodia Country Specific Information . 2018-05-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130620151830/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1080.html#entry_requirements . 2013-06-20 . dead.
  103. Web site: Malaysia Country Specific Information . 2018-05-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110217140806/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_960.html#entry_requirements . 2011-02-17 . dead.
  104. Web site: Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews . SecureIDNews.
  105. Web site: Office of Biometric Identity Management . 23 January 2020.
  106. Web site: Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120108085139/http://www.moi.gov.qa/site/english/news/2011/12/13/24555.html . 8 January 2012 . dmy-all.
  107. Web site: Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE . 11 June 2017 . SimplyDXB . 7 July 2018 . The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method is not the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system..

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