1910 United States House of Representatives elections explained

The 1910 United States House of Representatives elections were held for the most part on November 8, 1910, while Maine and Vermont held theirs early in September, in the middle of President William Howard Taft's term. Elections were held for all 391 seats of the United States House of Representatives, representing 46 states, to the 62nd United States Congress.

The conservative Taft contended with major factional splits within his Republican Party. Instead of using his position as president to bridge compromise, Taft alienated the progressive wing of the party, which had championed his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt. While conservatives controlled the largest number of elected positions for Republicans, progressive politics had been what brought many voters to the polls. The clash of these units of the Republican Party, combined with the message of unity from the Democratic Party, was enough to allow the Democrats to take control of the House, ending 16 years in opposition. This was the first time that the Socialist Party won a seat.

Issues

Protection was the ideological cement holding the Republican coalition together. High tariffs were used by Republicans to promise higher sales to business, higher wages to industrial workers, and higher demand for their crops to farmers. Progressive insurgents said it promoted monopoly. Democrats said it was a tax on the little man. It had greatest support in the Northeast, and greatest opposition in the South and West. The Midwest was the battleground.^[3] The great battle over the high Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act in 1910 ripped the Republicans apart and set up the realignment in favor of the Democrats.^[4]

Election summaries

↓

230	2	162
Democratic		Republican

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic	Republican	Socialist
				Seats		Change		Seats		Change		Seats		Change
Alabama	Districts	9		9				0				0
Arkansas	Districts	7		7				0				0
California	Districts	8		1		1		7		1		0
Colorado	Districts + at-large	3		3				0				0
Connecticut	Districts + at-large	5		1		1		4		1		0
Delaware	At-large	1		0				1				0
Florida	Districts	3		3				0				0
Georgia	Districts	11		11				0				0
Idaho	At-large	1		0				1				0
Illinois	Districts	25		11		5		14		5		0
Indiana	Districts	13		12		1		1		1		0
Iowa	Districts	11		1				10				0
Kansas	Districts	8		0				8				0
Kentucky	Districts	11		9		1		2		1		0
Louisiana	Districts	7		7				0				0
Maine	Districts	4		2		2		2		2		0
Maryland	Districts	6		5		2		1		2		0
Massachusetts	Districts	14		4		1		10		1		0
Michigan	Districts	12		2		2		10		2		0
Minnesota	Districts	9		1				8				0
Mississippi	Districts	8		8				0				0
Missouri	Districts	16		14		4		2		4		0
Montana	At-large	1		0				1				0
Nebraska	Districts	6		3				3				0
Nevada	At-large	1		0		1		1		1		0
New Hampshire	Districts	2		0				2				0
New Jersey	Districts	10		7		4		3		4		0
New York	Districts	37		22		11		15		11		0
North Carolina	Districts	10		10		3		0		3		0
North Dakota	Districts	2		0				2				0
Ohio	Districts	21		16		8		5		8		0
Oklahoma	Districts	5		3		1		2		1		0
Oregon	Districts	2		0				2				0
Pennsylvania	Districts	32		9		4		23		4		0
Rhode Island	Districts	2		1		1		1		1		0
South Carolina	Districts	7		7				0				0
South Dakota	At-large	2		0				2				0
Tennessee	Districts	10		8				2				0
Texas	Districts	16		16				0				0
Utah	At-large	1		0				1				0
Vermont	Districts	2		0				2				0
Virginia	Districts	10		9				1				0
Washington	Districts	3		0				3				0
West Virginia	Districts	5		4		4		1		4		0
Wisconsin	Districts	11		2		1		8		2		1		1
Wyoming	At-large	1		0				1				0
Total		391		228		56		162		57		1		1

Election dates

In 1910, two states, with 6 seats between them, held elections early:

• September 6, Vermont
• September 12, Maine

Two newly admitted states held elections late: New Mexico and Arizona held their first elections in 1911.

Special elections

|-!

|-!

|-! | Samuel L. Gilmore| | Democratic| 1909 | | Incumbent died July 18, 1910.
New member elected November 8, 1910.
Democratic hold.
Winner also elected to the next term; see below.| nowrap |

|-! | Charles Q. Tirrell| | Republican| 1900| | Incumbent died July 31, 1910.
New member elected November 8, 1910.
Democratic gain.
Winner lost election to the next term; see below.| nowrap |

|-!

|-! | Walter P. Brownlow| | Republican| 1896| | Incumbent died July 8, 1910.
New member elected November 8, 1910.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|-!

|}

Alabama

See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[5]
	George W. Taylor		Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	S. Hubert Dent Jr.		Democratic	1908	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	Henry D. Clayton Jr.		Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	William B. Craig		Democratic	1906		Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	nowrap
	J. Thomas Heflin		Democratic	1904	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	Richmond P. Hobson		Democratic	1906	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	John L. Burnett		Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	William Richardson		Democratic	1900	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	Oscar Underwood		Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap

Arkansas

See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas.

California

See main article: 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in California.

See also: List of United States representatives from California.

|-! | William F. Englebright| | Republican| 1906| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Duncan E. McKinlay| | Republican| 1904| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Joseph R. Knowland| | Republican| 1904| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Julius Kahn| | Republican| 1898| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Everis A. Hayes| | Republican| 1904| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | James C. Needham| | Republican| 1898| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | James McLachlan| | Republican| 1900| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Sylvester C. Smith| | Republican| 1904| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Colorado

See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado.

|-! | Atterson W. Rucker| | 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

• Atterson W. Rucker (Democratic) 40.8%
• James C. Burger (Republican) 38.3%
• George John Kindel (Prohibition) 17.3%
• J. W. Martin (Socialist) 2.8%

|-! | John A. Martin| | 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

• John A. Martin (Democratic) 48.6%
• James A. Orr (Republican) 46.0%
• J. W. Smith (Socialist) 3.6%
• W. W. Loomis (Prohibition) 1.9%

|-! | Edward T. Taylor| | 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

• Edward T. Taylor (Democratic) 47.9%
• Isaac N. Stevens (Republican) 46.1%
• W. C. Bentley (Socialist) 3.9%
• Alexander Craise (Prohibition) 2.1%

|}

Connecticut

See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut.

|-! | E. Stevens Henry| | 1894| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Nehemiah D. Sperry| | 1894| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Edwin W. Higgins| | 1905 (special)| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Ebenezer J. Hill| | 1894| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | John Q. Tilson| | 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap | |}

Delaware

See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware.

Florida

See also: List of United States representatives from Florida.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
	Stephen M. Sparkman		Democratic	1894	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	Frank Clark		Democratic	1904	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	Dannite H. Mays		Democratic	1908	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap

Georgia

See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia.

Idaho

See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho.

|-! | Thomas R. Hamer| | Republican| 1908| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|}

Illinois

See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois.

Indiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana.

Iowa

See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa.

Kansas

See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
	Daniel R. Anthony Jr.		Republican	1907	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	Charles F. Scott		Republican	1900		Incumbent lost re-election. Republican hold.	nowrap
	Philip P. Campbell		Republican	1902	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	James Monroe Miller		Republican	1898		Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	nowrap
	William A. Calderhead		Republican	1894 1896 1898		Incumbent lost re-election. Republican hold.	nowrap
	William A. Reeder		Republican	1898		Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	nowrap
	Edmond H. Madison		Republican	1900	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	Victor Murdock		Republican	1902	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap

Kentucky

See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky.

Louisiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana and 1910 United States Senate special election in Louisiana.

Maine

See also: List of United States representatives from Maine.

Maryland

See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
	James Harry Covington		Democratic	1908	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	J. Frederick C. Talbott		Democratic	1902	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	John Kronmiller		Republican	1908		Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	nowrap
	John Gill Jr.		Democratic	1904		Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	nowrap
	Sydney E. Mudd I		Republican	1888 1890 1896		Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	nowrap
	George A. Pearre		Republican	1898		Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	nowrap

Massachusetts

See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts.

|-! | George P. Lawrence| | Republican| 1897 (special)| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Frederick H. Gillett| | Republican| 1892| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Charles G. Washburn| | Republican| 1906 (special)| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan="3" | Vacant| | Incumbent died July 31, 1910.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Butler Ames| | Republican| 1902| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Augustus P. Gardner| | Republican| 1902 (special)| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Ernest W. Roberts| | Republican| 1898| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Samuel W. McCall| | Republican| 1892| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | John A. Keliher| | Democratic| 1902| | Incumbent lost re-nomination.
Democratic hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Joseph F. O'Connell| | Democratic| 1906| | Incumbent lost re-nomination.
Democratic hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Andrew J. Peters| | Democratic| 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | John W. Weeks| | Republican| 1904| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | William S. Greene| | Republican| 1898 (special)| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Eugene Foss| | Democratic| 1910 (special)| | Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Massachusetts.
Republican gain.| nowrap |

|}

Michigan

See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan.

Minnesota

See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota. |-! | | | 1892| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|-! | | | 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | | | 1894| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | | | 1896| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | | | 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | | | 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | | | 1902| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | | | 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | | | 1902| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Mississippi

See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi.

|-! | Ezekiel S. Candler Jr.| | Democratic| 1900| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Thomas Spight| | Democratic| 1898 (special)| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Benjamin G. Humphreys II| | Democratic| 1902| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Thomas U. Sisson| | Democratic| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Adam M. Byrd| | Democratic| 1902| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Eaton J. Bowers| | Democratic| 1902| | Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.| nowrap |

|-! | William A. Dickson| | Democratic| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | James Collier| | Democratic| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Missouri

See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri.

Montana

See also: List of United States representatives from Montana.

|-! | Charles N. Pray| | Republican| 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Nebraska

See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska.

|-! | John A. Maguire| | Democratic| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Gilbert Hitchcock| | Democratic| 1906| | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.
Democratic hold.| nowrap |

|-! | James P. Latta| | Democratic| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Edmund H. Hinshaw| | Republican| 1902| | Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|-! | George W. Norris| | Republican| 1902| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Moses Kinkaid| | Republican| 1902| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Nevada

See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada.

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire.

New Jersey

See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey.

New York

See also: List of United States representatives from New York.

North Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina.

North Dakota

See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota.

|-! rowspan=2 |
| Louis B. Hanna| | Republican| nowrap | 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap rowspan=2 |

|-| Asle Gronna| | Republican| nowrap | 1904| | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.
Republican hold.

|}

Ohio

See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio.

Oklahoma

See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma.

|-! | Bird S. McGuire| | 1907| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

• Bird S. McGuire (Republican) 49.2%
• Neil E. McNeill (Democratic) 44.6%
• W. L. Reynolds (Socialist) 6.1%

|-! | Dick T. Morgan| | 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

• Dick T. Morgan (Republican) 46.0%
• Elmer L. Fulton (Democratic) 44.0%
• H. I. Bryant (Socialist) 9.8%

|-! | Charles E. Creager| | 1908| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

• James S. Davenport (Democratic) 50.6%
• Charles E. Creager (Republican) 43.5%
• G. M. Snyder (Socialist) 5.8%

|-! | Charles D. Carter| | 1907| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

• Charles D. Carter (Democratic) 55.6%
• Charles M. Campbell (Republican) 30.3%
• J. N. Gilmore (Socialist) 14.0%

|-! | Scott Ferris| | 1907| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

• Scott Ferris (Democratic) 58.8%
• J. H. Franklin (Republican) 27.6%
• H. H. Stallard (Socialist) 13.4%

|}

Oregon

See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon.

|-! | Willis C. Hawley| | Republican| 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

• Willis C. Hawley (Republican) 48.58%
• R. G. Smith (Democratic) 33.74%
• C. W. Sherman (Socialist) 9.20%
• W. P. Elmore (Prohibition) 8.48%^[6]

|-! | William R. Ellis| | Republican| 1906| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

• Walter Lafferty (Republican) 51.79%
• John Manning (Democratic) 32.92%
• William A. Crawford (Socialist) 9.44%
• George B. Pratt (Prohibition) 5.86%^[7]

|}

Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania.

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island.

South Carolina

See main article: 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina.

See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
	George Swinton Legaré		Democratic	1902	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	James O. Patterson		Democratic	1904		Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold.	nowrap
	Wyatt Aiken		Democratic	1902	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	Joseph T. Johnson		Democratic	1900	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	David E. Finley		Democratic	1898	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	J. Edwin Ellerbe		Democratic	1904	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap
	A. Frank Lever		Democratic	1901 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	nowrap

South Dakota

See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota.

|-! rowspan=2 |
| Charles H. Burke| | Republican| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| rowspan=2 nowrap |

|-| Eben Martin| | Republican| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.

|}

Tennessee

See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee.

|-! | Zachary D. Massey| | Republican| 1910 (special)| |Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Richard W. Austin| | Republican| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | John A. Moon| | Democratic| 1896| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Cordell Hull| | Democratic| 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | William C. Houston| | Democratic| 1904| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Jo Byrns| | Democratic| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Lemuel P. Padgett| | Democratic| 1900| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Thetus W. Sims| | Democratic| 1896| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Finis J. Garrett| | Democratic| 1904| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | George Gordon| | Democratic| 1906| Incumbent re-elected.|

|}

Texas

See also: List of United States representatives from Texas.

Utah

See also: List of United States representatives from Utah.

Vermont

See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont. |-! | David J. Foster| | 1900| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Frank Plumley| | 1908| 8Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia.

|-! | William A. Jones| | 1890| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Harry L. Maynard| | 1900| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.| nowrap |

|-! | John Lamb| | 1896| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Robert Turnbull| | 1910 (special)| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Edward W. Saunders| | 1906 (special)| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Carter Glass| | Democratic| 1902 | Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | James Hay| |Democratic| 1896| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Charles C. Carlin| | 1907 (special)| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | C. Bascom Slemp| | Republican| 1907 | Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Henry D. Flood| |Democratic| 1900| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap | |}

Washington

See also: List of United States representatives from Washington.

|-! | | | Republican| 1902| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | | | Republican| 1898| | Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|-! | | | Republican| 1908| | Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.| nowrap |

|}

West Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia.

|-! | William P. Hubbard| | Republican| 1906| | Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | George C. Sturgiss| | Republican| 1906| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Joseph H. Gaines| | Republican| 1900| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Harry C. Woodyard| | Republican| 1902| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | James A. Hughes| | Republican| 1900| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Wisconsin

See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin. Wisconsin elected eleven members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1910.^{[8] [9]}

|-! | Henry Allen Cooper| | Republican| 1892| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | John M. Nelson| | Republican| 1906
| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Arthur W. Kopp| | Republican| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | William J. Cary| | Republican| 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | William H. Stafford| | Republican| 1902| | Incumbent lost re-nomination.
Social Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Charles H. Weisse| | Democratic| 1902| | Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.| nowrap |

|-! | John J. Esch| | Republican| 1898| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | James H. Davidson| | Republican| 1896| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Gustav Küstermann| | Republican| 1906| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Elmer A. Morse| | Republican| 1906| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Irvine Lenroot| | Republican| 1908| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Wyoming

See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming.

|-! | Frank W. Mondell| | Republican| 1898| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Non-voting delegates

Alaska Territory

See also: List of United States representatives from Alaska. Alaska Territory elected its non-voting delegate August 9, 1910.

Arizona Territory

See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona. Arizona Territory elected its non-voting delegate sometime in 1910, but did not serve out the complete term as statehood was granted in 1912.

New Mexico Territory

See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico. New Mexico Territory elected its non-voting delegate sometime in 1910, but did not serve out the complete term as statehood was granted in 1912.

See also

• 1910 United States elections
  • 1910–11 United States Senate elections
• 61st United States Congress
• 62nd United States Congress

Bibliography

• Baker, John D. “The Character of the Congressional Revolution of 1910.” Journal of American History 60#3 (1973), pp. 679–691. online on the revolt against Cannon
• Coletta, Paolo E. The Presidency of William Howard Taft (1973) pp 101–120.
• Book: Dubin, Michael J. . 1788 United States Congressional Elections-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses . McFarland and Company . 1998 . 978-0786402830 . none.
• Gould, Lewis L. The William Howard Taft Presidency (2009) pp 107–120.
• Hechler, Ken. Insurgency; personalities and politics of the Taft era (1964) online
• Book: Martis, Kenneth C. . The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989 . Macmillan Publishing Company . 1989 . 978-0029201701 . none.
• Book: Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections . 1994 . Congressional Quarterly Inc. . 978-0871879967 . Moore . John L. . Third . none.
• Rubin, Ruth Bloch. "Organizing for Insurgency: Intraparty Organization and the Development of the House Insurgency, 1908–1910." Studies in American Political Development 27.2 (2013): 86-110 online .
• Solvick, Stanley D. "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 50.3 (1963): 424-442 online.

External links

• Web site: Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present . January 21, 2015 . Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives.
• Book: Secretary of State . Maryland Manual 1911 . 1911 . John Murphy Co. . Baltimore . July 23, 2020.
• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

Notes and References

1. Web site: Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present . May 18, 2015 . Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives.
2. Martis, pp. 164–165.
3. Howard R. Smith, and John Fraser Hart, "The American tariff map." Geographical Review 45.3 (1955): 327-346 online.
4. Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 50.3 (1963): 424-442 online
5. Book: Dubin, Michael J.. 1998. United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 375. 0-7864-0283-0.
6. Web site: OR - District 01 Race - Nov 08, 1910 . Our Campaigns . 3 December 2021 .
7. Web site: OR - District 02 Race - Nov 08, 1910 . Our Campaigns . 3 December 2021 .
8. Web site: Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120405132933/http://www.hhh.umn.edu/centers/cspg/research/election_data_archive/pdf/WI_US_House_Election_Results.pdf . April 5, 2012 . Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs . March 8, 2022 . .
9. The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin . 1911 . Wisconsin Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics . Beck . J. D. . Biographical Sketches . 728–731 . June 9, 2024 .