Overmyer Network Explained

United Network
Logo Alt:A black square shaped like a television set, with a large stylized white U in the middle of the square. In between the large U, in small white type, are the words "United Network".
Type:Television network
Country:United States
Affiliates:106, including flagships WPIX-TV and KHJ-TV
Headquarters:New York, New York
Owner:United Network, Inc.
Founder:Daniel H. Overmyer
Closed Date:
Former Names:Overmyer Network (pre-launch, 1966–1967)

The United Network, known prior to launch as the Overmyer Network, was a short lived attempt at a fourth television network in the United States that operated through the month of May 1967. Founded by Daniel H. Overmyer, a Toledo, Ohio, warehouse chain operator and television station owner, majority control of the network was sold by Overmyer to a 14-person syndicate weeks before it launched, resulting in the name change to the United Network.

Despite lofty plans outlined by network president Oliver Treyz, United's lone offering was The Las Vegas Show, a late-night talk show hosted by comedian Bill Dana. This program was successfully cleared in a majority of the nation's television markets; many United affiliates had existing primary affiliations with a Big Three network. Significant financial losses, poor timing, and a lack of overall advertising support prompted the network to shut down after only one month of operations.

Formation

A second-generation warehouse owner, Daniel H. Overmyer had entered prominence in the field, owning and operating up to 260 buildings in 55 cities nationwide by 1965.[1] By 1966, Overmyer successfully built and signed on WDHO-TV in Toledo, Ohio,[2] owned the Toledo Monitor, a weekly tabloid paper, and founded Progress National Bank; he also secured construction permits for six additional ultra high frequency (UHF) stations across the country, joining existing UHF station WDHO.[3]

The creation of the Overmyer Network was announced on July 12, 1966, with former ABC president Oliver Treyz hired as network president. In addition to Overmyer's planned UHF outlets serving as owned-and-operated stations, New York City station WPIX-TV, owned by Tribune Broadcasting, was signed up as the planned flagship.[4] Los Angeles station KHJ-TV, owned by RKO General, was announced as the lead station for the West Coast;[5] had KHJ-TV not signed, KBSA (channel 46), a station that had yet to sign on the air, would have been designated as West Coast flagship.[6] The Overmyer Network, abbreviated "ON" with the slogan, "Turn ON", was regarded as the first credible attempt at forming a fourth national network to join ABC, NBC and CBS since ABC's formal reorganization in 1953.[7]

Treyz envisioned the Overmyer Network supplying up to eight straight hours of evening programming to affiliates, including a prime time block devoted to different genres every night, two hours of newscasts supplied by United Press International (UPI), and a late-night talk show originating from Las Vegas, Nevada. Cultural and sports programming including Tales from the Great Book (an animated Bible series) and regional games of the Continental Football League were also planned,[8] as was professional soccer.[9] Lewron Television, a Baltimore, Maryland–based production company that provided mobile television facilities for ABC, CBS and NBC, was contracted to supply their facilities for the late-night show.[10] By July 1966, 35 stations agreed to affiliate with the new network;[11] this grew by October to 100 stations, 75 of which already agreed to carry the late-night show. The number of planned affiliates increased to 123 by December, including 24 of the largest 25 markets.[12] Many of these new affiliates were existing CBS affiliates; after Overmyer Network made the late-night show a priority, CBS declined to launch a late-night show of their own.

Ownership and name change

Overmyer encountered numerous financial difficulties in late 1966, attributed largely to an overexpansion of his warehouse company. Construction of his warehouses was briefly halted after the lead contractor encountered financial distress, owing $18 million to shareholders; in response, Overmyer agreed to guarantee the contractor's $5–6 million debt. Overmyer also employed a large financial development staff for his warehouse arm that traveled across the country, resulting in substantial travel expenses and monthly airfare totaling $80,000 a month. Consequently, construction of the other UHF stations was delayed, with only the San Francisco (KEMO-TV) and Cincinnati (WSCO-TV) permits having any tangible progress to speak of.[13] Overmyer sold off 80 percent majority control of these unfinished construction permits to American Viscose Corporation in exchange for a $3 million loan.[14] [15]

Overmyer announced the sale of 80 percent majority control in the network on March 5, 1967, to a 14-person syndicate led by three stockholders in the Mutual Broadcasting System: Jack McGlothlin, a Texas oil operator; Willard Garvey, a grain dealer, an oil investor and land developer; and James Nichols, a Texas advertising and public-relations executive. No money changed hands.[16] [17] By February 15, 1967, Overmyer encountered second thoughts over the feasibility of the network and realized the original projected April 3 launch date promised months earlier in trade advertising would not be met.[18] Overmyer proposed to the Mutual board a merger with the Overmyer Network as a way to help finance production of the new late-night show until advertising revenue became more available.[19] While the Mutual board rejected the idea, McGlothlin, Garvey and Nichols, were receptive and formed the syndicate. As part of the deal, the Overmyer Network was renamed the United Network and now had a launch date of May 1, 1967. The new date came after negotiations with Lewron that included a $60,000 rider inserted in their contract and the right for United to terminate with seven days' notice. Broadcasting called the transaction "a rescue mission ... [that] has saved the fourth television network from death in the womb."[20] Overmyer also relinquished any managerial role or board seats with the network.

Launch

Rechristened the United Network, the new network signed on the air on May 1, 1967, with The Las Vegas Show on 106 stations.[21] Hosted by comedian Bill Dana from the Hotel Hacienda, the show featured regulars Ann Elder, Pete Barbutti, Danny Meahan, Jo Anne Worley, Cully Richards and Jack Sheldon, and aspired for a younger audience than NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. The Las Vegas Show also debuted two weeks after ABC launched The Joey Bishop Show.[22] Dana had a 13-week contract with United to host the show and was reportedly paid $8,000 per week.[23] The primary focus on Las Vegas, coupled with changes to the network's distribution, delayed the UPI newsfeed to a September 11, 1967, launch.[24] UPI merged their television news service with ITN earlier in the year to form UPITN, and United was to have been one of UPITN's first clients.

With Las Vegas derisively dubbed "Ollie's Follies" by industry insiders, United was described by Variety as a syndication service similar to Sports Network, but utilizing AT&T Bell System transmission lines—the main carrier for television network transmissions—to send programming on a regular schedule.[25] United's affiliate base was regarded as "irregular" by Variety and retrospectively seen as "erratic".[26] As the network was made up mostly of existing Big Three affiliates, The Las Vegas Show aired in tape delay in most markets; some NBC affiliates delayed the show to the late afternoon or aired it after Tonight. The show's airtime on WPIX varied during the week,[27] [28] which was also the case for WGN-TV in Chicago.[29] [30] The network also lacked clearance in some large cities, including San Francisco, which was waiting for KEMO-TV to sign on.

While initially debuting to strong ratings in New York and Los Angeles, Las Vegas experienced significant declines through the month of May 1967.[31] By the third week, Las Vegas was ranked dead last in New York[32] and reportedly fell to a fraction of a point nationally. Dana later said some audience surveys showed Las Vegas had an average viewership of around 2.6 million,[33] a respectable number given the varied airtimes among the stations and competition against Tonight, Joey Bishop and The Merv Griffin Show.

Financial distress

Despite the hype, the United Network quickly started to bleed money. AT&T's transmission lines proved to be too expensive: advance fees for the lines amounted to $400,000 per month and $7 million annually (equivalent to $ in), with United paying for all eight hours despite using only two of those allotted hours. Under existing toll tariff rules, United was prohibited from subleasing these unused hours to another program service or for educational television, which drew the ire of New York Times columnist Jack Gould.[34] After the network launched, Overmyer sold his nominal 20 percent stake back to the syndicate for $240,000 cash and a $115,000 promissory note. Two weeks into the network's operations, several members of the syndicate declined to have any further involvement with United, further burdening the remaining stockholders.[35] H. L. Hunt and Howard Hughes were both approached as investors, but both rejected their respective offers, and another merger proposal with Mutual Broadcasting was reportedly rejected.[36]

United also launched at the end of the traditional television season, which was also the last quarter for traditional advertising budget cycles, limiting the ability for blue-chip companies to become clients for the network, although companies like Colgate-Palmolive, General Mills and General Foods did emerge as advertisers. During the last days of operation, network president Oliver Treyz made an on-air appeal to potential sponsors, pointing out that air time on The Las Vegas Show was a mere $6,000 a minute, barely a third of what NBC was charging for The Tonight Show.[37] [38] Syndicated columnist Jack O'Brian reported these $6,000 rates were reduced further by up to two-thirds.[39] Lewron was also not paid on May 22 and May 29 and issued a telegram threatening to deny United usage of their facilities. Other columnists began to suggest United "is in financial trouble",[40] had a "shaky" future, or was "dying",[41] with O'Brian calling Las Vegas both "new and ailing".

Closure

United's executive board voted to cease operations on Thursday, June 1, 1967, forcing affiliates to find replacement programming that same evening, some with only a few hours notice. One station, WREC-TV in Memphis, Tennessee, which carried Las Vegas at midnight, opted to sign-off at that time.[42] Las Vegas was cancelled after 23 episodes; production staff was notified after the previous night's taping that the show "would stop taping for awhile". Financial losses for the network's investors totaled $2.2 million (equivalent to $ in) from a starting capital of $10 million.[43] Las Vegas executive producer David Sontag said United needed up to $8 million more in order to sustain further production of the program.[44]

A notice was sent to the network's 107 affiliate stations on June 1, 1967, which stated:[45]

United filed for bankruptcy on June 22, 1967, having accrued a debt of $690,000. Creditors included Chase Manhattan Bank, Texas Bank and Trust, Overmyer Network and Productions, and Bill Dana.[46] Treyz left at the end of June. Managing director James Nichols expressed hope to resume United's operations within two months, saying the network did not fold but dropped all programming while undergoing a reorganization.[47] Nichols retained Robert Pauley, formerly of ABC Radio, to serve as United's future president.[48] Minority shareholder Willard Garvey planned to incorporate a new company named Detinu, Inc. (United spelled backward), to "precede development of a fourth nationwide television network".[49]

By September 1967, Nichols announced United would relaunch with seven hours of news and public affairs per week,[50] transmitted between 2 a.m. and noon when AT&T fees were lowest.[51] [52] Pauley "severed ties" with United's investor team the following month[53] and established Independent Broadcasting Co., which like United would provide news and public affairs, including content from Pathé News, to affiliates.[54] This network also failed to materialize and Pauley was eventually hired as president of Mutual Broadcasting.[55] Pete Barbutti told the Omaha World-Herald in a January 1968 interview any plans to revive United or Las Vegas were "quite unlikely" as ownership decided to write-off the network for tax purposes.[56]

Lewron Television sued both the network and Overmyer for $117,000 in unpaid rental bills, half of what had been owed to them under their contract;[57] Overmyer was included because of his past status as a minority owner.[58] While Overmyer was initially found liable of up to $53,683 in a summary judgment, this was later reversed on appeal.[59] The lawsuit against United was decided on May 8, 1972, with the network owing the firm $13,326.86.

Legacy

WPIX president Fred Thrower called United "a valiant attempt" and said "it's a shame it didn't work... to ask for a success in five weeks was too much. If the backers of the network didn't intend to give it sustenance until it found its place they shouldn't play in this league with peanuts." Bill Dana expressed frustration over United's management and finances, telling an Associated Press reporter, "this appears to be the definite case of 'the operation was a success, but the patient died'. I can only ascribe the failure of the enterprise to the consummate naivete on the part of the backers. The whole thing went against all principles of sound fiscal policy. Even if you open a candy store, you should have enough capitalization to last more than three or four weeks." Overmyer said after the shutdown, "I am sorry. I still think a fourth network is necessary and maybe a fifth as time goes by."

Jack Gould mused in his Times column at the end of 1967 that United's failure was "further evidence that expansion of commercial TV is little more than a pipe dream".[60] In a February 1969 column on recent attempts at a fourth television network (including DuMont, NTA and a Pat Weaver effort), Newspaper Enterprise Association media critic Joan Crosby deemed United "the latest, and most noteworthy fiasco ... that barely lasted long enough for the first commercial". Industry spokesmen described United to Crosby as "a promotion stunt" and "a fraud". Homer Brickey of the Toledo Blade later called the network "a victim of the Overmyer cash crunch" and claimed Treyz "slid into oblivion and reportedly became a bum on the streets of New York City." Historian Hal Erickson wrote that "... the United Network came to an end—making The Las Vegas Show the first series in history to leave the air because its network was cancelled."[61]

Affiliate stations

A two-page advertisement published on the April 3, 1967, issue of Broadcasting magazine listed all the planned affiliates for the United Network.[62] Prior to that, the December 5, 1966, issue of Broadcasting listed planned all the affiliates for the Overmyer Network, 123 in total. In some markets, a different station was the affiliate due to the planned station not yet signing on. Overmyer's KEMO-TV (channel 20) was listed as an affiliate in both lists, but it was not on air until April 1, 1968;[63] as a result, The Las Vegas Show did not air in San Francisco.[64]

A

blue background indicates a station only included in the April 3, 1967, list.
Station! scope="col"
ChannelPrimary affiliationCity of licenseRefsNotes
WHNT-TV19 CBS
WKRG-TV5 CBS
WCOV-TV20 CBS [65]
KPHO-TV5 Independent
KZAZ-TV11 Independent
KBAK-TV29 CBS
KHJ-TV9 Independent
KLOC-TV19 Independent
KFMB-TV8 CBS
KICU-TV43 Independent
KKTV11 CBS
KWGN-TV2 Independent
KREX-TV5 CBS
WTIC-TV3 CBS
WTTG5 Independent
WTVX34 CBS
WJXT4 CBS
WTVJ4 CBS
WDBO-TV6 CBS
WLCY-TV10 ABC
WAGA-TV5 CBS
WRBL3 CBS
WCIA3 CBS
WGN-TV9 Independent
WMBD-TV31 CBS
WREX-TV13 ABC
WHBF-TV4 CBS
WLWI13 ABC
WNDU-TV16 NBC
WTHI-TV10 CBS
KTVC6 CBS
KLOE-TV10 CBS
KAYS-TV7 CBS
KTVH12 CBS
KNOE-TV8 CBS
WVUE-TV12 ABC [66]
KSLA12 CBS
WABI-TV5 CBS
WMTW8 ABC
WAGM-TV8 CBS
WMET-TV24 Independent
WHDH-TV5 CBS
WKBD-TV50 Independent [67]
WKZO-TV3 CBS
WJIM-TV6 CBS
WKNX-TV25 CBS
KDAL-TV3 CBS
WCCO-TV4 CBS
WABG-TV6 ABC
KODE-TV12 CBS
KCMO-TV5 CBS
KSD-TV5 NBC [68]
KMTV3 NBC [69]
KLAS-TV8 CBS
KOLO-TV8 CBS
KOB-TV4 NBC
WBEN-TV4 CBS
WPIX11 Independent
WHEC-TV10 CBS
WHEN-TV5 CBS
WCCB18 Independent [70]
WFMY-TV2 CBS
WNCT-TV9 CBS
KXJB-TV4 CBS
KXMB-TV12 CBS
KXMC-TV13 CBS
KDIX-TV2 CBS
WAKR-TV23 ABC
WCPO-TV9 CBS
WEWS-TV5 ABC
WDHO-TV24 Independent
KWTV9 CBS
KTVM5 CBS
KOIN-TV6 CBS
WSEE-TV35 CBS
WHP-TV21 CBS
WLYH-TV15 CBS
WPHL-TV17 Independent
WIIC-TV11 NBC
WCSC-TV5 CBS
WOLO-TV25 ABC
WSPA-TV7 CBS
KXAB-TV9 NBC
WDEF-TV12 CBS
WBBJ-TV7 CBS
WREC-TV3 CBS
WLAC-TV5 CBS [71]
KFDM-TV6 CBS
KZTV10 CBS
KRLD-TV4 CBS
KROD-TV4 CBS
KPRC-TV2 CBS
KTRE9 ABC
KOSA-TV7 CBS
KCTV8 CBS
KENS-TV5 CBS
KAUZ-TV6 CBS
KSL-TV5 CBS
WTAR-TV3 CBS
WTVR-TV6 CBS
WDBJ7 CBS
KVOS-TV12 CBS
KXLY-TV4 CBS
KTNT-TV11 Independent
WBAY-TV2 CBS
WISN-TV12 CBS
WSAU-TV7 CBS
WAPA-TV4 Independent
WSVI8 ABC

Some listed affiliates did not carry the show:

The following stations were listed as affiliates in the December 5, 1966, list and had no market replacement:

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Hogan Jr. . Martin . July 14, 1966 . Who's Overmyer? He Builds Warehouses, TV Stations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326231237/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer-daniel-h-overmy/54654765/ . March 26, 2024 . March 26, 2024 . The Cincinnati Enquirer . 19 . Newspapers.com.
  2. News: Oviatt . Ray . April 26, 1966 . Area's New Ch. 24 On Air Tomorrow . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327063122/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/areas-new-ch-24-air-tomorrow/ggjaahwfltjhxutkrjssfwmvnuqfhxdh_ip-10-166-46-103_1711426161656 . March 27, 2024 . March 27, 2024 . Toledo Blade . 41.
  3. News: March 11, 1965 . TV Permit Sale By Land O.K.'d: N.Y. Firm Buys . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220203115839/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94071372/tv-permit-sale-by-land-okd-ny/ . February 3, 2022 . February 3, 2022 . The Cincinnati Enquirer . 2 . Newspapers.com.
  4. July 18, 1966 . Bold venture in TV networking . Broadcasting . 25–28 . 71 . 3 . .
  5. October 3, 1966 . Overmyer signs key Coast outlet . Broadcasting . 36 . 71 . 14.
  6. September 26, 1966 . At Deadline: KBSA(TV) to become ON's L.A. affiliate . Broadcasting . 9 . 71 . 13 . .
  7. News: Foster . Bob . December 5, 1966 . Screenings . March 31, 2024 . The Times . San Mateo, California . 27 . Newspapers.com . September 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190924165452/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36283644/the_times/ . live .
  8. News: November 23, 1966 . CFL Signs Network TV Contract For 1967 . March 31, 2024 . Orlando Evening Star . 10A . Newspapers.com . UPI . September 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190924230246/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36316665/orlando_evening_star/ . live .
  9. August 15, 1966 . Scorecard: The Fourth Steps Forth . March 31, 2024 . . 25 . 7 . December 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208101938/https://vault.si.com/vault/1966/08/15/scorecard . live .
  10. News: Hyder . William . March 5, 1967 . They See the U.S.A. in their... . April 3, 2024 . The Baltimore Sun . TV Week 34–35 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240403210319/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-they-see-the-usa-in/144698218/ . live .
  11. News: Gent. George. Plan Fourth TV Network. The Des Moines Register. July 13, 1966. New York Times. 7. April 1, 2024. Newspapers.com. September 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190924163940/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36283380/the_des_moines_register/. live.
  12. December 5, 1966 . ON claims 123 affiliates . Broadcasting . 42, 44 . 71 . 23 . .
  13. March 24, 1969 . For The Record: Existing TV stations, Final actions . Broadcasting . 162 . 76 . 12.
  14. April 3, 1967 . Overmyer selling control of outlets . Broadcasting . 80 . 72 . 14 . .
  15. January 22, 1968 . Overmyer sale papers are signed . Broadcasting . 37–38 . 74 . 4 . .
  16. News: March 6, 1967 . New TV Network Plans April Start . April 5, 2024 . Detroit Free Press . 4C . Newspapers.com . UPI . April 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405040502/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-new-tv-network-plans/144792625/ . live .
  17. News: Messina . Matt . March 6, 1967 . Overmyer TV Net Sold . April 5, 2024 . Daily News . 25 . Newspapers.com . April 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405040510/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-overmyer-tv-net-sold/144793536/ . live .
  18. In the Matter of United Network, Inc. (formerly called Jaymac, Inc.), Debtor, Individually and as General Partner of United Network Company, a limited partnership, and United Network Company, a limited partnership, Debtor.. 459. F.2d. 556. 2d Cir.. 1972. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/459/556/381975/#fn1. https://web.archive.org/web/20200813200149/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/459/556/381975/#fn1. live.
  19. August 31, 1970 . Overmyer case surfaces again . Broadcasting . 30 . 79 . 9 . .
  20. March 13, 1967 . New blood in new network . Broadcasting . 23–26 . 72 . 11 . .
  21. News: July 3, 1967 . Fledgling United Network Set to Resume Broadcasts . March 31, 2024 . Independent . Long Beach, California . B5 . Associated Press . Newspapers.com . August 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210813120929/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36283878/independent/ . live .
  22. News: Humphrey. Hal. High Stakes in Las Vegas Show. May 1, 1967. 30:IV. The Los Angeles Times. April 1, 2024. Newspapers.com. April 1, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240401060438/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/36284027/. live.
  23. News: Peterson . Bettelou . April 5, 1967 . Debbie Reynolds Signs for 2 Shows . April 5, 2024 . Detroit Free Press . 6D . Newspapers.com . April 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405040511/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-debbie-reynolds-signs/144792369/ . live .
  24. May 3, 1967 . UPI UniNet Feed Delayed to Fall . Variety . 35 . 246 . 11.
  25. Brown . Les . May 3, 1967 . 'Ollie's Follies' Syndie Bane; Split-The-Take Programs Next . Variety . 35, 52 . 246 . 11.
  26. Book: Castleman . Harry . Watching TV: Four Decades of American Television . Podrazik . Walter J. . 1982 . McGraw-Hill . 0-07-010269-4 . New York . 304 . registration.
  27. News: Gardella . Kay . April 20, 1967 . CBS Series for Reasoner . April 5, 2024 . Daily News . 31C . Newspapers.com . April 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405040513/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-cbs-series-for-reasoner/144792043/ . live .
  28. News: May 1, 1967 . Key TV Premieres . March 31, 2024 . The Bridgeport Telegram . 15 . Newspapers.com . September 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190924230246/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36316959/the_bridgeport_telegram/ . live .
  29. News: Wolfe . Sheila . April 20, 1967 . A New Battleground: Late Night TV Front . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240411172818/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-a-new-battleground-late/144794005/ . April 11, 2024 . April 11, 2024 . Chicago Tribune . 18:2 . Newspapers.com.
  30. May 3, 1967 . Radio-Television: Split-Week 'Vegas' Vs. Webs . Variety . 35 . 246 . 11 . .
  31. News: Digilio . Don . June 1, 1967 . Network Kills Program: Vegas Show Gets 'Hook': Cash Woe Causes Failure . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413043215/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/network-kills-program-vegas-show-gets-hook-cash-woe-causes-failure/vekdpowptfkufxcaqgoxoqwcfnouivla_ip-10-166-46-154_1712903487286 . April 13, 2024 . April 12, 2024 . Las Vegas Review-Journal . 1–2.
  32. News: Miller . Jack . May 18, 1967 . ... talking TV . April 14, 2024 . The Hamilton Spectator . 55 . Newspapers.com . April 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414224605/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-hamilton-spectator-jack-miller-ta/145373409/ . live .
  33. News: Thomas . Bob . June 7, 1967 . Dana Clarifying Downfall of The Las Vegas Show . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326032319/https://www.newspapers.com/article/nashua-telegraph/36282805/ . March 26, 2024 . March 25, 2024 . Nashua Telegraph . 15 . Newspapers.com . Associated Press.
  34. News: Gould . Jack . Jack Gould . May 3, 1967 . TV Net Makes Bow With 2-Hour Show . April 11, 2024 . Richmond Times-Dispatch . C15 . Newspapers.com . The New York Times . April 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413042841/https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-times-dispatch-tv-net-makes-bow/145192347/ . live .
  35. News: Gould . Jack . Jack Gould . June 2, 1967 . United TV Network Folds, Bill Dana Show Loses Out . April 5, 2024 . The San Bernardino County Sun . C10 . Newspapers.com . The New York Times . April 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405040513/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-bernardino-county-sun-united-tv/144793194/ . live .
  36. News: Shain . Percy . May 19, 1967 . Night Watch: CBS Documentary On Warren Report . April 14, 2024 . The Boston Globe . 17 . Newspapers.com . April 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414223554/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-night-watch-cbs-docume/145373300/ . live .
  37. News: June 2, 1967 . Late Night Las Vegas Show, Started May 1, Bites Dust . July 27, 2013 . The Morning Record . Meriden, Connecticut . 3 . Associated Press . August 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234339/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=19670602&id=twFIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2561,4304318 . live .
  38. June 5, 1967 . United network forced to quit . Broadcasting . 34, 36, 41 . 72 . 23 . .
  39. News: O'Brian . Jack . Jack O'Brian . May 26, 1967 . Voice of Broadway: Duke and Duchess to Make King's Ransom from Flick . April 14, 2024 . The Jersey Journal . 8 . Newspapers.com . April 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414223414/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-jersey-journal-voice-of-broadway-du/145375152/ . live .
  40. News: Tashman . George . May 22, 1967 . Tashman on TV . April 14, 2024 . The Independent . 7 . Newspapers.com . April 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414223415/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-tashman-on-tv/145376914/ . live .
  41. News: Gummer . Bill . May 28, 1967 . TView . April 14, 2024 . Scrantonian Tribune . 9B . Newspapers.com . April 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414223415/https://www.newspapers.com/article/scrantonian-tribune-tview/145376672/ . live .
  42. News: June 1, 1967 . Dana's Show Is Dropped . April 14, 2024 . The Memphis Press-Scimitar . 25 . Newspapers.com . April 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414223417/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-danas-show-i/145361469/ . live .
  43. News: Crosby . Joan . February 26, 1969 . Fourth Network Hasn't Worked Yet . April 1, 2024 . . 27 . Newspaper Enterprise Association . April 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240401154944/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-raleigh-register-fourth-network-hasn/144546353/ . live .
  44. News: Gardella . Kay . June 2, 1967 . Las Vegas Show Axed . April 5, 2024 . Daily News . 27C . Newspapers.com . April 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405040514/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-las-vegas-show-axed/144791451/ . live .
  45. News: Gysel . Dean . June 4, 1967 . Services Held For Infant Network . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240401060439/https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-caller-times/36122880/ . April 1, 2024 . September 19, 2019 . The Corpus Christi Caller-Times . 106 . Newspapers.com . Chicago Daily News.
  46. June 26, 1967 . $690,000 deficit in UN bankruptcy filing . Broadcasting . 80 . 72 . 26.
  47. News: Maksian . George . July 3, 1967 . United Network Back in Business . April 13, 2024 . Daily News . 16 . Newspapers.com . April 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413044855/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-united-network-back-in-busine/145267102/ . live .
  48. October 1967 . Network to Try Again . TV Communications . 28 . 4 . 10.
  49. News: June 28, 1967 . United TV Network May Be Replaced . April 12, 2024 . The Los Angeles Times . 16:V . Newspapers.com . Associated Press . April 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413044955/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-united-tv-network/145211351/ . live .
  50. News: September 2, 1967 . United Network May Resume Operations . April 13, 2024 . Tampa Bay Times . 14B . Newspapers.com . The New York Times . April 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413045151/https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-united-network-may-resum/145265757/ . live .
  51. September 4, 1967 . United plans for comeback . Broadcasting . 64, 66 . 73 . 10 . .
  52. News: McIntyre . Lenore . September 9, 1967 . TE LA DI O: Another Try . April 13, 2024 . Warren Times-Mirror and Observer . B11 . Newspapers.com . April 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413045140/https://www.newspapers.com/article/warren-times-mirror-and-observer-te-la-d/145265589/ . live .
  53. October 2, 1967 . Closed Circuit: Divided they stand . Broadcasting . 5 . 73 . 14.
  54. January 15, 1968 . Pauley to try own TV network . Broadcasting . 59 . 74 . 3 . .
  55. July 1, 1968 . The Media: MBS picks Pauley as president . Broadcasting . 32 . 75 . 1.
  56. News: Snodgrass . Duane . January 12, 1968 . Omaha After Dark: Twenties, Owner, Actors to Confer . April 13, 2024 . Omaha World-Herald . 31 . Newspapers.com . April 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413045151/https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-omaha-after-dark-twe/145261516/ . live .
  57. News: Hendricks . Theodore W. . October 15, 1967 . TV Facilities Firm Victor in U.S. Court: Lewron Television, Inc. Wins Award From Overmyer Leasing . April 3, 2024 . The Baltimore Sun . D27 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240403210233/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-tv-facilities-firm-vic/144695065/ . live .
  58. July 24, 1967 . Overmyer and United in $117,000 suit . Broadcasting . 30 . 73 . 4 . .
  59. Lewron Television, Inc., Appellee, v. D. H. Overmyer Leasing Co., Inc., Appellant. 401. F.2d. 689. 4th Cir.. 1969. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/401/689/323752/. https://web.archive.org/web/20170706152148/http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/401/689/323752/. live.
  60. News: Gould . Jack . Jack Gould . December 31, 1967 . Deluge of Trivia in 1967 Television . April 13, 2024 . Arizona Republic . H5 . Newspapers.com . The New York Times . April 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413050519/https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-deluge-of-trivia-in-196/145265919/ . live .
  61. Book: Erickson, Hal . Hal Erickson (author) . Syndicated Television: The First Forty Years, 1947-1987 . McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers . 2001 . 9780786411986 . Jefferson, North Carolina . 150 . 1989.
  62. Broadcasting. 106B, 106C. Advertisement. Just call us Hey U. April 3, 1967. 72. 15. .
  63. News: September 29, 1968. Dwight. Newton. San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle. GenealogyBank. B5. How Non-Networks Fight Back. March 26, 2024. March 26, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240326150212/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/how-non-networks-fight-back/dslynelzrcxacswzzwqfnamcqedogqrd_ip-10-166-46-142_1711464172908. live.
  64. News: Du Brow . Rick . May 2, 1967 . TV Today: New Network Bows in Vegas . March 26, 2024 . The San Francisco Examiner . San Francisco, California . 25 . Newspapers.com . UPI . March 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144712/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-tv-today-new/144161329/ . live .
  65. News: May 8, 1967 . Television . March 26, 2024 . Alabama Journal . Montgomery, Alabama . 15 . Newspapers.com . March 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144711/https://www.newspapers.com/article/alabama-journal-television/144159767/ . live .
  66. News: May 31, 1967 . Details of Today's Television Shows . . 3:4 . GenealogyBank . March 26, 2024 . March 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144707/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/details-todays-television-shows/wlhkngpmforhdnicwdancwywfylzpbgs_ip-10-166-46-182_1711462571925 . live .
  67. News: New Network Shuts Down After a Month. June 2, 1967. 4-C. Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. Newspapers.com. November 21, 2023. November 21, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231121155525/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-new-network-shuts-dow/135530438/. live.
  68. News: April 27, 1967 . Want to Be a Star? Make Commericals [sic] ]. March 26, 2024 . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis, Missouri . 10F . Newspapers.com . March 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144709/https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-want-to-be-a-sta/144159885/ . live .
  69. News: April 30, 1967 . Show at Vegas Bows Monday . March 26, 2024 . The Sunday World-Herald . Omaha, Nebraska . Entertainment in the Midlands 15 . Newspapers.com . March 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144713/https://www.newspapers.com/article/omaha-world-herald-show-at-vegas-bows-mo/144160010/ . live .
  70. News: April 29, 1967 . New Las Vegas Show Starts Tuesday On 18 . March 26, 2024 . The Charlotte News . Charlotte, North Carolina . 13C . Newspapers.com . March 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144711/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-news-new-las-vegas-show-st/144159008/ . live .
  71. News: April 30, 1967 . Monday on TV: Las Vegas and Dana Join the Late Nighters . March 26, 2024 . The Tennessean . Nashville, Tennessee . 16-S . Newspapers.com . March 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144708/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean-monday-on-tv-las-vegas-a/144159640/ . live .
  72. News: Best on Monday. April 30, 1967. 6-TV. The Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. Newspapers.com. March 26, 2024. March 26, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240326151821/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register-best-on-monday/144162473/. live.
  73. News: TV Log. Petoskey News-Review. May 11, 1967. 6. Newspapers.com. February 17, 2021. August 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210804144402/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/70664143/petoskey-news-review/. live.
  74. News: TV Listings. May 1, 1967. 29. Springfield Leader-Press. Springfield, Missouri. Newspapers.com. March 26, 2024. March 26, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240326151820/https://www.newspapers.com/article/springfield-leader-and-press-tv-listings/144162992/. live.
  75. News: 40 Starts Broadcasting. October 27, 1968. TV Magazine 7. Lillian. Hickey. The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. Newspapers.com. March 26, 2024. March 26, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240326151822/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sacramento-bee-40-starts-broadcastin/144162096/. live.
  76. News: May 17, 1967. Radio & TV Guide. Florence Morning News. 9. Newspapers.com. August 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210804164741/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/70523115/florence-morning-news/. live.
  77. News: Television Today. May 25, 1967. 5:3. Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. Newspapers.com. March 26, 2024. March 26, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240326151823/https://www.newspapers.com/article/wisconsin-state-journal/70499662/. live.
  78. News: Television Logs with Tonight's Daily Tips. May 12, 1967. 21. The Charleston Daily Mail. Charleston, West Virginia. Newspapers.com. March 26, 2024. March 26, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240326151819/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charleston-daily-mail/71323237/. live.
  79. News: 'Tuned In': 'Las Vegas Show', New Net Dead Here. April 2, 1967. F-8. Bob. Barrett. The Knoxville News-Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. March 26, 2024. March 26, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240326151825/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-tuned-in/144162344/. live.

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