Umberto Terracini Explained

Umberto Elia Terracini (27 July 1895 – 6 December 1983) was an Italian politician.

Biography

Early years

Terracini was born in Genoa on 27 July 1895 to a Jewish family originally from Piedmont.^{[2] [3]} After completing his elementary education, Umberto attended a Jewish school, whose programs corresponded to the ministerial ones, except for the addition of the study of the language and the history of Israel; he did not derive any religious interest from his family or school, even though he regularly attended the synagogue. In those years, he began to attend the Civic Library, reading popular novels of authors like Victor Hugo, Edmondo De Amicis, Émile Zola and Eugène Sue.

Before the beginning of World War I, he approached the Italian Socialist Party and in 1913 he was enrolled in the Faculty of Law of the University of Turin.^[4] Terracini immediately expressed his opposition to Italy's entry into the war. After a pacifist rally he held on 15 September 1916 he was arrested and sentenced to a month in prison. After release he was drafted and sent to the front in 1917 near Montebelluna.^[5]

After the war, Terracini resumed his studies graduating in 1919 and began his career as a lawyer.^[6] He also befriended Antonio Gramsci and Palmiro Togliatti, whom he worked as an aide for; the three of them would found L'Ordine Nuovo in 1919. In 1921 Terracini, under Gramsci and Togliatti, contributed to the foundation of the Communist Party of Italy.^[7] In September 1926, Terracini was arrested as an opponent of the fascist regime and sentenced to 22 years of prison: he spent 11 years in jail and subsequently was held in confinement in Ponza and on Santo Stefano Island.^[8] He was freed by the partisans in 1943. In those years he expressed his opposition to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Constituent Assembly

Terracini was elected Deputy and vice-president of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and became president after the resignation of Giuseppe Saragat the following year.^{[9] [10]} He signed the Italian Constitution along with the Head of State Enrico De Nicola and the Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi.

Later years

Terracini was favourable to the alliance with the socialists in the Popular Democratic Front, and after the shooting on Togliatti in July 1948, he presented a no-confidence motion to the government led by the Christian Democracy, which he believes has the moral and political responsibility on the attack to the Communist leader.

Terracini was very critical with Nikita Khrushchev for his report on the war crimes committed by Stalin, which he argued the secretary of the CPSU was too soft with his predecessor. He supported the intervention of Soviet troops against the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[11]

Terracini confirmed his seat in the Senate of the Republic from 1948 until his death. He became the party's candidate for President of Italy at the 1962 elections and the 1964 elections, but was defeated by Antonio Segni first and then by Giuseppe Saragat.

During the 1970s he was very critical of the Historic Compromise between the Communist Party and the Christian Democracy.

Terracini died in Rome on 6 December 1983, at the age of 88.

Electoral history

width=12%	Election	width=23%	House	width=34%	Constituency	width=5% colspan="2"	Party	width=12%	Votes	width=12%	Result
1946	Constituent Assembly	Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona		PCI	73,186
1953	Senate of the Republic	Liguria – Genoa I		PCI	47,172	Elected
1958	Senate of the Republic	Tuscany – Livorno		PCI	68,314	Elected
1963	Senate of the Republic	Tuscany – Livorno		PCI	82,715	Elected
1968	Senate of the Republic	Tuscany – Florence II		PCI	87,809	Elected
1972	Senate of the Republic	Tuscany – Livorno		PCI	103,322	Elected
1976	Senate of the Republic	Tuscany – Livorno		PCI	113,894	Elected
1979	Senate of the Republic	Tuscany – Livorno		PCI	110,930	Elected
1983	Senate of the Republic	Tuscany – Livorno		PCI	108,661	Elected

External links

• Files about his parliamentary activities (in Italian): Constituent Assembly
• Files about his parliamentary activities (in Italian): I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, Legislature

Notes and References

1. As a member of the Constituent Assembly, he was automatically nominated senator.
2. News: 1983-12-08. Umberto Terracini, 88, An Italian Communist (Published 1983). en-US. The New York Times. 2020-11-02. 0362-4331.
3. Web site: senato.it - Scheda di attività di Umberto TERRACINI - IX Legislatura. 2020-11-03. www.senato.it. Italian Senate.
4. Book: Martin, James. Antonio Gramsci: Intellectual and political context. 2002. Taylor & Francis. 978-0-415-21748-4. en.
5. Web site: Agosti . Aldo . 2019 . TERRACINI, Umberto in "Dizionario biografico" . treccani.it . it.
6. Web site: Sansonetti. Piero. 2020-08-29. Le strane teorie del Fatto per giustificare il referendum: dalla dittatura all'abolizione del senato in Francia e Germania. 2020-11-02. Il Riformista. it-IT.
7. Book: Klopp, Charles. Sentences: The Memoirs and Letters of Italian Political Prisoners from Benvenuto Cellini to Aldo Moro. 1999-01-01. University of Toronto Press. 978-0-8020-4456-3. en.
8. Book: Ginsborg, Paul. A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943-1988. 2003. Palgrave Macmillan. 978-1-4039-6153-2. en.
9. Web site: Cangini. Andrea. 2020-08-28. REFERENDUM, PERCHÉ NO/-23. M5S vuole un potere legislativo usurpato dall'esecutivo (di A. Cangini). 2020-11-02. L'HuffPost. it.
10. Web site: Bertossi. Erika. September 1, 2020. Referendum taglio dei parlamentari, i NO: "La riforma agevolerebbe le formazioni politiche più potenti". 2020-11-02. BolognaToday. it.
11. L'Unità, 5 November 1956, page 7.