United Nations Memorial Cemetery Explained

United Nations Memorial Cemetery
Native Name:재한유엔기념공원
Native Name Lang:ko
Body:Commission for the UNMCK (CUNMCK)
Use Dates:1950–53
plus UNC deceased post-war
Established:18 January 1951
(as the United Nations Military Cemetery (UNMC))
Location:93 UN Pyeonghwa-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608-812, Republic of Korea
(Old address: 779 Daeyon 4-dong, Nam-gu, Busan)
Coordinates:35.1281°N 129.0969°W
Total:2,300
By Country:United Nations Command (UNC)
Source:
Hanja:유엔
Rr:Jaehan yuen ginyumgongwon
Mr:Chaehan yuen kinyŏmgongwŏn

The United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea (UNMCK;),[11] located at Tanggok in the Nam District,[12] City of Busan,[13] Republic of Korea, is a burial ground for United Nations Command (UNC) casualties of the Korean War.[14] It contains 2,300 graves and is the only United Nations cemetery in the world. Laid out over, the graves are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried servicemembers.[15]

History

Temporary battlefield cemeteries and remains recovery

The Korean War began when North Korean People's Army forces attacked south in June 1950. As the fighting progressed, temporary military cemeteries for battle casualties were established by United Nations forces near the towns of Taejon (9 July 1950), Kwan-ui (Kwan-ni),[16] Kumchon, and Sindong.[17] When the North Korean forces pushed towards Busan, these cemeteries had to be abandoned.

Later, as the Battle of Pusan Perimeter developed, temporary cemeteries were established at Masan, Miryang, and Taegu, with a Busan cemetery being established on 11 July 1950. As the fighting pushed into North Korea, temporary cemeteries were established in or near the towns of Kaesong, Sukehon, Wonsan, Pupchong (Pukchong County), Yudarn-ni and Koto-ri.[18] Some eleven division-level cemeteries were established in the first two months of fighting[19] and later five UN military cemeteries were established in North Korea.[20]

At the beginning of the war, the nearest U.S. Army mortuary affairs unit was the 108th Graves Registration Platoon in Yokohama, Japan, which was searching for the remains of missing World War II American airmen.[21] [22] The only other American active duty graves registration unit was at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina.[23] The 108th was reconfigured as the 114th Graves Registration Company and deployed to establish temporary cemeteries at Hungnam, Pyongyang, and Suchon as the fighting continued.

Supporting the 2nd Infantry Division was the Graves Registration Section of the second Quartermaster Company, which collected the remains of Allied and American soldiers to be further processed by the 148th Graves Registration Company.[24] When UN forces launched the Inchon Invasion in September 1950, a platoon from the 565th Graves Registration Company accompanied them. Other mortuary affairs units included the 293rd Graves Registration Company, activated in April 1951. It was difficult to recover remains and conduct burials in Korea, due to the rugged geography and harsh climate, and the threat of unexploded ordnance and booby-traps.[25]

Construction of the Tanggok cemetery

Construction of the United Nations Military Cemetery (UNMC) at Tanggok began on 18 January 1951 and was carried out by hand-labor over a site.[26] It was dedicated by General Matthew Ridgway on 6 April 1951.[27] Graves Registration units then concentrated American and allied remains at Tanggok before they were permanently buried or repatriated.

Besides burial services, refrigeration units to store remains were added, as were cremation facilities. Casualties from the Colombia Battalion were cremated at Tanggok by the American Graves Registration Service and then repatriated to Colombia in 1954.[28] Today the 2,300 graves in the cemetery are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried service members.

Post-armistice

Following the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement in July 1953, the United Nations Command sought to recover bodies interred in North Korean territory.[29] Cemeteries for POWs in North Korea were established at 16 POW camps.[30] From September to October 1954, the resulting exchange of casualties, dubbed Operation Glory, between United Nations forces and the North Koreans resulted in 4,219 remains being recovered, of which 1,275 were non-US casualties.[31] Also exchanged were the remains of approximately 14,000 North Korean and Chinese casualties.[32] From 1950 to 1954, approximately 11,000 casualties were interred at UNMC, which was maintained by the United States Army Graves Registration Agency.[33] [34]

Foundation as a United Nations cemetery and transfer to CUNMCK

It was officially established as the United Nations Memorial Cemetery on 15 December 1955 with the passage of UN General Assembly Resolution 977(X).[35] Following the war, the cemetery was funded from the United Nations budget, but the Sino-Soviet world objected to this funding.[36] [37] In 1973, the cemetery was transferred from the UN to the Commission for the United Nations Memorial Cemetery (CUNMCK), which is composed of representatives from the 11 countries who have servicemembers buried there.[38]

Cultural heritage and tourism

The cemetery is designated as Site 359 in the listing of Registered Cultural Heritage Sites in Korea by the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea.[39] Also, it is a visitor attraction for Pacific Rim tourists.[40] [41] In 2011, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon described it as the only United Nations cemetery in the world.[42]

Memorials

An Honour Guard from the Republic of Korea 53rd Division carries out flag ceremonies daily.[43]

The UN Sculpture Park was established in October 2001 and twenty-nine permanent memorials are in the cemetery.[44] The memorials include:

The Wall of Remembrance, completed in 2006, has the names of the 40,896 United Nations casualties (killed and missing) inscribed on 140 marble panels.[64]

Notable graves

The cemetery contains the graves of 2,289 military personnel and 11 non-combatants.

Burials

Total burials

Between 1951 and 1954 there were about 11,000 burials of UN troops from 21 countries. As of 2012, there are 2,300 wards of eleven countries, including 36 of the Republic of Korea troops deployed to the United Nations military bases. Burials of seven countries' graves were retrieved back to their homeland, including Belgium, Colombia, Ethiopia, Greece, Luxembourg, Philippines and Thailand.[71] The burials of British Commonwealth Forces Korea are located in the United Nations Memorial Cemetery. The numbers are 885 British troops, in accordance with the English customs of the dead.[72]

States Participants Killed Burials
56,0001,078890
21,212966462
26,791516381
17,164340281
5,322120122
3,42126247
1,789,00036,51640
3,7942332
8263611
62331
5,100213–
4,992192–
6,326129–
3,518122–
7,420112–
3,49899–
1002–
1,124––
630––
627––
128––
Total1,957,61640,732–
––38
Non-combatants ––4
Unknown soldiers ––11
Total––2,320

Burials after armistice

Since the Korean Armistice Agreement in July 1953, there have been some burials.

Korean War veterans

Since 2015, burials of Korean War veterans were officially allowed.

Name Nationality Date of burial Notes
Raymond Joseph Benard
Robert Steed Holman McCotter
Bernard James Delahunty
Nicolas Frans Wessels
Andre Belaval
Johan Theodoor Aldewereld
William Speakman
Wilhelm Cornelis de Buijzer
Albert Hugh Mcbride
Kurt Dressler
Boyd L. Watts
Russll Harold Johnstad
Hwang Doo-sukKATUSA attached to
25th Infantry Division
John Robert Cormier[76]
Mathias Hubertus Hoogenboom
Eduard Julius Engberink
James Raymond Grundy
Robert Eugene Jean Desire Picquenard
Lee Young-chaKATUSA attached to
7th Infantry Division
José Sergio Romero
José Gustavo Pascagaza León
Luis Carlos García Arcila
Jorge Sánchez Tapia
Bryan James Laurenson United Kingdom
Brian Wood United Kingdom
Léon Jules Ghislain Bosquet Belgium
Ferdinand Titalepta Netherlands
Rod Asanapan Thailand
Veterans who buried in other place

Others

Members of United States Forces Korea, Co-interment and so on

Name Nationality Date of burial Notes
Richard S. Whitcomb United StatesHe was a Korean War Veteran
Archibald Lloyd Hearsey CanadaHe was buried in the same grave (Joseph William Hearsey) as his brother[79]
He was also a Korean War Veteran.
Olwyn Green AustraliaShe was buried in the same grave (Charles Green) as his wife.

Notes

  1. Korean War casualties only. In 2012, the cremated remains of Archie Hearsay were buried with his brother, Joseph, who had died in Korea while both were serving. See: News: Ashes of Canadian veteran buried beside brother in S. Korea . TBNewsWatch (Dougall Media) . 25 April 2012 . The Canadian Press . 19 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140224213327/http://www.tbnewswatch.com/news/205114/Ashes-of-Canadian-veteran-buried-beside-brother-in-S.Korea . 24 February 2014 . dead .
  2. Book: Brent, Winston A.. 2 Squadron in Korea: Flying Cheetahs 1950–1953. 2001. Freeworld Publications. Nelspruit. 978-0958388092. 134 . 174758735.
  3. Web site: Turkish Fallen of Korean War Remembered. Diplomatic Observer. Över Publishing. Ankara. 2002. 16 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222163243/http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/EN/belge/2-2158/turkish-fallen-of-korean-war-remembered.html. 22 February 2014. usurped.
  4. Web site: Speech at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan. Documents and publications. Government of the Netherlands. Balkenende, Jan Peter (Prime Minister of the Netherlands). 29 April 2010. 14 February 2014. 1 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140301185121/http://www.government.nl/documents-and-publications/speeches/2010/04/29/speech-at-the-united-nations-memorial-cemetery-in-busan.html. live.
  5. Web site: UNMCK: Status of Interred at the UNMCK . 10 November 2013 . 10 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200810061142/https://unmck.or.kr/eng_un_01_4.php . live .
  6. Post-war deaths only – with the exception of 4 symbolic unknowns, all recovered remains were repatriated.
  7. Book: Dickon, Chris. The Foreign Burial of American War Dead: A History. 2011. McFarland & Co.. Jefferson, NC. 978-0786446124. 138, 141 . 659753667.
  8. Web site: Korea 2007. Det Norske Kongehus. 28 November 2007. Among [the soldiers] is Norwegian Second Engineer Reidar George Tveit ... Crown Prince Haakon [also] laid a wreath at the new monument commemorating the Norwegian soldiers .... 2 February 2014. 19 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219170045/http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=35005&sek=30234. live.
  9. Reportedly of North Koreans who refused to be repatriated following the war because they had criticized the regime. See: Book: Baldwin, R F. Seven Years in Asia: A Wander's Tale. 2013. 2011. Booksmango. 978-6162450969 . 278 . 781689455.
  10. Some unidentified Americans were left as token representatives to the unknowns. Book: Pash, Melinda L.. In the Shadow of the Greatest Generation: the Americans who fought the Korean War. registration. 2012. New York University. New York and London. 978-0814767696. 134 . 777627052.
  11. Web site: United Nations Memorial Cemetery, Korea . 12 January 2021 . 21 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121180952/https://unmck.or.kr/eng/main/ . live .
  12. Web site: Pusan (Korea) 1959. American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection. 1901st Engr. Topo. Bn., ROK Army. Boundary Line Plan United Nations Memorial Cemetery. 10 November 2013. 10 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110034409/http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/ref/collection/agdm/id/688. live.
    also see: Korea 1:50,000 Pusan Sheet 7019 III (1947) and Pusan – 1947 – AMS Map Sheet L751 – 7109 III
  13. As a transliteration from Korean, the city name 부산 (pronounced as /ko/) was typically spelled "Pusan" in McCune-Reischauer until 2000. The official Revised Romanization spells the name Busan. See Web site: Pusan: South Korea . Geographical Names . 15 August 2011 . 6 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120406005945/http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1007276&fid=3437&c=south_korea . live .
  14. The Korean War started on 25 June 1950 when North Korean forces pushed south of the 38th parallel which divided Korea following World War II. With authorization from the United Nations, forces from the United States and other nations pushed the North Koreans back to the north. When these UN forces approached China, Chinese forces intervened and the battlefront eventually stabilized along the 38th parallel. The Korean Armistice was signed on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting.
  15. Book: Clark, Donald N.. The Seoul Foreigners' Cemetery at Yanghwajin. http://seoul4ncemetery.org/documents/YANGHWAJIN_DonClark.pdf. September 1996. Seoul Union Church. Seoul, Korea. 78. Part III: Smaller Foreign Cemeteries in the Provinces. Seoul Foreigners' Cemetery at Yanghwajin. 15 February 2014. 22 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222000112/http://seoul4ncemetery.org/documents/YANGHWAJIN_DonClark.pdf. dead.
  16. Book: Westover. John G.. Cooper, Marcus E.. Combat Support in Korea. 1990. Center for Military History. Washington, DC. http://www.koreanwar2.org/kwp2/cmh/combat_support_in_korea.pdf. Part VII: Quartermaster Corps: 1: Division Supply Operations. 141–150. 17 February 2014. 1 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200401040009/http://www.koreanwar2.org/kwp2/cmh/combat_support_in_korea.pdf. live.
    Book: Westover. John G.. Kurtz, Jacob W.. Combat Support in Korea. 1990. Center for Military History. Washington, DC. http://www.koreanwar2.org/kwp2/cmh/combat_support_in_korea.pdf. Part VII: Quartermaster Corps: 12: Pukchon Cemetery. 180–183. 17 February 2014. 1 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200401040009/http://www.koreanwar2.org/kwp2/cmh/combat_support_in_korea.pdf. live.
  17. Cook . James C. . Graves Registration in the Korean Conflict . The Quartermaster Review . March–April 1953 . Army Quartermaster Museum . Fort Lee, VA . 22 October 2013 . 3 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171203035201/http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/korea/gr_korea.htm . live .
  18. Cannon . Florence . Our Honored Dead . The Quartermaster Review . May–June 1952 . United States Quartermaster Museum & The Memorial Day Foundation . [After July 1950], reports of burials were received from cemeteries in the Miryang, Taegu, Kaesong, Pyongyang, Sukehon, Wonsan, Pupchong, Hungnam, Yudarn, Koto-ri and Tanggok areas. . 22 October 2013 . 1 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200401040605/https://www.memorialdayfoundation.org/articles/our-honored-dead.html . live .
  19. Anders. Steven E.. With All Due Honors: A History of the Quartermaster Graves Registration Mission. Quartermaster Professional Bulletin. September 1988. 16 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102221327/http://qmfound.com/grave.htm. 2 November 2013. dead.
  20. Web site: POW March Routes and United Nations Cemeteries [map] ]. . 17 March 2014 . 7 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140207204410/http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/korea/maps/images/map_routes.jpg . dead .
  21. Coleman. Bradley Lynn. Recovering the Korean War Dead, 1950–1958: Graves Registration, Forensic Anthropology, and Wartime Memorialization. The Journal of Military History. January 2008. 72. 1. 179–222. Project Muse (Society for Military History). 0899-3718. 10.1353/jmh.2008.0013. 162230190. 22 October 2013. 1 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200401040410/https://www.smh-hq.org/jmh/jmhvols/721.html . live.
  22. Book: Potter, Constance . A Companion to American Military History, Vol II . 2010 . Wiley-Blackwell . 978-1405161497 . 1039 . https://books.google.com/books?id=6TctrNS2-34C&q=Tanggok+Pusan&pg=PA1039 . Deeben, John . . 67: Care for the Military Dead . 316098909 . 29 October 2020 . 10 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210510014612/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TctrNS2-34C&q=Tanggok+Pusan&pg=PA1039 . live .
  23. Becker . James R. . United States Culture and Its Effects on Military Policy Regarding Mortuary Affairs . 2004 . . Ft. Leavenworth, KS . 16 February 2014 . 22 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044104/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA428539 . dead .
  24. Book: Alexander, Bevin R. . Combat Support in Korea . 1951 . . http://www.history.army.mil/documents/Korea/KW-MHD/BA-60/ba-60.htm . Quartermaster Field Service Platoon in Action . 10 November 2013 . 10 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131110180201/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/Korea/KW-MHD/BA-60/ba-60.htm . live .
  25. Book: Sledge, Michael . Soldier Dead: How We Recover, Identify, Bury, and Honor Our Military Fallen . 2007. 2005 . Columbia University Press . New York . 40–41, 58, 80, 190 . 978-0231509374 . 60527603 .
  26. Keene. Judith. Below Ground: The Treatment of American Remains from the Korean War. The Public Historian. February 2010. 32. 1. 58–78 . 10.1525/tph.2010.32.1.59. 10.1525/tph.2010.32.1.59. National Council on Public History. 20503915. 0272-3433.
  27. Web site: UN Memorial Cemetery . The 60th Anniversary of the Korean War Commemoration Committee . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130615125844/http://eng.koreanwar60.go.kr/20/2005000000.asp . 15 June 2013 .
  28. Coleman . Bradley Lynn . The Colombian Army in Korea, 1950–1954 . . October 2005 . 69 . 4 . 1166–1167 . Project Muse (Society for Military History) . 0899-3718 . 10.1353/jmh.2005.0215 . 159487629 .
  29. Web site: Major Remains Concentrations in North Korea . . 17 March 2014 . 26 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120926090743/http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/korea/maps/documents/Major%20Remains%20Concentrations%20in%20North%20Korea.pdf . dead .
    Web site: POW March Routes and U.N. Cemeteries . . 17 March 2014 . 26 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120926090819/http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/korea/maps/documents/POW%20March%20Routes%20and%20UN%20Cemeteries.pdf . dead .
  30. Web site: Major Remains Concentrations in North Korea [map] ]. . 17 March 2014 . 26 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120926090719/http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/korea/maps/images/map_remains07.jpg . dead .
  31. Operation GLORY: Historical Summary . Condensed from Graves Registration Division, Korean Communications Zone (KCOMZ) . Jul–Dec 2004 . Army Quartermaster Museum . Fort Lee, VA . 22 October 2013 . 28 December 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071228095437/http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/korea/op_glory.htm . live . Note: the calculation of remains comes from Coleman as the "Historical Summary" gives a total of 4,023 UN remains received.
  32. Book: Cole, Paul M. . POW/MIA Issues Volume 1, The Korean War . 1994 . National Defense Research Institute . Santa Monica, CA . 978-0833014825 . 68 . https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR351.1.pdf . Three: Efforts to Recover and Account for Korean War Casualties . 855303293 . 12 November 2015 . 1 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200401035452/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR351.1.pdf . live .
  33. Book: Nahm, Andrew W.. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea . 2004 . Scarecrow Press . Lantham, MD . 0810849496 . 173. Hoare, James E. . 54081516.
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  39. Web site: UN Commemoration Park in Korea. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222215521/http://english.cha.go.kr/english/search_plaza_new/EMapResultView.jsp?VdkVgwKey=79,03590000,21&strGuCode=17&strSidoCode=21. dead. 22 February 2014. Registered Cultural Heritage Site 359. Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea.
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  44. Web site: UN Sculpture Park. UNMCK. Republic of South Africa Embassy. 9 November 2013. 9 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131109071852/http://southafrica-embassy.or.kr/eng/sankorea/korean_war(UNMCK).php. live.
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See also

Further reading

External links

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