| Twenty-Four Histories | |
| C: | 二十四史 |
| P: | Èrshísì shǐ |
| J: | Ji6sap6sei3 Si2 |
The Twenty-Four Histories, also known as the Orthodox Histories, are a collection of official histories detailing the dynasties of China, from the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors in the 4th millennium BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century.
The Han dynasty official Sima Qian established many of the conventions of the genre, but the form was not fixed until much later. Starting with the Tang dynasty, each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records, partly in order to establish its own link to the earliest times. As fixed and edited in the Qing dynasty, the whole set contains 3,213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on Chinese history and culture.[1]
The title "Twenty-Four Histories" dates from 1775, which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. This was when the last volume, the History of Ming, was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced.
Collection| Title | Year | Dynasty | Main authors | Series |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ShijiChinese: 史記 | 91 BC | Sima Qian (Han) | Early Four HistoriographiesChinese: 前四史 | |
| Book of HanChinese: 漢書 | 82 AD | Ban Gu (Han) | ||
| Records of the Three KingdomsChinese: 三國志 | 289 | |||
| Book of the Later HanChinese: 後漢書 | 445 | Eastern Han | Fan Ye (Liu Song) | |
| Book of SongChinese: 宋書 | 488 | Liu Song | Shen Yue (Liang) | rowspan="3" |
| Book of Southern QiChinese: 南齊書 | 537 | Southern Qi | Xiao Zixian (Liang) | |
| Book of WeiChinese: 魏書 | 554 | Wei Shou (Northern Qi) | ||
| Book of LiangChinese: 梁書 | 636 | Liang | Yao Silian (Tang) | Eight Tang HistoriographiesChinese: 唐初八史 |
| Book of ChenChinese: 陳書 | Chen | Yao Silian (Tang) | ||
| Book of Northern QiChinese: 北齊書 | Northern Qi | Li Baiyao (Tang) | ||
| Book of ZhouChinese: 周書 | Linghu Defen (Tang) | |||
| Book of SuiChinese: 隋書 | Sui | Wei Zheng (Tang) | ||
| Book of JinChinese: 晉書 | 648 | Fang Xuanling (Tang) | ||
| History of the Southern DynastiesChinese: 南史 | 659 | Li Yanshou (Tang) | ||
| History of the Northern DynastiesChinese: 北史 | 659 | Li Yanshou (Tang) | ||
| Old Book of TangChinese: 舊唐書 | 945 | Tang | Liu Xu (Later Jin) | rowspan="4" |
| Old History of the Five DynastiesChinese: 舊五代史 | 974 | Xue Juzheng (Song) | ||
| Historical Records of the Five DynastiesChinese: 五代史記 | 1053 | Ouyang Xiu (Song) | ||
| New Book of TangChinese: 新唐書 | 1060 | Tang dynasty | Ouyang Xiu (Song) | |
| History of LiaoChinese: 遼史 | 1343 | Toqto'a (Yuan) | Chinese: 元末三史[2] | |
| History of JinChinese: 金史 | 1345 | Jin dynasty | Toqto'a (Yuan) | |
| History of SongChinese: 宋史 | 1345 | Toqto'a (Yuan) | ||
| History of YuanChinese: 元史 | 1370 | Yuan | Song Lian (Ming) | rowspan="2" |
| History of MingChinese: 明史 | 1739 | Ming | Zhang Tingyu (Qing) |
These works were begun by one historian and completed by an heir, usually of the next generation.
There were attempts at producing new traditional histories after the fall of the Qing dynasty, but they either never gained widespread acceptance as part of the official historical canon or they remain unfinished.
| Year | Title | Dynasty | Main authors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New History of YuanChinese: 新元史 | 1927 | Yuan | Ke Shaomin (Republic of China) | |
| Draft History of QingChinese: 清史稿 | 1920 | Qing | Zhao Erxun (Republic of China) |
See main article: Draft History of Qing and History of Qing (People's Republic). In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China (ROC), the ROC government in Taiwan published the History of Qing, adding 21 supplementary chapters to the Draft History of Qing and revising many existing chapters to denounce the People's Republic of China (PRC) as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution.[3] This edition has not been widely accepted as the official Qing history because it is recognized that it was a rushed job motivated by political objectives. It does not correct most of the errors known to exist in the Draft History of Qing.
An additional project, attempting to write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000. Only 33 chapters out of the projected 500 were published.[4] This project was later abandoned following the rise of the Taiwanese nationalist Pan-Green Coalition, which argues that it is not the duty of Taiwan to compile the history of mainland China.
In 1961, the PRC also attempted to complete the Qing history, but historians were prevented from doing so against the backdrop of the Cultural Revolution.[5]
In 2002, the PRC once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing.[6] The project was approved in 2002,[7] and put under the leadership of historian Dai Yi.[8] Initially planned to be completed in 10 years,[9] the project suffered multiple delays, pushing completion of the first draft to 2016.[10] Chinese Social Sciences Today reported in April 2020 that the project's results were being reviewed.[11] However, in 2023, the manuscript was reportedly rejected,[12] and there are also rumors that the project has been indefinitely halted.[13]
In China, the Zhonghua Book Company have edited a number of these histories. They have been collated, edited, and punctuated by Chinese specialists.[14] From 1991 to 2003, it was translated from Literary Chinese into modern written vernacular Chinese, by Xu Jialu and other scholars.[15]
One of the Twenty-Four Histories is in the process of being fully translated into English: Records of the Grand Historian by William Nienhauser, in nine volumes.[16]
In Korean and Vietnamese, only the Records has been translated. Most of the histories have been translated into Japanese.