Timeline of piracy in the Bay of Honduras explained

17.5283°N -86.621°WPirates, privateers, corsairs, and buccaneers were active in the Bay of Honduras from the 1540s to the 1860s. This is an annotated, chronological list of such events, with sortable tables provided.

Prelude

1500s

1502

• 30 July14 August: Christopher Columbus reconnoitres the southern coast of the Bay during his fourth voyage, this being the first arrival of non-Amerindians to the region.

1508

• start of Julyend of December: Juan Díaz de Solís and Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, with Pedro de Ledesma, reconnoitre the mouth of the Bay during the Pinzón–Solís voyage.

1510s

sine datum

• s.d.s.d.: Cuban slaving expeditions to the Bay Islands.

1518

• 13 November13 November: Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar named adelantado of Yucatán, encompassing the northern half of the Bay.

1520s

1524

• start of Januaryend of June: Gil González Dávila founds the first Hispanic settlement in the Bay, Puerto de Caballos, and further leads a campaign against Manche Chʼol settlements on the Dulce River, bringing the Spanish conquest of Honduras to the Bay.^[1]
• 3 May3 May: Cristóbal de Olid founds Triunfo de la Cruz.

1525

• 18 May18 May: Francisco de las Casas relocates Triunfo de la Cruz and christens it Truxillo.

1526

• 8 December8 December: Francisco de Montejo named adelantado of Yucatán.

1528

• start of Julyend of December: Francisco de Montejo, with Alonso González Dávila, leads a campaign against Chetumal, bringing the Spanish conquest of Yucatán to the Bay, and further (partially) reconnoitres the northern coast of the Bay.

1530s

1532

• start of Julyend of (following) June: Alonso González Dávila (fully) reconnoitres the northern coast of the Bay.

1537

• 8 December8 December: Alonso de Cáceres founds Comayagua.

1540s

sine datum

• s.d.s.d.: Marcos de Ayala Trujeque pioneers the Spanish logwood trade, which possibly reaches Bacalar shortly thereafter.

1544

• start of Januaryend of June: 1543–1544 Pachecos entrada brings the northern half of the Bay under Spanish rule.

1546

• s.d.s.d.: Royal Navy established.
• start of Octoberend of (following) June: Pedro de Ávila, under commission by Francisco de Montejo, surveys the Bay.

1550s

1550

• s.d.s.d.: Spanish begin construction of Fort Santa Barbara.

16th century

1540s

1544

• start of Novemberend of December: Twenty-two French corsairs aboard a patax, Pedro Braques captain, cruise the Bay, but are apprehended.^[2]

1550s

1558

• s.d.s.d. of 1560: French corsairs raid Truxillo thrice, Puerto Caballos once, and a nearby settlement called Monguiche once.
• start of Marchend of June: Two-hundred French corsairs, aboard two ships, raid Puerto Caballos.

1560s

1561

• s.d.s.d.: French corsairs raid Puerto Caballos and Truxillo.

1570s

1571

• start of Januarymid-April: Chuetot, with 50 men aboard a ship from Honfleut, cruises the Bay.

1572

• 13 January13 January: Lutheran pirates or privateers, aboard three ships and a chalupa, raid Puerto Caballos.

1573

• 23 February22 March: Francis Drake, with 17 men aboard the Minion, or John Oxenham aboard the Bear, cruise the Bay (and land at Guanaxa) during their Caribbean expedition.

1575

• 9 May9 May: French corsairs, aboard two zabras, raid Puerto Caballos and Truxillo.

1576

• start of Julyend of December: Andrew Barker, with William Coxe, Philip Roche, and 70 men aboard the Ragged Staffe and Beare, raids Truxillo, but is eventually repulsed.

1577

• start of Octoberend of April of 1578: An English pirate or privateer (called Francisco de Acles by the Spanish), with 60 men aboard two ships, cruise the Bay, further sacking Puerto Caballos and Bacalar.

1578

• mid-Februarymid-March: William Coxe, with 35 men, cruises the Bay.

1580s

1580

• start of Mayend of May: French corsairs or English pirates or privateers (possibly) cruise the northern half of the Bay (off the Yucatan peninsula).

1590s

1592

• 9 Mayend of June: Christopher Newport, with 200 men aboard the Golden Dragon, Prudence, Margaret, and Virgin, raids Truxillo and Puerto de Caballos.

1593

• start of Marchend of December: The Count of Cumberland, with some 125 men aboard the Anthony and the Discovery, attempts to raid Puerto de Caballos, but is shortly repulsed.

1594

• start of Januaryend of June: Christopher Newport and John Burg attempt to raid Puerto de Caballos, but are shortly repulsed, whereupon Newport cruises the Bay with John Middleton.
• 15 May15 May: William Parker and Jérémie Raymond, with four ships, two frigates, and three pinnaces, raid Puerto de Caballos or Truxillo.

1595

• s.d.s.d.: English pirates or privateers, in consort with French corsairs, capture Truxillo.
• s.d.s.d.: An English pirate or privateer, in consort with a French corsair (the former called Rocharte, the latter Jeremías, by the Spanish), attempt to raid Puerto de Caballos, but upon failing, raid settlements in the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter water in Utila, where they are repulsed.
• start of Mayend of May: William Parker, aboard one ship, three consorts, and two pinnaces, (again) raids Puerto de Caballos, further cruising the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter rendezvousing with Benjamin Wood and Wentworth [captains under Robert Dudley] at Guanaxa, whereupon they all raid and occupy Truxillo.
• start of Julyend of July: Jérémie Raymond, with three ships, a pinnace, and a galliot, raids and burns Puerto de Caballos, further cruising the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter retiring to Utila, where the crew are surprised by a Spanish force out of Truxillo.

1597

• 30 March15 April: Anthony Sherley and William Parker raid Truxillo, Puerto Caballos, and riverine settlements on the Dulce River.

17th century

1600s

1601

• s.d.s.d.: Pirates or privateers aboard four vessels (possibly) cruise the Bay (off the Yucatan peninsula).

1602

• s.d.s.d.: Dutch privateer-turned-buccaneer, Bleeveldt or Blauvelt, settles near Bluefields.^[3]

1603

• 16 February7 March: Christopher Newport, with Michael Geare, captures Puerto de Caballos.^[4]

1604

• 7 Marchend of following year: Spanish vecinos settle Santo Tomas de Castilla.

1606

• s.d.s.d.: Six English pirates or privateers, aboard a frigate, raid Puerto Caballos, and march towards an inland settlement called Xequexa, were they are apprehended.
• start of Januaryend of June: Dutch privateers harass Spanish galleons at Santo Tomas de Castilla, and further attempt to raid the settlement, but are repulsed.

1607

• s.d.s.d.: Dutch privateers or pirates raid Santo Tomas de Castilla and Puerto de Caballos.

1610s

1610

• s.d.s.d.: Dutch privateers or pirates raid Puerto de Caballos.

1613

• s.d.s.d.: English, Dutch or French privateers or pirates raid Truxillo.

1616

• s.d.s.d.: English privateer or buccaneer, Quinn, seeks to plant settlement in Providence Island.

1617

• s.d.s.d.: English privateers raid Bacalar.^[5]

1620s

1621

• 3 June3 June: The Dutch West India Company is chartered.

1630s

sine datum

• s.d.s.d.: Spanish residents of the Bay begin illicitly trading with Dutch and English ships at port.
• s.d.s.d.: English, Dutch, or French buccaneers or pirates begin abducting Amerindian residents of the Bay for sale at non-Spanish slave markets.^[6]

1630

• s.d.s.d.: English, Dutch, or French privateers or pirates raid and burn Truxillo.
• s.d.s.d.: Anthony Hilton settles Tortuga.
• 4 December4 December: The Providence Island colony is chartered.

1631

• s.d.s.d.: Providence Island colony's charter is expanded to encompass the Bay.

1632

• s.d.s.d.: English, Dutch, or French privateers or pirates raid Truxillo.

1633

• s.d.s.d.: Anthony Hilton and Abraham Chamberlain pioneer the English dye-wood trade in Tortuga.^[7]
• 26 April18 September: Jan Janszoon van Hoorn, under commission from the West India Company, with Diego el Mulato and Cornelis Jol, raids Truxillo.

1634

• start of Februarythird quarter of following year: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers cruise the Bay.

1635

• 27 December29 January in following year: Providence Island colony granted letters of reprisal against the Spanish.

1636

• 22 January22 January: Armada de Barlovento established.^[8]
• start of Marchend of May: Providence Island colony commissions privateers William Rous, John Leicester, Cornelius Billinger, Giles Mersh, and William Woodcock, instructing them (among other things) to impress Spanish pilots, including those familiar with the Bay.^[9]
• start of Aprilmid-May: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Nacre or Neckere, leads 60 English and 100 Miskitu men on an (unsuccessful) march on Truxillo, and thereafter cruises the Bay on a frigate with 25 to 30 men.
• mid-Mayend of May: Yucatan forbids the storing of logwood on beaches.

1637

• start of Septemberend of September: Thomas Newman cruises the Bay aboard a ship and two small craft.

1638

• s.d.s.d.: Tipu spur widespread revolt against Bacalar, their efforts being possibly aided by piratical raids, and the Peten Itza kingdom.^[10]
• s.d.s.d.: Peter Wallace founds the first English settlement in the Bay, Barcadares.^[11]
• s.d.s.d.: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers raid Maya settlements on Bennett's Lagoon (near Bacalar).
• mid-Marchend of June: Diego el Mulato cruises the Bay.
• start of Mayend of May: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, aboard two ships and five frigates, cruise the Bay.
• 8 June8 June: Proprietors of the Providence Island colony grant William Claiborne letters patent to settle Roatan.

1639

• 10 February10 February: Diego el Mulato, aboard two ships, raids and scorches an Amerindian settlement on Guanaxa.
• start of Mayend of September: Nathaniel Butler, with William Jackson, 200 English men and an unknown number of Miskitu allies, aboard two ships, under commission of the Providence Island colony, attempts unsuccessful raid of Truxillo.
• start of Septembermid-September: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, with Alonso Gaitan and Amerindian allies from Guanaxa, raid and scorch an Amerindian settlement on Roatan.
• mid-December3 January of following year: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, aboard four ships, cruise the Bay.

1640s

sine datum

• s.d.s.d.: English buccaneers or Baymen settle Roatan.

1640

• start of Marchend of March: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, aboard eight craft, raid and assault Truxillo and a number of Amerindian settlements on Lake Izabal and Utila.

1641

• s.d.s.d.: Dutch privateers or buccaneers, with Diego Canche, raid Maya settlements near the Belize or Sittee River, and interrupt a Franciscan misión by Bartolomé de Fuensalida.
• s.d.s.d.: Diego el Mulato raids and scorches Truxillo, and further ventures inland to abduct women.

1642

• start of Marchend of April: Diego el Mulato attempts to raid Amerindian settlements on the Ulua River, but upon failing to do so, raids Puerto de Caballos.
• 22 November22 November: Diego el Mulato, with 70 men, raids Bacalar and nearby Maya settlements (north of the Monkey River).

1643

• 20 Julymid-September: William Jackson, with William Rous, Samuel Axe, and a certain Cromwell, with 1,200 recruits from Barbados and St. Kitt's, aboard three ships and three pinnaces, raids and holds Truxillo twice, and raids Santo Tomas de Castilla once.

1644

• s.d.s.d.: English or Dutch pirates raid settlements in the Amatique Bay and the Bay Islands.
• s.d.s.d.: Spanish begin construction of Castle of San Felipe de Lara.

1645

• s.d.s.d.: English or Dutch pirates, with 1,600 men aboard sixteen ships, raid Truxillo.

1646

• s.d.s.d.: English or Dutch pirates raid settlements in Guanaxa.

1648

• s.d.s.d.: English or Dutch pirates raid Truxillo.
• start of Juneend of June: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Abraham, raids Bacalar.

1650s

sine datum

• s.d.s.d.: English buccaneers-turned-Baymen start logging logwood in the Bay.^[12]
• s.d.s.d.: Miskitu mercenaries, possibly or likely with Baymen and Shoremen, begin enslaving Amerindian and Hispanic residents of the Bay.

1650

• mid-Julyend of July: Spanish oust English buccaneers-turned-settlers from Roatan.

1652

• 29 May29 May: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Abraham, (again) raids Bacalar.
• start of Novemberend of November: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers raid Maya settlements on the New River.

1654

• 23 October23 October: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers interrupt a Bacalar entrada by Francisco Pérez near the Belize River.

1659

• s.d.s.d.: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers impress or enslave a number of residents of Maya settlements near Bacalar.

1660s

sine datum

• s.d.s.d.: English buccaneers or Baymen raid Bacalar-in-Pacha.

1660

• s.d.s.d.: François l'Olonnais raids Truxillo.

1662

• 11 December11 December: The Council of Jamaica resolve to carry on trade with Spaniards in the Bay (among others), by force of arms if necessary.

1665

• s.d.s.d.: The Armada de Barlovento is reformed.
• 19 March29 June: John Morris, David Martien, Henry Morgan, Jacob Fackman, and a certain Freeman cruise the Bay, and further raid Truxillo and a number of Spanish or Amerindian coastal settlements in the Bay.

1667

• start of Juneend of June of following year: François l'Olonnais, with Mozes van Klijn, harasses Spanish shipping in the Bay, sacks Puerto de Caballos, and further attempts raids of nearby Spanish settlements.

1670s

1672

• s.d.s.d.: English, French, or Dutch pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo and nearby Esparza.
• 22 June22 June: English logging in Spanish dominions (including the Bay) is deemed piracy by real cédula.

1676

• s.d.s.d.: French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo.

1677

• start of Augustend of August: Bartholomew Sharpe interrupts a Franciscan misión by Joseph Delgado, and further possibly raids a number of Maya settlements near the Belize River.

1678

• s.d.s.d.: English, French, or Dutch pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo and nearby Verapaz.

1679

• 26 September26 September: John Coxon captures a Spanish merchant vessel laden with indigo, possibly in the Bay.

1680s

1680

• mid-Julyend of August: Pedro de Castro, with Juan Corso and Giorgio Nicolo, surprises English shipping in the Bay.

1682

• start of Januaryend of May: Jean Hamlin surprises English shipping in the Bay.

1683

• 17 May16 June: Laurens de Graaf, Michiel Andrieszoon, Nicholas van Hoorn, Michel de Grammont, Jacob Hall, and Jean Toccard cruise the Bay.
• start of Decemberend of December: Dutch pirates or privateers raid Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.

1684

• 27 April5 May: Dutch pirates or privateers raid Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.

1685

• start of Januaryend of September: Laurens de Graaf and Michel de Grammont, with Jan Willems, Michiel Andrieszoon, George Bannister, and Pierre Bot, cruise the Bay.

1686

• s.d.s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid or attack Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.
• start of Marchend of March: Laurens de Graaf raids Spanish or Maya settlements in the Bay of Ascension, after which they cruise the Bay.

1687

• s.d.s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid or attack Bodegas del Golfo, Olancho, and Santo Tomas de Castilla.

1688

• start of Februaryend of February: Jan Willems and Jacob Evertson surprise Spanish shipping in the Bay.

1690s

1690

• s.d.s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates raid Spanish or Amerindian settlements in the Bay of Amatique.

1694

• 16 Novemberend of February following: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River.

18th century

1700s

1705

• start of Novemberend of November: Archibaldo Magdonel de Narión and Francisco Joseph Jiménez, with 30 men aboard two goletas, cruise the Chetumal Bay.

1707

• start of Januaryend of September: English buccaneers-turned-Baymen raid or attack Tipu.

1710s

1718

• start of Februarymid-March: Blackbeard, with about 180 English and 70 Afro-Caribbean men, aboard the Queen Ann's Revenge and two Spanish prizes, waters at Coxen Hole, and surprises merchant captain William Wade aboard the William and Mary.
• 1 April9 April: Blackbeard, with Stede Bonnet, Lieutenant Richards, and Israel Hands, aboard the Queen Ann's Revenge and the sloop Revenge, surprises merchant captains David Harriot, Wyar, and James, aboard a ship and five sloops, near the Turneffe Atoll.
• 16 December23 December: Charles Vane, with Robert Deal, surprises English shipping in the Bay.

1720s

1721

• start of Januarymid-April: Vernon of Jamaica, captain of a merchant ship, arrests Charles Vane, possibly within the Bay.

1722

• 10 Januaryend of February: George Lowther, with John Walkers and 80 to 90 men, aboard a ship and a sloop, surprises English shipping near the Belize River.^[13]
• start of Augustend of August: Thomas Anstis, with John Fenn aboard the Morning Star, surprises merchant captain Dursey near the Belize River.
• start of Augustmid-February of following year: Esteban de la Barca, with 50 men aboard two periaguas, surprises an English merchant frigate near the Belize River.

1723

• start of Marchend of March: Fifty to sixty Spanish privateers, aboard one vessel, surprise English shipping near the Belize River, but are afterwards massacred by Edward Low and George Lowther, with Nicholas Lewis and about 50 men.^[14]

1724

• start of Marchend of March: Francis Spriggs, with about 40 men aboard the Bachelor's Delight, surprises merchant captains Samuel Pick Jr. (of Rhode Island), Dixxe Gross, William Wood, Thomas Morris, Simon Fulmore, James Nelley, and Hackins (of London) near Guanaxa.
• start of Mayend of May: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• start of Septemberend of September: Francis Spriggs and Richard Shipton, with 85 men, surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed by (James Windham captain).
• 23 December23 December: Francis Spriggs and Richard Shipton, with Nicholas Simmons, Jonathan Barlow, 10 English and three or four Afro-Caribbean men, aboard one periagua, surprise merchant captains Glen, Matthew Perry, and Ebenezer Kent in the Bay.

1725

• start of Februaryend of February: Francis Spriggs surprises English shipping in the Bay.
• 25 March5 April: Juan Antonio Díaz de la Rabia, with 90 men aboard a frigate, cruises near the Belize River, but is seized by HMS Diamond (Timothy Bridge lieutenant).

1727

• start of Januaryend of January: Baymen, with about 100 Miskitu allies aboard several small craft, raid Chunhuhub, Tela, and Tihosuco in the Bay of Ascension.
• start of Marchend of June: Spanish re-settle Bacalar as a military post.
• 25 May25 May: Spanish privateers aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captain Rickets in the Bay.

1728

• start of Novemberend of November: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1729

• s.d.s.d.: Spanish begin construction of Fort San Felipe at Bacalar.
• s.d.s.d.: English, French, or Dutch privateers or pirates raid Puerto de Caballos.
• start of Februaryend of February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1730s

1730

• start of Februaryend of February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River, but are repulsed by merchant captain Burrows and Baymen.

1731

• start of Januaryend of January: Eighty Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain John Young (of New York) in the Bay.
• 24 March24 March: Pedro Polis, with 60 men aboard a guardacostas, surprises the John and Jane (Ed. Burt captain, about 30 men and some women onboard) near the Turneffe Atoll, but is eventually repulsed.
• 28 June28 June: Twenty-five Spanish privateers, aboard a sloop, surprise merchant captain Roger Groves (of New York), with 30 to 40 men, in the Bay.
• start of Augustend of August: Spanish privateers, aboard a periagua, surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1732

• start of Januaryend of February: Seventy Spanish privateers, aboard a brigantine, surprise merchant captain Farrington (of Boston) in the Bay.
• start of Mayend of May: Spanish privateers surprise a merchant captain Wickham in the Bay.
• start of Augustend of August: Spanish privateers surprise a merchant captain Knox in the Bay.
• start of Decemberend of January of following year: Spanish privateers, with 330 to 340 men aboard a galley and two sloops, surprise merchant captains Hindman, Bradin, and Dutch in the Bay.

1733

• 10 March10 March: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• start of Decemberend of January of following year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Underwood (of Boston) in the Bay.

1734

• start of Septemberend of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain William Downs in the Bay.
• 28 September11 October: Spanish privateers, with 120 men aboard two sloops and five periaguas, surprise merchant captains Ephraim Higgins, Richard Dursey (of Rhode Island), and Edmonds (of Boston) in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• start of Novemberend of November: Spanish privateers surprise a Dutch merchant fly boat in the Bay.

1735

• start of Octoberend of October: Spanish privateers, aboard two periaguas, surprise merchant captains Bond (of Boston), Smith (of Jamaica), Wickham (of Rhode Island), Pitman (of Rhode Island), and Cranston (of Rhode Island) in the Bay.

1736

• start of Marchend of March: Spanish privateers, del Petro Polla and Philip Ackling, engage merchant captains Woodberry, Willis (of Jamaica), and John Davis in the Bay.
• 1 July22 November: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1737

• 19 January19 January: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River.
• 26 April26 April: Spanish privateers, with 500 to 600 men aboard a man of war, a galley, and five periaguas, surprise merchant captains Ralph Harle, John Ray, Blackadore, Hall, and Bennet near the Belize River.
• mid-Augustend of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains John Thomas Woner, Maxey Drowse, and John Busley in the Bay.

1738

• 18 January18 January: Thirty Spanish privateers, aboard two or three periaguas, surprise merchant captain Ames Wadland near the Turneffe Atoll.
• start of Aprilend of April: Spanish privateers, aboard three large periaguas, surprise a merchant sloop in the Bay.
• start of Julyend of July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Edward Buckley in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• 12 August12 August: Eighteen Spanish privateers, aboard a sloop, surprise merchant captain Stephen Bastwick in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.

1739

• 15 January15 January: Spanish privateers aboard a sloop surprise merchant captains Mark Anderson, John Guyn, and Zacariah Williams in the Bay.
• 1 February2 March: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Gwynn (of Boston) in the Bay.
• start of Marchend of March: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Collis (of Rhode Island), Joseph Williams, Wiliam Barbour, Cobb, and Burges near Turneffe, but are shortly repulsed.
• start of Aprilend of April: Spanish privateers aboard a sloop surprise merchant captain Mark Anderson in the Bay.
• start of Mayend of May: Spanish privateers, aboard two men of war and a half-galley, surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• start of Septemberend of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain White in the Bay.
• start of Octoberend of October: Twenty Spanish privateers, aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captains Pustle and Gowan in the Bay.
• start of Octoberend of February of following year: Holiday, with 75 men aboard a sloop, under commission from Jamaica, cruises against Spanish privateers in the Bay.

1740s

1740

• start of Januarymid-April: A Jamaican privateer, with merchant captains Wilson and Gowan, seizes a Spanish privateer in the Bay.
• start of Aprilend of April: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Sears in the Bay.
• start of Aprilend of April: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise the John and Jane in the Bay, but are eventually repulsed by merchant captains Vincent (of Boston), Thatcher, and a number of Baymen aboard a small sloop.
• start of Juneend of August: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Dunham, Montgomery, and Flowers in the Bay

1741

• start of Februaryend of February: Spanish privateers, with 110 men aboard two periaguas, surprise merchant captain Burchell in the Bay.
• start of Aprilend of May: Spanish privateers aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captains Bursley, Bunker, Johnston, Davis, Taylor, and Card in the Bay.
• start of Juneend of June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain John Wise in the Bay.
• start of Decemberend of April of following year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Snow, Smith, Mason, and Humphreys in the Bay.

1742

• 1 January2 July: Ball of Boston surprises a Spanish privateer cruising in the Bay.
• start of Julyend of August: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Charles Davidson and Coffin in the Bay.

1744

• start of Marchend of March: Spanish privateers, aboard one vessel, surprise merchant captains Fiske, Bell, and Richardson in the Bay.

1746

• start of Januaryend of January: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Turneffe Atoll.
• start of Februaryend of March: Spanish privateers, aboard a periagua, surprise merchant captain Small in the Bay.

1747

• start of Mayend of June: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise English shipping off the Belize River.
• start of Decemberend of February of following year: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise a merchant schooner in the Bay.

1748

• start of Januaryend of January: Felipe López de la Flor, under commission from Yucatan, raids and scorches Barcadares and the Baymen's logging camps on the Belize River.
• start of Julyend of July: Felipe López de la Flor (again) raids and scorches the Baymen's settlement and camps on the Belize River, but is eventually repulsed.
• start of Augustend of September: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1750s

1750

• 1 January3 August: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• 6 May6 May: Spanish privateers, with 123 men aboard a galley, surprise merchant captains Vervel, Hysham, Kattur, and Brigs on the New River, but are shortly repulsed.
• 17 September17 September: Spanish privateers, aboard two half-galleys, surprise merchant captains Lilly and Riven in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.

1751

• s.d.s.d.: Spanish settle Omoa as a military post, and (eventually) begin construction of Fortaleza de San Fernando.
• 25 December27 December: Spanish privateers, aboard two galleys and a brig, surprise English shipping near the Belize River and Water Caye, but are shortly repulsed by merchant captains Henry Stevenson, Troup, and others.

1752

• 13 February13 February: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Newgar on the Belize River.
• start of Juneend of June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Devereux, Maudsley, Couzens, Mosely, and Rand in the Bay, but are eventually repulsed by William Pitt, Mosely, McNamara, 50 Baymen, and 70 Shoremen.
• start of Augustend of August: Spanish privateers, aboard several craft or periaguas, surprise merchant captains James Man and John Lance in the Chetumal Bay.
• 2 August28 September: Spanish privateers, aboard six periaguas and a flat (later joined by captain Palmo with 76 men aboard a dorey and two periaguas), surprise merchant captains Crowel (of New York) and Hall (of Connecticut), who are later joined by captains Arnold and Hill, near Water Caye.
• start of Octoberend of October: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• start of Decemberend of December: Spanish privateers, aboard two brigs, surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• start of Decemberend of February of next year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Philip Hotton of Connecticut and James Ward of Pennsylvania in the Bay.
• 4 December4 December: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.

1753

• start of Januaryend of January: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Telamon Phoenix, Conaway, and Spurrier in the Bay.
• start of Januaryend of January: Antonio Alexis, aboard a brig, surprises merchant captains Coverly, Conolly, Green, Lord, and Menzie in the Bay.
• 24 February24 February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• 28 February28 February: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Clark in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• start of Mayend of May: Spanish privateers, aboard a brig, surprise merchant captain Ed. Menzies near Caye Bokell, but are shortly repulsed.
• 24 May24 May: Sergeant of Rhode Island, with merchant captains Lawrence, Brown, Dickson, and a number of Baymen, capture and burn a Spanish privateer.
• start of Julyend of July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Dunscomb near Turneffe.
• 12 September12 September: Spanish privateers, with 170 men aboard a galley, surprise merchant captains Burger, French, and Menzie near Turneffe.

1754

• start of Aprilend of April: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Man near Glover's Reef.
• 23 May23 May: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Lawrence, Brown, and Dickson near Water Caye.

1755

• 14 May14 May: Baymen request and are granted a detachment of twenty British Army soldiers for their defence.

1756

• start of Mayend of May: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Ebbets in the Bay.

1770s

1770

• start of Julyend of July: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1771

• start of Juneend of July: Certain pirates are apprehended by the Baymen.

1772

• start of Marchend of March: Spanish privateers surprise two merchant vessels in the Bay.
• 6 March6 March: Spanish privateers, aboard two guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Thermin near Glover's Reef.

1773

• start of Marchend of July: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1775

• start of Januaryend of February: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captains Ward of South Carolina and Stamer near Glover's Reef.

1777

• 12 September12 September: Hezekiah Anthony captures the settlement on St. George's Caye, which is shortly ransomed by the Baymen, whereafter Anthony seizes English shipping in the Sibun River.

1790s

1796

• start of Novemberend of December: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1797

• start of Juneend of June: English frigate, possibly of or with Baymen, raids Truxillo.

19th century

1800s

1804

• start of Januaryend of January: French privateers, aboard one vessel, surprise merchant captains Hurry and Hills near Turneffe.
• 1 July10 July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Jonathan Card near Utila.

1805

• 1 August18 September: The Mary Anne, tender of (Smith lieutenant), captures a Spanish privateer or guardacostas.

1806

• start of Januaryend of August of following year: Felucca, a Spanish privateer, cruises off the Mullins River, but is eventually chased off by (William Burn captain), HMS Gaelon,, and a number of Baymen aboard a gunboat.

1810s

1818

• start of Decemberend of October of following year: Pirate Mitchell cruises near the Belize River.

1819

• 10 May10 May: Louis-Michel Aury, with Gordon, raids or attacks Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.

1820s

1822

• 2 November22 November: Francis Valpy, with 20 men aboard a schooner, raids a Baymen's settlement on Calabash Caye, and seizes a merchant brig near Glover's Reef.

1823

• start of Februaryend of February: Jean Lafitte surprises English shipping in the Bay, but is eventually chased off by .

1824

• 31 March31 March: Pirates surprise a merchant schooner (Jeykill owner) in the Bay, and further massacre the crew.

1850s

1858

• 26 December26 December: American filibusters aboard the Susan are wrecked off Glover's Reef, whereupon the Superintendent of colonial Belize (forcibly) removes them to Mobile, Alabama, aboard .

1859

• 1 June17 June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Gunn near Roatan.

1860s

1860

• 7 September17 September: captures William Walker and a number of American filibusters, whereupon the Superintendent of colonial Belize turns them over to the (Hispanic) Honduran authorities at Truxillo.

Tables

16th century

Timeline of 16th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.

		Place	Event	Party	Party	Notes
		–	Cruise	Braques	–	with 22 French corsairs in a patax
			Raid	–	–	various French corsairs
		Caballos	Raid	–	–	200 French corsairs in two ships
			Raid	–	–	various French corsairs
		–	Cruise	Chuetot	–	with 50 men in ship from Honfleut
		Caballos	Raid	–	–	various Lutherans in three ships and a chalupa
		Guanaxa	Cruise	Drake or Oxenham	López Vaez	in Minion or Bear
		–	–	Noble	López	–
				Horseley	–	–
			Raid	–	–	various French corsairs in two zabras
		Trujillo	Raid	Barker	–	with Coxe, Roche, and 70 men in Ragged Staffe and Beare
				Acles	–	with 60 men in two ships
		–	Cruise	Coxe	–	with 35 men
		–	Cruise	–	–	various English or French men
			Raid	Newport	–	with 200 men in the Golden Dragon, Prudence, Margaret, and Virgin
		Caballos	Raid	Cumberland	–	with some 125 men in the Anthony and Discovery
		Caballos	Raid	Cumberland	–	with some 125 men in the Anthony and Discovery
		Caballos			–	–
		Caballos or Truxillo	Raid		–	in nine vessels
		Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English and French men
					–	various English and French men
					–	in six or seven vessels
				Raymond	–	in five vessels
			Raid		–	–

17th century

Timeline of 17th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.

		Place	Event	Party	Party	Notes
		–	Cruise	–	–	various men in four vessels
		Bluefields	Cruise	Blauvelt	–	–
		Caballos	Raid		–	–
			Raid	–	–	six English men in a frigate
		Sto Tomas	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
			Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
		Caballos	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
		Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
		Providence	Camp	Quinn	–	–
		Bacalar	Raid	–	–	various English men
		Hague	Charter	West India Co	–	various Dutch men
		–	Smuggling	–	–	by Spanish vecinos with Dutch and English ships
		–	Slaving	–	–	of Amerindians by various English, Dutch, or French men
		Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
		Tortuga	Camp	Hilton	–	–
		London	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	various English men
		London	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	charter territory expanded to Bay of Honduras
		Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
		Tortuga	Logging		–	of dye-woods
		Truxillo	Raid		–	with Mulato and Jol, for the West India Co
		–	Cruise	–	–	various English or Dutch men
		London	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	granted letters of reprisal against Spanish
		Madrid	Charter	Armada de Barlovento	–	various Spanish men
		Providence	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	various men commissioned as privateers
		Truxillo		Nacre or Nackere	–	with (initially) 60 English and 100 Miskitu men, and (later) 25 to 30 men in a frigate
		Merida	Logging	Governor	–	forbids laying logwood in open beaches
		–	Cruise	Newman	–	in three vessels
		Tipu	Revolt	–	–	including possible piratical aid
		Barcadares	Camp	Wallace	–	–
		Bennett's Lagoon	Raid	–	–	of Maya hamlets by various English or Dutch men
		–	Cruise	Mulato	–	–
		–	Cruise	–	–	various English or Dutch men in seven vessels
		Providence	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	grant settlement charter for Roatan to Claiborne
		Guanaxa	Raid	Mulato	–	in two ships
		Truxillo	Raid		–	with 200 English and various Miskitu men, for Providence Island Co
		Roatan	Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men, with Gaitan and various Amerindian residents of Guanaxa
		–	Cruise	–	–	various English or Dutch men in four ships
		Roatan	Camp	–	–	various English men or Baymen
			Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men in eight vessels
		Belize or Sittee River	Raid	–	Fuensalida	various Dutch men with Canche
		Truxillo	Raid	Mulato	–	–
			Raid	Mulato	–	–
			Raid	Mulato	–	with 70 men
			Raid	Jackson	–	with Rous, Axe, Cromwell, and 1,200 men in six vessels
			Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men
		Lake Izabal	Charter	Governor	–	Spanish fort built
		Truxillo	Raid	–	–	1,600 English or Dutch men in sixteen ships
		Guanaxa	Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men
		Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men
		Bacalar	Raid	Abraham	–	–
		Barcadares	Logging	–	–	of logwood by various Baymen
		–	Slaving	–	–	of Amerindians and Spaniards by Miskitu men with Baymen and Shoremen
		Roatan	Raid	–	–	various Spanish men against English men, Baymen, or Shoremen
		Bacalar	Raid	Abraham	–	–
		New River	Raid	–	–	of Maya hamlets by English or Dutch men
		Belize River	Cruise	–	Pérez	various English or Dutch men
		Hondo River	Raid	–	–	of Maya hamlets by English or Dutch men
		Pacha	Raid	–	–	various Englishmen or Baymen
		Truxillo	Raid	Olonnais	–	–
		Spanish Town	Smuggling	Council of Jamaica	–	resolve to force trade with Spaniards
		Madrid	Charter	Armada de Barlovento	–	reformed
					–	where other means various Spanish or Amerindian coastal settlements in the Bay of Honduras
				Olonnais	–	with Klijn
			Raid	–	–	various English, French, or Dutch men
		Madrid	Charter	Crown	–	real cédula deems logging by non-Spaniards piracy
		Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various French men
		Belize River		Sharpe	Delgado	–
			Raid	–	–	various English, French, or Dutch men
		–	Cruise	Coxon	–	captures indigo-laden Spanish merchant vessel
		–	Cruise	Castro	–	with Corso and Nicolo, against English shipping
		–	Cruise	Hamlin	–	against English shipping
		–	Cruise		–	–
		Lake Izabal	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
		Lake Izabal	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
		–	Cruise		–	with Willems, Andrieszoon, Bannister, and Bot
		Lake Izabal	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
		Ascension Bay		Graaf	–	of Maya hamlets
			Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
		–	Cruise		–	against Spanish shipping
		Amatique Bay	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
		Belize River	Raid	–	–	various Spanish men against English shipping

18th century

Timeline of 18th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.

		Place	Event	Party	Party	Notes
		Chetumal Bay	Cruise		–	with 30 men in two goletas
		Tipu	Raid	–	–	various Baymen
		Roatan	Cruise	Blackbeard	Wade	with some 180 English and 70 Afro-Caribbean men in three vessels
		Turneffe Atoll	Cruise	Blackbeard		with Bonnet, Richards, and Hands in two vessels
		–	Cruise	Vane	–	with Deal, against English shipping
		–	Cruise	Vernon	Vane	including arrest of Vane for piracy
		Belize River	Cruise	Lowther	–	with Walkers and 80 to 90 men in two vessels, against English shipping
		Belize River	Cruise	Anstis	Dursey	with Fenn in the Morning Star
		Belize River	Cruise	Barca	–	with 50 men in two periaguas
		Belize River			–	with Lewis and some 50 men, against 50 to 60 Spanish privateers in one vessel
		Guanaxa	Cruise	Spriggs		with some 40 men in the Bachelor's Delight
		–	Cruise	–	–	various Spanish privateers
		–	Cruise		Windham	with 85 men, against HMS Diamond
		–	Cruise			with Simmons, Barlow, 10 English and three or four Afro-Caribbean men in a periagua
		–	Cruise	Spriggs	–	against English shipping
		Belize River	Cruise	Díaz de la Rabia	Bridge	with 90 Spanish privateers in a frigate, against HMS Diamond
		Ascension Bay	Raid	–	–	various Baymen with some 100 Miskitu men in several small craft
		Bacalar	Charter	Governor	–	various Spanish vecinos re-settle as military post
		–	Cruise	–	Rickets	various Spanish privateers in two periaguas
		–	Cruise	–	–	various Spanish privateers
		Bacalar	Charter	Governor	–	Spanish fort built
		Caballos	Raid	–	–	various English, French, or Dutch men
		–	Cruise	–	–	various Spanish privateers
		–	–	–	–	–

19th century

Notes and references

References

News

1. anon.. 29 July 1718. LONDON, July 29. subscription. St. James's Evening Post. London. Printed for T. Warner, at the Black-Boy in Pater-Noster-Row. 496. 2. .
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3. anon.. 3 July 1722b. London, July 3. subscription. Evening Post. London. Printed by E. Berington in Silver-street Bloomsbury, and Sold by E. Murphey near Stationers-Hall. 2017. 1–2.
4. anon.. 7 July 1722c. The following Account is taken from the Bozton Gazettee of May 7, viz. .... subscription. Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. London. Printed and Sold by J. Read, in White-Fryers near Fleet-Street. 4.
5. anon.. 16 May 1723a. Rhode Island, May 9th. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1007. 4.
6. anon.. 27 June 1723b. Boston, May 6. subscription. Daily Post. London. Printed by H. Meere in the Old Baily near Ludgate. 1169. 1.
7. anon.. 27 July 1723c. There is Advice from Rhode Island, dated May the 9th, that Captain Edward Lloyd .... subscription. Weekly Journal or Saturday's Post. London. Printed by N. Mist, in Great-Carter-Lane. 248. 9.
8. anon.. 31 August 1723d. New York, June 10. subscription. British Journal. London. Printed for T. Warner, at the Black Boy in Pater-Noster-Row. 50. 3.
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19. anon.. 29 April 1725c. New-Port, April 22. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1109. 2.
20. anon.. 8 May 1725d. LONDON, May 8. subscription. Mist's Weekly Journal. London. Printed by N. Mist, in Great-Carter-Lane. 2. 2.
21. anon.. 13 May 1725e. Paris, Sept. 30. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1111. 1–2.
22. anon.. 21 October 1725f. Extract of a Letter from Jamaica, to a Merchant in London, dated May 21st. 1725. subscription. American Weekly Mercury. Philadelphia. Printed and Sold by Andrew Bradford, at the Bible in the Second Street; and also by William Bradford in New-York. 305. 3.
23. anon.. 27 November 1727. London, October 18. 1727. subscription. Boston Gazette. Boston, MA. Printed by B. Green, jun. for Henry Marshall Post-Master, and Sold at the Post Office, in Cornhill. 418. 4.
24. anon.. 16 January 1729a. LONDON, January 16. subscription. Daily Journal. London. Printed by J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleetstreet. 2504. 1.
25. anon.. 8 May 1729b. Boston in New England, March 20. subscription. Daily Journal. London. Printed by J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleetstreet. 2600. 1.
26. anon.. 13 August 1730. Philadelphia in Pensilvania, June 18. subscription. Daily Journal. London. Printed by J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleetstreet. 2996. 2.
27. anon.. 3 May 1731a. LONDON. subscription. Daily Journal. London. Printed by J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleetstreet. 3221. 1.
28. anon.. 12 May 1731b. LONDON. subscription. Daily Journal. London. Printed by J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleetstreet. 3229. 1.
29. anon.. 26 July 1731c. New-York, July 22. subscription. New-England Weekly Journal. Boston, MA. Printed by S. Kneeland & T. Green, at the Printing-House in Queen Street. 227. 2.
30. anon.. 29 July 1731d. New York, July 12. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1435. 2.
31. anon.. 24 September 1731e. LONDON. subscription. Daily Journal. London. Printed by J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleetstreet. 3345. 3.
32. anon.. 23 October 1731f. LONDON, October 23. subscription. Country Journal or the Craftsman. London. By Caleb D'Anvers, of Gray's-Inn. 277. 2.
33. anon.. 6 November 1731g. LONDON. subscription. London Evening Post. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. 614. 1.
34. anon.. 24 February 1732a. Boston, Feb. 24. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1465. 2.
35. anon.. 22 July 1732b. LONDON. subscription. Universal Spectator and Weekly Journal. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old Baily near Ludgate; and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. 198. 2–3.
36. anon.. 3 October 1732c. LONDON. subscription. Daily Journal. London. Printed by J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleetstreet. 3666. 2.
37. anon.. 27 May 1732d. Extract of a Letter from Campeche in the Province of Yucatan, dated Nov. 24. subscription. Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. London. Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. 375. 3.
38. anon.. 1733a. Boston in New-England, April 16. Bee or Universal Weekly Pamphlet. London. Printed for M. Harris, at the Sign of the Bee-Hive, in High-Holborn. 2. 21. 902.
39. anon.. 16 April 1733b. Boston, April 16. subscription. Weekly Rehearsal. Boston, MA. Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart & Crown in Cornhill. 81. 1–2.
40. anon.. 23 May 1733c. LONDON, May 23. subscription. Parker's Penny Post. London. Printed by George Parker, at the Star in Salisbury-Court Fleet. 1262. 2–3.
41. anon.. 6 August 1733d. LONDON, August the 6th.. subscription. Parker's Penny Post. London. Printed by George Parker, at the Star in Salisbury-Court Fleet. 1294. 2–3.
42. anon.. 8 August 1733e. LONDON, August the 8th. subscription. Parker's Penny Post. London. Printed by George Parker, at the Star in Salisbury-Court Fleet. 1295. 2–3.
43. anon.. 24 February 1734a. Newport, Jan. 1734-5. subscription. New-York Weekly Journal. New York. Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. 68. 4.
44. anon.. 11 November 1734b. BOSTON, October 14. subscription. New-York Weekly Journal. New York. Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. 54. 3.
45. anon.. 18 January 1735a. LONDON, January 18. subscription. General Evening Post. London. Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. 203. 1–2.
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48. anon.. 22 December 1735d. Boston, December 15. subscription. New-York Weekly Journal. New York. Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. 111. 3.
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51. anon.. 10 March 1737b. London, November 22. subscription. Virginia Gazette. Williamsburg, VA. Printed by W. Parks. 84. 3–4.
52. anon.. 10 March 1737c. Williamsburg, March 10. subscription. Virginia Gazette. Williamsburg, VA. Printed by W. Parks. 84. 4.
53. anon.. 26 September 1737d. Boston, September 12. subscription. New-York Weekly Journal. New York. Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. 203. 3.
54. anon.. 10 October 1737e. Boston, August 29. subscription. New-York Weekly Journal. New York. Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. 205. 2.
55. anon.. 16 February 1738a. Charlstown, South-Carolina, Nov. 17. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1769. 2.
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57. anon.. 17 June 1738c. NEW ENGLAND. Boston, May 8. subscription. Daily Gazetteer. London. Printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe in Pater-noster-Row. 922. 1.
58. anon.. 21 October 1738d. From the New England Weekly Journal, dated Aug. 29. New York, Aug. 21. subscription. Daily Gazetteer. London. Printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe in Pater-noster-Row. 1030. 1.
59. anon.. 16 April 1739a. BOSTON. March 12. subscription. New-York Weekly Journal. New York. Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. 279. 3.
60. anon.. 17 May 1739b. Newport, Rhode-Island, May 11. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1834. 2.
61. anon.. 24 May 1739c. Charles-Town South-Carolina, March 6. subscription. American Weekly Mercury. Philadelphia, PA. Printed and Sold by Andrew Bradford, at the Sign of the Bible in Front-street. 1012. 2.
62. anon.. 23 June 1739d. LONDON. subscription. Universal Spectator and Weekly Journal. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old Baily near Ludgate; and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. 559. 3.
63. anon.. 17 July 1739e. LONDON, July 17. subscription. General Evening Post. London. Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. 906. 2.
64. anon.. 22 September 1739f. Newport, Rhode-Island, May 11. subscription. Virginia Gazette. Williamsburg, VA. Printed by W. Parks. 151. 2.
65. anon.. 22 November 1739g. LONDON, November 22. subscription. General Evening Post. London. Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. 961. 2.
66. anon.. 24 November 1739h. LONDON, November 24, 1739. subscription. Old Common Sense or the Englishman's Journal. Printed by J. Purser in White-Fryars, near Fleet-Street. 147. 287.
67. anon.. 8 December 1739i. LONDON, December 8. subscription. General Evening Post. London. Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. 968. 2.
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69. anon.. 29 May 1740b. LONDON, May 29. subscription. General Evening Post. London. Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. 1042. 2.
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71. anon.. 14 August 1740d. Boston. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1899. 2.
72. anon.. 29 September 1740e. New-York. subscription. New-York Weekly Journal. New York. Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. 356. 3.
73. anon.. 2 October 1740f. Rhode-Island, Sept. 26. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1906. 2.
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75. anon.. 19 March 1741a. NEW-YORK, February 23d. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 1930. 1.
76. anon.. 15 June 1741b. Boston. subscription. Boston Evening-Post. Boston, MA. Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. 306. 1.
77. anon.. 16 October 1741c. America. Boston, July 20. subscription. Daily Gazetteer. London. Printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe in Pater-noster-Row. 1975. 3.
78. anon.. 12 April 1742a. Boston. subscription. Boston Evening-Post. Boston, MA. Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. 349. 1–2.
79. anon.. 29 April 1742b. Charles-Town, South-Carolina, March 27. subscription. American Weekly Mercury. Philadelphia. Printed and Sold by Andrew Bradford, at the Bible in the Second Street; and also by William Bradford in New-York. 1165. 3.
80. anon.. 2 July 1742c. Ships taken by the Britons. subscription. Scots Magazine. Edinburgh. Printed by Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran. 4. 338. 2027/hvd.32044092547249.
81. anon.. 4 October 1742d. Newport, October 1. subscription. Boston Post-Boy. Boston, MA. Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. 407. 2.
82. anon.. 26 April 1744a. Boston. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 2091. 2.
83. anon.. 3 July 1744b. PLANTATION NEWS. Boston, April 30. subscription. London Evening Post. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. 2598. 7.
84. anon.. 13 March 1746a. LONDON. subscription. St. James's Evening Post. London. Printed for T. Warner, at the Black-Boy in Pater-Noster-Row. 5639. 3.
85. anon.. 29 May 1746b. LONDON. subscription. General London Evening Mercury. London. Printed for A. McCulloh, at the Lamb and Bible, near Devreux-Court, without Temple-Bar. 482. 3.
86. anon.. 31 May 1746c. We have Advice that Capt. Small, of New England, from Honduras, .... subscription. National Journal or Country Gazette. London. Printed for J. Purser in Red-Lyon Court, Fleetstreet. 31. 61.
87. anon.. 13 August 1747. LONDON, August 13. subscription. General Evening Post. London. Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. 2159. 2.
88. anon.. 10 March 1748a. Last Tuesday Night arrived here a small Scooner from the Bay .... subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 2395. 4.
89. anon.. 5 November 1748b. A Brigantine from Boston, Dupree Master, is taken .... subscription. General Advertiser. London. Printed by W. Egelsham, at Mr. Woodfall's, the Corner of Ivy-Lane, Pater-noster-Row. 4378. 1.
90. anon.. 16 July 1750a. New-York. subscription. New-York Evening Post. New York. Printed by Henry De Foreest, in Wall-Street. 269. 3.
91. anon.. 23 July 1750b. New-York, July 16. subscription. Boston Evening-Post. Boston, MA. Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. 780. 1.
92. anon.. 3 August 1750c. According to advices from MADRID, one of the motives .... subscription. Scots Magazine. Edinburgh. Printed by Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran. 12. 391. 2027/hvd.32044092547116.
93. anon.. 22 September 1750d. PLANTATION NEWS. New York, July 16. subscription. Whitehall Evening Post or London Intelligencer. London. Sold by C. Corbett, opposite St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-Street. 720. 1.
94. anon.. 22 October 1750e. New-York, October 15. subscription. Boston Evening-Post. Boston, MA. Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. 793. 4.
95. anon.. 2 March 1752a. Boston. subscription. Boston Evening-Post. Boston, MA. Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. 863. 1.
96. anon.. 9 March 1752b. Charles-Town, in South-Carolina, February 22. subscription. New-York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy. New York. Printed by James Parker, at the New Printing Office in Beaver-Street. 477. 2.
97. anon.. 10 August 1752c. New York, Aug. 3. subscription. Boston Evening-Post. Boston, MA. Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. 886. 1.
98. anon.. 18 August 1752d. LONDON, August 20. subscription. Harrop's Manchester Mercury. Manchester. Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. 25. 99.
99. anon.. 27 August 1752e. CANTERBURY PACES. subscription. London Evening Post. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. 3878. 1.
100. anon.. 1 September 1752f. LONDON, August 27. subscription. Harrop's Manchester Mercury. Manchester. Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. 27. 103.
101. anon.. 25 September 1752g. New-York September 18. subscription. Boston Post-Boy. Boston, MA. Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. 925. 1.
102. anon.. 27 September 1752h. LONDON. subscription. London Daily Advertiser. London. Printed for J. Dixwell, at J. Moore's, in Bartholomew-Lane; and sold at the Dunciad in St. Paul's Church yard. 483. 2.
103. anon.. 2 October 1752i. Newport, Rhode-Island, Sept. 28. subscription. Boston Post-Boy. Boston, MA. Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. 926. 2.
104. anon.. 10 October 1752j. PLANTATION NEWS. Rhode-Island, July 24. subscription. Harrop's Manchester Mercury. Manchester. Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. 31. 119.
105. anon.. 27 November 1752k. Copy of a Letter from Capt. M'Namara, of the Friendship, Arrived at Falmouth, from the Bay of Honduras, Dated Sept. 22. subscription. New-York Mercury. New York. Printed by Hugh Gaine, at the Printing-Office on Hunter's-Key, next Door to Mr. Walton's Storehouse. 16. 2.
106. anon.. 27 November 1752l. New-York, November 20. subscription. Boston Post-Boy. Boston, MA. Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. 934. 2.
107. anon.. 10 August 1752m. New York, Aug. 3. subscription. Boston Evening-Post. Boston, MA. Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. 886. 1.
108. anon.. 2 October 1752n. Newport, Rhode-Island, Sept. 28. subscription. Boston Post-Boy. Boston, MA. Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. 926. 2.
109. anon.. 6 January 1753a. PLANTATION NEWS. ... Boston, Nov. 6. subscription. Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. London. Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. 1478. 1.
110. anon.. 20 January 1753b. LONDON. subscription. Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. London. Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. 1480. 3–4.
111. anon.. 30 January 1753c. LONDON, January 27. subscription. Harrop's Manchester Mercury. Manchester. Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. 47. 182.
112. anon.. 13 February 1753d. NEW-YORK, February 5. subscription. Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia. Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. 1260. 2.
113. anon.. 24 February 1753e. LONDON. subscription. Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. London. Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. 1485. 2–3.
114. anon.. 6 March 1753f. New-York, February 19. subscription. Boston Gazette. Boston, MA. Printed by B. Green, jun. for Henry Marshall Post-Master, and Sold at the Post Office, in Cornhill. 10. 2.
115. anon.. 13 March 1753g. LONDON, March 6. subscription. Harrop's Manchester Mercury. Manchester. Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. 53. 202.
116. anon.. 20 March 1753h. New-York, March 12. subscription. Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia. Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. 1265. 2.
117. anon.. 12 April 1753i. NEW-YORK, April 9. subscription. Pennsylvania Journal or Weekly Advertiser. Philadelphia. Printed and Sold by William Bradford, at the Sign of the Bible the Corner of Black Horse Alley, in Second-Street. 540. 3.
118. anon.. 26 April 1753j. LONDON. subscription. London Evening Post. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. 3978. 4.
119. anon.. 11 June 1753k. Captain Ramsey in 32 Days from the Bay of Honduras, informs us, .... subscription. New-York Mercury. New York. Printed by Hugh Gaine, at the Printing-Office on Hunter's-Key, next Door to Mr. Walton's Storehouse. 44. 3.
120. anon.. 6 August 1753l. New-York, July 30. subscription. Boston Post-Boy. Boston, MA. Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. 970. 1.
121. anon.. 20 August 1753m. LONDON. subscription. Public Advertiser. London. Printed and Sold by W. Egelsham the Corner of Ivy-Lane, Pater-noster-Row. 5869. 1.
122. anon.. 11 September 1753n. Advices from New-York of the 30th of July say, .... subscription. London Evening Post. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. 4030. 5.
123. anon.. 20 September 1753o. New-York, September 17. subscription. Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia. Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. 1291. 3.
124. anon.. 8 November 1753p. New-York, November 5. subscription. Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia. Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. 1298. 2.
125. anon.. 4 March 1754a. Last Week Captain Edward Morris arrived here from Rhode-Island, .... subscription. New-York Mercury. New York. Printed by Hugh Gaine, at the Printing-Office on Hunter's-Key, next Door to Mr. Walton's Storehouse. 82. 3.
126. anon.. 11 June 1754b. NEW-YORK, June 3. subscription. Boston Gazette. Boston, MA. Printed by B. Green, jun. for Henry Marshall Post-Master, and Sold at the Post Office, in Cornhill. 76. 2.
127. anon.. 18 July 1754c. New-York, July 2. subscription. Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia. Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. 1334. 7.
128. anon.. 27 May 1756. NEW-YORK, May 17. subscription. Boston News-Letter. Boston, MA. Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. 2812. 2.
129. anon.. 26 September 1770a. LONDON. subscription. Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser. London. Printed for Charles Say, in Newgate-street. 12971. 2.
130. anon.. 8 November 1770b. LONDON. subscription. Middlesex Journal. London. Printed for J. Wheble, at No. 20, in Pater-noster Row. 250. 2.
131. anon.. 29 November 1770c. Abstract of a Letter from Jamaica. subscription. New-York Journal. New York. Printed and published by John Holt, near the Exchange. 1456. 208.
132. anon.. 22 August 1771. St. John's, in Antigua, July 27. subscription. New-York Journal. New York. Printed and published by John Holt, near the Exchange. 1494. 414.
133. anon.. 2 May 1772a. Postscript. ... LONDON. subscription. London Evening Post. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. 6915. 4.
134. anon.. 28 September 1772b. A vessel from New Providence brings advice, .... subscription. Pennsylvania Packet. Philadelphia. Printed by John Dunlap, at the Newest Printing-Office, in Market-Street. 49. 4.
135. anon.. 14 September 1773. Postscript. ... LONDON. subscription. Middlesex Journal. London. Printed for J. Wheble, at No. 20, in Pater-noster Row. 696. 4.
136. anon.. 20 April 1775. LONDON. subscription. London Evening Post. London. Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. 8279. 5.
137. anon.. 22 November 1777a. Extract of a Letter from Honduras, Dated Oct. 6. subscription. Rivington's New-York Loyal Gazette. New York. J. Rivington. 144. 3. sn83030844. 2267230.
138. anon.. 25 December 1777b. LONDON. subscription. Daily Advertiser. London. Printed for J. Fenour, at No. 33, opposite St. Dunstan's Church, in Fleet-Street. 14672. 8.
139. anon.. 7 October 1797. Arrived, ship Elizabeth, Capt. Edes, from the bay .... subscription. Spectator. New York. Published (Wednesdays and Saturdays) by George F. Hopkins, Printer of the Laws of the United States for the District of New-York. 1. 2. 3.
140. anon.. 20 March 1804. Extract of a Letter from Honduras-Received at Jamaica. subscription. Philadelphia Evening Post. Philadelphia. By William McCorkle, No. 21, Walnut-Street. 1. 26. 3.
141. anon.. 2 April 1819. A letter from the Bay of Honduras, .... subscription. Columbian. New York. By A. Spooner, No. 69 Pine-street. 10. 2770. 2.
142. anon.. 3 July 1819a. From Honduras. subscription. Newport Mercury. Newport, RI. Printed and published by Wm. & J. H. Barber, Opposite the Brick-Market. 58. 2986. 3.
143. anon.. 28 July 1819b. Yesterday arrived at this post the U.S. brig Enterprize, .... subscription. Columbian. New York. By A. Spooner, No. 69 Pine-street. 10. 2866. 2.
144. anon.. 15 May 1824. Extract of a letter dated Belize, Honduras, 7th April, 1824. subscription. Jamaica Journal. Kingston, Jam.. 2. 5. 55.
145. anon.. 4 July 1859. Our Honduras Correspondence. subscription. New York Herald. New York. Morning. 24. 184. 5.
146. anon.. 1860a. Occasional Papers of the Nautical Club.--No. XII. Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicler. London. Simpkin, Marshall & Co.. 29. 597–609. 2027/nyp.33433066364856.
147. anon.. 18 August 1860b. INTERESTING FROM CENTRAL AMERICA. subscription. New York Herald. New York. Morning. 8745. 1.

Journals

1. Aliphat Fernández. Mario M.. Caso Barrera. Laura. 2013. La construcción histórica de las Tierras Bajas Mayas del Sur por medio de mapas esquemáticos. Historia Mexicana. 63. 2. 839–875.
2. Baudot. Georges. 1986. Dissidences indiennes et complicités flibustières dans le Yucatán du XVII e siècle. 10.3406/carav.1986.2260. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien. 46. sn. 21–33. 40852876.
3. Bialuschewski. Arne. 2017. Slaves of the Buccaneers: Mayas in Captivity in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century. 10.1215/00141801-3688359. Ethnohistory. 64. 1. 41–63.
4. Bialuschewski. Arne. 2020. Juan Gallardo: A Native American Buccaneer. 10.1215/00182168-8178200. Hispanic American Historical Review. 100. 2. 233–256. 218799883.
5. Botella-Ordinas. E.. 2010. DEBATING EMPIRES, INVENTING EMPIRES: British Territorial Claims Against the Spaniards in America, 1670—1714. Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. 10. 1. 142–168. 23267356.
6. Carillo y Ancona. Crescencio. 9 November 1878. El orígen de Belice. 2027/mdp.39015008360342. Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana. 3. 4. sn. 254–264.
7. De la O Torres . Rodrigo Alejandro . January–June 2016 . La presencia de corsarios franceses en el Golfo-Caribe entre 1536-1566 : una propuesta de análisis espacial . Historia 2.0: Conocimiento Histórico en Clave Digital . 2027-9035 . 6 . 11 . 36–56.
8. De la O Torres . Rodrigo Alejandro . July–December 2019 . Miedos y fenómeno de la piratería en el Golfo-Caribe durante el siglo XVI. Un ensayo de aproximación . Historelo revista de historia regional y local . 2145-132X . 10.15446/historelo.v11n22.73263 . 11 . 2 . 267–300. 198778698 . free .
9. Harlow. Vincent T.. 1924. The voyages of Captain William Jackson, 1642-5. Camden. Third Series. 10.1017/S2042171000006920. 34. sn. 1–39.
10. Hussey. Roland D.. 1929. Spanish Reaction to Foreign Aggression in the Caribbean to about 1680. Hispanic American Historical Review. 9. 3. 286–302. 10.2307/2506623. 2506623.
11. Joseph. Gilbert M.. 1980. John Coxxx and the Role of Buccaneering in the Settlement of the Yucatan Colonial Frontier. 10.1179/tin.1980.12.1.65. Terrae Incognitae. 12. 1. 65–84. 5525852552.
12. Lang. M. F.. 1994. The Armada de Barlovento, fleet despatch and transport of Mercury to Mexico, 1637-1738. Revista de Indias. 54. 202. 575–591. 10.3989/revindias.1994.i202.1120. 773517874. . subscription. free.
13. Meléndez Chaverri. Carlos. 1977. Ciudades fundadas en la América Central en el siglo XVI (sinópsis alfabética). Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos. 3. 1. 57–80.
14. Obando Andrade. Rafael. 2016. Zambos y negros de La Taguzgalpa: actores claves en el contrabando centroamericano. 1642-1715. Revista cuadernos del Caribe. 13. 21. 7–20.
15. Offen. Karl H.. April 2011. Puritan Bioprospecting in Central America and the West Indies. Itinerario. 35. 1. 15–47. 10.1017/S0165115311000040. 13 November 2024. 164165627. 776016944.
16. Offen. Karl H.. 2015. Mapping Amerindian Captivity in Colonial Mosquitia. subscription. Journal of Latin American Geography. 14. 3. 35–65. 10.1353/lag.2015.0042. 146266532. 7979658371.
17. Reichert. Rafal. El Caribe centroamericano en la estrategia defensivomilitar de la Casa de los Austrias, siglos XVI y XVII. Caribbean Studies. 2016. 44. 1. 111–140. 10.1353/crb.2016.0004. 201774040. subscription.
18. Reichert. Rafal. El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII. Tzintzun. January–June 2017. 65. sn. 9–40.
19. Reichert. Rafal. Corsarios españoles en el Golfo de Honduras, 1713-1763. Estudios de Cultura Maya. March–June 2018. 51. sn. 151–174. 10.19130/iifl.ecm.2018.51.884. free.
20. Stemp. W. James. Awe. Jaime J.. Helmke. Christophe G. B.. A Possible Paleoindian/Early Archaic Point from Ladyville, Belize, Central America. PaleoAmerica. 7 April 2016. 2. 1. 70–73. 10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000009. 130966757.
21. Zahedieh. Nuala. Nuala Zahedieh. 1986. Trade, Plunder, and Economic Development in Early English Jamaica, 1655-89. 2596150. Economic History Review. 39. 2. 205–222. 10.2307/2596150.
22. Zahedieh. Nuala. Nuala Zahedieh. 1990. A Frugal, Prudential and Hopeful Trade'. Privateering in Jamaica, 1655–89. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 18. 2. 145–168. 10.1080/03086539008582813. 5652203548.
23. Zamora Castellanos. P.. 1941. Monografías departamentales : Izabal: Extracto de un estudio, por el socio, General e Ingeniero Pedro Zamora Castellanos. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia. 17. 3. 168–187.

Theses

1. Anderson. Jennifer L.. 2007. Nature's Currency: The Atlantic Mahogany Trade, 1720–1830. PhD. New York University. New York. . subscription.
2. Breuer. Kimberley Henke. 1993. Colonies of happenstance: The english settlements in central america, 1525-1787. MA. University of Texas. Arlington, TX. 35313362. . subscription.
3. De la O Torres . Rodrigo Alejandro . DE CORSARIOS, MARES Y COSTAS: EL CORSO EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL ESPACIO GOLFO-CARIBE. 1527-1620 . November 2014 . PhD . Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social . Mérida, Yuc. .
4. Finamore. Daniel. 1994. Sailors and slaves on the wood-cutting frontier: archaeology of the British Bay settlement, Belize. PhD. University of Boston. Boston, MA. 33382653. . subscription.
5. Genkins. Daniel. 10 August 2018. Entangled Empires: Anglo-Spanish Competition in the Seventeenth-Century Caribbean. PhD. Vanderbilt University. Nashville, TN. 1103506045.
6. McJunkin. David Morgan. 1991. Logwood: An inquiry into the historical biogeography of Haematoxylum campechianum L. and related dyewoods of the neotropics. PhD. University of California. Los Angeles. 24057056. . subscription.
7. Mihok . Lorena Diane . Unearthing Augusta: Landscapes of Royalization on Roatan Island, Honduras . 2013 . PhD . University of South Florida . Tampa, Fl. .
8. Vazquez Barke. Gabriela. August 2012. MA. BACALAR EN EL SIGLO XVII: colonización y resistencia. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Merida, Yuc..
9. Vazquez Barke. Gabriela. 2016. PhD. Los poderes y los hombres. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Merida, Yuc..
10. Zackrison. James L.. 1985. The Castillo de San Fernando de Omoa: The History of a Fiasco. MA. Loma Linda University. Loma Linda, CA.

Print

1. Book: anon. . The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1829 ...: Calculated to the meridian of Belize. 1829. Published by Authority of the Legislative Assembly. Belize. 1st. 2027/nnc1.cu56617763. 682190774.
2. Book: Adams. Richard E. W.. Macleod. Murdo J.. Mesoamerica. The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas. 2. 1st. Cambridge University Press. 1998. Cambridge. 0521652057. subscription.
3. Book: Ancona , Eligio . Historia de Yucatan, desde la època más remota hasta nuestros dias. 1878. 2. Impr. de M. Heredia Argüelles. Merida, Yuc.. 1st.
4. Book: Andrews. Kenneth R.. English privateering voyages to the West Indies, 1588-1595: documents relating to English voyages to the West Indies from the defeat of the armada to the last voyage of Sir Francis Drake. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society. Ser. 2. No. 111. 1st. Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press. 1959. Cambridge. 2027/mdp.39015026881832. 504851.
5. Web site: Arranz Márquez. Luis. Pedro de Ledesma. Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. 3 August 2021. 2018.
6. Book: Asturias. Francisco. Belice. 1925. Sociedad de Geografía é Historia de Guatemala. Guatemala. 1st. 2027/txu.059173022907279.
7. Book: Bancroft , Hubert Howe . The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. 7. 1883. A. L. Bancroft & Co.. San Francisco. 1st.
8. Book: Bancroft , Hubert Howe . The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. 7. 1886. The History Co.. San Francisco. Reprint of 1st. subscription.
9. Book: Burdon , John Alder . Archives of British Honduras. 1. 1931. Sifton, Praed & Co.. London. 1st. 3046003.
10. Book: Burdon , John Alder . Archives of British Honduras. 2. 1934. Sifton, Praed & Co.. London. 1st. 3046003.
11. Book: Burdon , John Alder . Archives of British Honduras. 3. 1935. Sifton, Praed & Co.. London. 1st. 3046003.
12. Book: Calderón Quijano , José Antonio . Belice 1663 (?)-1821. 1944. Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos. Seville. 1st. 2481064. Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de la Universidad de Sevilla. 5.
13. Book: Cárdenas Valencia , Francisco de . Relación historial eclesiástica de la provincia de Yucatán de la Nueva España, escrita el año de 1639. 1937. Antigua Librería Robredo, J. Porrúa e Hijos. Mexico City. 1st. Biblioteca histórica mexicana de obras inéditas. 3. 4660610.
14. Book: Cardona Amaya. José Manuel. Invasiones de corsarios a la Honduras de Felipe IV (1633-1643). 2020. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. Tegucigalpa. 1st. 9789992612620.
15. Book: Chamberlain. Robert Stoner. The conquest and colonization of Yucatan, 1517–1550. 1948. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Washington, DC. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. 582. 2027/txu.059173008409431. 1st.
16. Book: Chamberlain. Robert Stoner. The conquest and colonization of Honduras, 1502–1550. 1966. First published 1953 as Carnegie Publication 598. Octagon Books. New York. 2027/txu.059173002179226. Reprint of 1st.
17. Book: Cockburn , John . A journey over land, from the Gulf of Honduras to the great South-Sea. Performed by John Cockburn, and five other Englishmen, viz. Thomas Rounce, Richard Banister, John Holland, Thomas Robinson, and John Ballman; Who were taken by a Spanish Guarda-Costa, in the John and Jane, Edward Burt Master, and set on Shoar at a Place called Forto-Cavalo, naked and wounded, as mentioned in several News-Papers of October, 1731. Containing, Variety of extraordinary Distresses and Adventures, and some New and Useful Discoveries of the Inland of those almost unknown Parts of America: As also, An exact Account of the Manners, Customs, and Behaviour of the several Indians inhabiting a Tract of Land of 2400 Miles; particularly of their Dispositions towards the Spaniards and English. To which is added, a curious piece, written in the reign of King James I. and never before printed, intitled, A brief discoverye of some things best worth noteinge in the travells of Nicholas Withington, a Factor in the East-Indiase. 1735. Printed for C. Rivington, at the Bible and Crown in St. Paul's Church yard. London. 1st. 642287768. subscription.
18. Book: Crawford. Michael J.. Naval Documents of the American Revolution. 1996. Naval History Center of the Department of the Navy. Washington, DC. 10. 1st.
19. Book: Dampier. William. Voyages and descriptions, in three parts : to which is added a general index to both volumes. 1700. First published 1699. 2. Printed for James Knapton, at the Crown in St Paul's Church-yard. subscription. 2nd. .
20. Book: De la O Torres . Rodrigo Alejandro . DE CORSARIOS, MARES Y COSTAS : El corso en la construcción del espacio y experiencias marítimas en el Golfo-Caribe, 1527-1620 . 2020 . Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes . Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes . 1st . 1280054563.
21. Book: Fernández Duro. Cesário. Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León. 1899. 5. Est. tipográfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra". Madrid. 1st. 4413652.
22. Book: Figueroa . Alejandro J. . Johnson . Erlend . Goodwin . Whitney A. . Southeastern Mesoamerica : indigenous interaction, resilience, and change . 2021 . University Press of Colorado . Louisville, Colorado . 1st . subscription . 1226797442.
23. Book: Fortescue. J. W.. Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies. 1899. 12. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. London. 1st.
24. Book: Fuentes y Guzmán , F. A. . Recordación florida: discurso historial y demostración natural, material, militar y política del reyno de Guatemala. 2. Biblioteca "Goathemala" de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala Vol. 7. 1933. Tipografía nacional. 1st. 3576677.
25. Web site: García Bernal. Manuela Cristina. 2018. Francisco de Montejo. Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. 10 August 2021.
26. Book: García Paláez. Francisco de Paula. Memorias para la historia del antiguo reyno de Guatemala. 1852. 2. Establecimiento tip. de L. Luna. Guatemala City. 1st. .
27. Book: Gerhard , Peter . The Southeast Frontier of New Spain. 1979. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. 1st. 4529742.
28. Book: Gibbs , Archibald R. . British Honduras: an historical and descriptive account of the colony from its settlement, 1670. 1883. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. London. 1st.
29. Book: González Díaz. Falia. Lázaro de la Escosura. Pilar. Mare clausum mare liberum : la pirateria en la América española. 2009. Ministerio de Cultura. Madrid. 1st. 609110024.
30. Web site: González Ochoa. José María. Alonso González Dávila. Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. 10 August 2021. 2018.
31. Book: Goslinga. Cornelis Christiaan. The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast 1580-1680. 1971. van Gorcum. Assen. 1st. Anjerpublikaties. 12. 186239.
32. Book: Graham. Elizabeth A.. Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. 2011. University Press of Florida. Gainesville, FL. 9780813040721. 751694131. 1st. Maya Studies. subscription.
33. Book: Green. Mary Anne Everett. Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1619-23. 1858. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. London. 1st.
34. Book: Green. Mary Anne Everett. Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2. 1861. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. London. 1st.
35. Book: Hakluyt. Richard. 1600. George Bishop, Ralfe Newberie, & Robert Barker. London. The principal nauigations, voiages, traffiques and discoueries of the English nation made by sea or ouer-land, to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth, at any time within the compasse of these 1500. yeeres: deuided into three seuerall volumes, according to the positions of the regions, whereunto they were directed. III. ProQuest Doc. No. 2248550788. 252871354. 2nd expanded. subscription.
36. Book: Haring , Clarence Henry . Buccaneers in the West Indies in the Seventeenth Century. 1910. Methuen & Co.. London. 1st.
37. Book: Huerga. Álvaro. Cartas de los gobernadores. 1. 2010. Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia : Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y del Caribe : Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1st. 700460564.
38. Book: Jameson. John Franklin. Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents. Library of American Civilization. 1923. Macmillan. New York. 1st. 2778131.
39. Book: Johnson. Charles. A general history of the robberies and murders of the most notorious pyrates, and also their policies, discipline and government, from their first rise and settlement in the island of Providence, in 1717, to the present Year 1724. 1st. Printed for Ch. Rivington at the Dille and Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard, J. Lacy at the Shop near the Temple-Gate, and J. Stone next the Crown Coffee-House the back of Greys-Inn. 1724a. London. subscription.
40. Book: Johnson. Charles. A general history of the pyrates, from their first rise and settlement in the island of Providence, to the present Time. 2nd expanded. Printed for, and sold by T. Warner, at the Black-Boy in Pater-Noster-Row. 1724b. London.
41. Book: Jones. Grant D.. Maya resistance to Spanish rule: time and history on a colonial frontier. 1989. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, NM. 082631161X. 20012099. 1st.
42. Book: Jones. Grant D.. Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. 1998. Stanford University Press. Stanford, CA. 38747674. 1st. 2027/heb.03515 .
43. Book: Juarres , D. . Compendio de la historia de la ciudad de Guatemala. 2. 1818. Por D. Ignacio Beteta. Guatemala City. 1st.
44. Book: Kupperman. Karen Ordahl. Providence Island, 1630-1641. 1993. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2027/heb.00270. 1st. 958556236. 0521352053.
45. Book: Laet , Joannes de . Duarte Pereira. Jose Hygino. Souto Maior. Pedro. Historie ofte iaerlijck verhael van de verrichtinghen der geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie, zedert haer begin, tot het eynde van 't jaer sesthien-hondert ses-en-dertich; begrepen in derthien boecken, ende met verscheyden koperen platen verciert. Historia ou annaes dos feitos da Companhia privilegiada das Indias occidentaes desde o seu começo até ao fim do anno de 1636. 1916. First published 1644 by Bonaventure & Abraham Elsevier in Leiden. Officinas Graphicas da Bibliotheca Nacional. Rio de Janeiro. 2027/coo.31924020373316. 1.
46. Book: Laet , Joannes de . Duarte Pereira. Jose Hygino. Souto Maior. Pedro. Historie ofte iaerlijck verhael van de verrichtinghen der geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie, zedert haer begin, tot het eynde van 't jaer sesthien-hondert ses-en-dertich; begrepen in derthien boecken, ende met verscheyden koperen platen verciert. Historia ou annaes dos feitos da Companhia privilegiada das Indias occidentaes desde o seu começo até ao fim do anno de 1636. 1925. First published 1644 by Bonaventure & Abraham Elsevier in Leiden. Officinas Graphicas da Bibliotheca Nacional. Rio de Janeiro. 2027/njp.32101068325834. 2.
47. Book: Laet , Joannes de . Naber. S. P. l'Honoré. Historie ofte iaerlijck verhael van de verrichtinghen der geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie, zedert haer begin, tot het eynde van 't jaer sesthien-hondert ses-en-dertich; begrepen in derthien boecken, ende met verscheyden koperen platen verciert. 1937. First published 1644 by Bonaventure & Abraham Elsevier in Leiden. Mart. Nijhoff. Hague. 4.
48. Book: Latimer. Jon. Buccaneers of the Caribbean. 1st. Harvard University Press. 2009. Cambridge, MA. 10.4159/9780674054172. 9780674054172.
49. Book: Levy. Pablo. Notas geográficas y económicas sobre la República de Nicaragua. Translation of 1st. E. Denné Schmitz. 1873. First published 1871 in French. Paris. 2309283.
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52. Book: Luján Muñoz. Jorge. Historia general de Guatemala. 2005a. First published 1995. 3. Asociación de Amigos del País & Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarollo. Guatemala City. Reprint of 1st. 499047798.
53. Book: MacLeod. Murdo J.. Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520–1720. 1973. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. Campus. 119. 1st. 762163. 0520021371. subscription .
54. 10.1093/ref:odnb/21344. Parker, William. 23 September 2004. Makepeace. Margaret.
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56. Book: Marley. David F.. Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present. 2008b. First published 1998. 2. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara, CA. 2nd expanded. 180907562.
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58. Book: Marley. David F.. Pirates of the Americas. 2010b. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara, CA. 2. 1st. 681548480.
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64. 10.1093/ref:odnb/25423. Sherley [Shirley], Anthony [known as Sir Anthony Sherley], Count Sherley in the nobility of the Holy Roman empire. 23 September 2004. Raiswell. Richard.
65. Book: Raithby. John. Statutes of the Realm. 1819a. 4. subscription.
66. Book: Raithby. John. Statutes of the Realm. 1819b. 5. Great Britain Record Commission.
67. 10.1093/ref:odnb/20032. Newport, Christopher. 23 September 2004. Ransome. David R..
68. Book: Rodríguez del Valle. Mariana. El Castillo de San Felipe del Golfo Dulce: historia de las fortificaciones de Guatemala en la edad moderna. 1960. Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de la Universidad de Sevilla. 136. Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos. Sevilla. 1st. 33173663.
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72. Book: Sainsbury. W. Noel. Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies. 1889. 7. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. London. 1st.
73. Book: Sainsbury. W. Noel. Fortescue. J. W.. Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies. 1896. 10. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. London. 1st.
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75. Book: Sloane. H.. A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, with the natural history of the Herbs and Trees, Four-Footed Beasts, Fishes, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands; to which is prefix'd an introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, air, waters, diseases, trade, &c. of that Place, with some Relations concerning the Neighbouring Continent, and Islands of America. Illustrated with the figures of the things describ'd, which have not been heretofore engraved; In large Copper-Plates as big as the Life.. 1707. 1. Printed by B.M. for the author. London. subscription. 1st.
76. Book: Sloane. H.. A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, with the natural history of the Herbs and Trees, Four-Footed Beasts, Fishes, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands; to which is prefix'd an introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, air, waters, diseases, trade, &c. of that Place, with some Relations concerning the Neighbouring Continent, and Islands of America. Illustrated with the figures of the things describ'd, which have not been heretofore engraved; In large Copper-Plates as big as the Life.. 1725. 2. Printed by B.M. for the author. London. subscription. 1st.
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82. Book: Wright . Irene A. . Further English voyages to Spanish America, 1583-1594 : documents from the Archives of the Indies at Seville illustrating English voyages to the Caribbean, the Spanish Main, Florida, and Virginia . 1951 . Works issued by the Hakluyt Society ; 2nd ser., no. 99 . Printed for the Hakluyt Society . London . 1st . 2027/mdp.39015026881790 . 1476734.
83. Book: Wright. Irene A.. Dam. Cornelis F. A. van. Nederlandsche zeevaarders op de eilanden in de Caraïbische zee en aan de kust van Columbia en Venezuela gedurende de jaren 1621-1648(9) Documenten hoofdzakelijk uit het Archivo general de Indias te Sevilla. 1935. 2. Kemink en Zoon. Utrecht. 1st.

Notes and References

1. Puerto de Caballos was abandoned in late 1524, resettled in 1525, abandoned shortly thereafter, and finally (permanently) settled sometime prior to 1544, per .
2. It has been suggested that French corsairs were seeking to advance their country's cause during the Habsburg–Valois Wars .
3. Dated 1589 by and, though dates the first Flemish arrivals to the Caribbean Sea to the latter half of the 1590s, upon the arrival of an urca captained by Abraham of Madialbur. By 1616, a Flemish urca (which attacked Spanish Jamaica), was observed repeatedly watering near the San Adres Island and Cape Gracias a Dios, suggesting this area was by then a pirate haven, per and .
4. Possibly in consort with Diego el Mulato and Cornelis Jol, per, or in consort with a French corsair, per .
5. These further abduct Pedro Rojo, Antonio Gómez, and three other vecinos of Bacalar, per .
6. This practice is thought to have lasted until, per .
7. Dated 1634 by .
8. Dated 1598 by . On 1 November 1591, a real cédula instructs the Viceroy of Guatemala to raise taxes for an armada, per .
9. Providence Island's first privateers (the Blessing, the Expectation, and the Hopewell) were despatched in May 1636, per . Their last privateers (the Swallow and the Spy) were despatched in July 1638, per .
10. Onset of resistance to Bacalar dated 1630 by .
11. This date is traditionally given for the first English settlement in present-day Belize (further see). A variety of alternative dates, however, have been proposed. These range from 1603 (by) to 1717 (by).
12. The use of logwood dyes in England was prohibited sometime during 21 March 158020 March 1581, per 23 Eliz. 1 ch. 9 (in). The prohibition was strengthened in 1597, per 39 Eliz. 1 ch. 11 (in). It was loosened on 29 February 1620, per, and finally lifted sometime during 7 January 16623 May 1662, per 14 Chas. 2 ch. 11 (in) and .
13. Surprised captains included Benjamin Edwards of Boston, Ayre of Connecticut, Hamilton of Jamaica, Christopher Atwel of England, Charles Harris of London, Henry Smith of Boston, Joseph Willis of London, and David Lindsey of Scotland, per,,,, .
14. Surprised captains included Benjamin Norton, John Medberry, Jeremiah Clark, and Benjamin Wickham, all of Rhode Island, per .