Timeline of Mashhad explained

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mashhad, Iran.

Prior to 20th century

• 330 BCE - Passage and residence of Alexander the Great during his Persian campaign.^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} Probably the first settlement in the modern city area.^{[5] [6]}
• 818 CE - Death of Ali al-Ridha (8th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam) at Sanābādh; Imam Reza shrine established.
• 970s-990s - Imam Reza Shrine demolished "in an act of fanaticism" by Ghaznavid Nāṣer-al-dawla Sübüktigin.
• 1009 - Imam Reza Shrine rebuilt.
• 1121 - Town wall built.
• 1161 - Mashhad sacked by Ghuzz Turks.
• 1389 - Nearby Tus besieged and "left a heap of ruins" by forces of Timurid Miran Shah; refugees flee to Mashhad.
• 1418 - Goharshad Mosque built.^[7]
• 1426 - Bala-yi sar madrasa built at the Imam Reza shrine.
• 1439 - Du-dar madrasa built by Shah Rukh at the Imam Reza shrine.
• 1457 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi established.
• 1501 - Twelver Shia Islam declared official state religion in Iran, a development beneficial to Mashhad as a holy city (approximate date).^[8]
• 1507 - Mashhad taken by forces of Uzbek Muhammad Shaybani.
• 1544 - Mashhad sacked by Uzbek forces.
• 1589 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Shaybanid Abd al-Mumin.
• 1598 - Mashhad taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia; Uzbeks defeated.
• 1722 - Afghan Abdalis in power.
• 1726 - Mashhad besieged by Persian forces.
• 1753 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Afghan Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• 1803 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Fath Ali Shah.
• 1849 - Mashhad taken by forces of Husam al-Saltana.
• 1876 - Palace of Abbas Mirza built.
• 1889 - British and Russian governments maintain consulates-general.

20th century

• 1912 - 29 March: Bombing of city by Russians.
• 1918
  • Mashhad municipality (administrative entity) formed.^[9]
  • Mirza Abdol-Raheem Khan Zand Kashef ol-Molk (میرزا عبدالرحیم خان زند کاشف الملک) becomes the city's first mayor.
• 1920 - Population: 70,000-80,000 (approximate estimate).^[10]
• 1925 / 1304 SH - 31 March: Solar Hijri calendar legally adopted in Iran.
• 1949 - Razavi University established.
• 1959 - Nader Shah Mausoleum erected.^[11]
• 1963 - Population: 312,186 (estimate).^[12]
• 1964 - Astan Quds Razavi Central Museum inaugurated.
• 1966 - Mashhad railway station opens.
• 1968 - (cinema) established.
• 1970 - (cinema) established.
• 1971 - (cinema) established.
• 1980 - (zoo) established.
• 1982 - Population: 1,120,000 (estimate).^[13]
• 1983 - Samen Stadium opens.
• 1995 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi new building opens.
• 1996 - Population: 1,887,405.^[14]

21st century

• 2004
  • Proma Hypermarket in business.
  • City becomes part of the newly formed Razavi Khorasan Province.
• 2011
  • Mashhad Urban Railway begins operating.
  • Siah Jamegan Aboumoslem Khorasan F.C. (football club) formed.
  • (velodrome) opens.
  • Imam Reza Stadium construction begins.
  • Population: 2,766,258.^[15]
• 2013 - 14 June: Local election held.
• 2014
  • Sowlat Mortazavi becomes mayor.
  • City becomes part of newly formed national administrative Region 5.

See also

• • • Timelines of other cities in Iran: Bandar Abbas, Hamadan, Isfahan, Kerman, Qom, Shiraz, Tabriz, Tehran, Yazd

References

This article incorporates information from the Persian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

• Book: Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the Years 1821 and 1822 . . London . Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green . 1825. (Mushed). https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofjourn00frasuoft#page/438/mode/2up.
  • Book: Lands of the Eastern Caliphate . . Cambridge University Press . 1905 . Khurasan: (Mashhad) . https://archive.org/stream/landsofeasternca00lest#page/388/mode/1up .
• Meshed . 18 . Houtum-Schindler . Albert . Albert Houtum-Schindler . 177 - 178 . 1910 . . 1.
• Book: Encyclopaedia of Islam . Brill . . etal . 1934. M. Streck .

  de:Maximilian Streck

  . Encyclopaedia of Islam . Meshhed . 467–477 . . 1993 reprint
  • Book: Historic Cities of the Islamic World . . 2007 . Koninklijke Brill . Leiden . Mashhad . 332–338. 978-9004153882 . .
• Encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Iranica. Āstān-e Qods-e Rażawī. ʿA.-Ḥ. Mawlawī, M. T. Moṣṭafawī, and E. Šakūrzāda. 2011. . (Article about the shrine)
• Encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Iranica . 2012. Bibliographies and Catalogues in Iran: Mašhad. Aḥmad Monzawī . ʿAlī Naqī Monzawī.

in other languages

• 1883-1885

External links

• Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Qatar Digital Library)
• Web site: Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran . (Mashhad) . Harvard University . Primary-source materials related to the social and cultural history of women's worlds in Qajar Iran .
• Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Europeana)
• Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)

Notes and References

1. Diodorus (17.77.5)
2. Curtius (6.6.4-5)
3. Justin (12.3.8)
4. Arrian (4.9.9)
5. http://lib.eshia.ir/71860/48/321 muhammad-bagher al-majlisi, bahaar-ol-anvaar
6. http://lib.eshia.ir/71660/2/299 feiz al-kashaani, al-vaafi
7. Web site: Massumeh Farhad . Massumeh Farhad . Mashhad . Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 9 February 2017
8. Book: John H. Lorentz . A to Z of Iran. 2010. . 978-0-8108-7638-5.
9. Web site: Mashhad Municipality Portal . 9 February 2017 .
10. Book: Statesman's Year-Book . Statesman's Year-Book . 1921 . London . Macmillan and Co.. Persia . 2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1219 . https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1219 . . Meshed .
11. Web site: City: Mashhad, Iran . . . 9 February 2017 .
12. Book: Demographic Yearbook 1965 . 1966 . . New York . Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants . 140–161 .
13. Book: 1985 Demographic Yearbook . 1987 . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office . New York . Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants . 247–289 .
14. Book: Statesman's Yearbook 2003 . 2002 . Palgrave Macmillan . UK . 978-0-333-98096-5 . Countries of the World: Iran .
15. Web site: Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants . Demographic Yearbook 2015 . 2016 . .