Timeline of Chennai explained

This is a timeline of major events in the history of Chennai.

ImageSize = width:320 height:700PlotArea = left:40 right:10 top:10 bottom:10 TimeAxis = orientation:verticalDateFormat = yyyyPeriod = from:1500 till:2014AlignBars = earlyScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:1500ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:1500 Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.7) there is no automatic collision detection, so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap Define $dx = 20 # shift text to right side of bar PlotData = bar:event width:20 color:Red shift:($dx,-4) from:1500 till:1600 color:blue from:1600 till:1700 color:red from:1700 till:1800 color:orange from:1800 till:1900 color:yellow from:1900 till:2000 color:green from:2000 till:2014 color:pink mark:(line,white) at:1996 text:"1996 City of Madras renamed as Chennai" at:1969 text:"1969 First World Tamil Congress held" at:1947 text:"1947 Madras chosen as capital of the Madras state" shift:($dx,5) at:1943 text:"1943 Japanese fighter plane drops bombs on the city" at:1931 text:"1931 Suburban electric train services begin" shift:($dx,-2) at:1925 text:"1925 Bus transport begins" shift:($dx,-7) at:1917 text:"1917 First aeroplane flies" shift:($dx,-7) mark:(line,gray) at:1889 text:"1889 High Court built" at:1876 text:"1876–78 Great Famine of Madras" at:1862 text:"1862 Construction of harbour begins" at:1842 text:"1842 First lighthouse built" at:1831 text:"1831 First commercial bank founded; first census taken" mark:(line,white) at:1792 text:"1792 Systematic meteorological observations begin" shift:($dx,2) at:1785 text:"1785 First post office starts functioning" shift:($dx,-2) at:1767 text:"1767 Hyder Ali's first invasion" at:1749 text:"1749 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle" shift:($dx,2) at:1746 text:"1746 French captures the city" shift:($dx,-7) at:1708 text:"1708 Wall built around the Black Town" shift:($dx,2) at:1701 text:"1701 Aurangazeb's general Daud Khan attacks Fort" shift:($dx,-2) at:1688 text:"1688 Madras City Municipal Corporation inaugurated" at:1668 text:"1668 First expansion of the city" at:1639 text:"1639 British arrive and establish the city of Madras" at:1612 text:"1612 Dutch arrive and establish near Pulicat" at:1522 text:"1522 Portuguese arrive and build the São Tomé port"

Prehistory

• Around 250,000 BCE: An Old Stone Age settlement thrives on Pallavaram Hill.
• 1000 BCE: Megalithic settlement at Kundrathur.^[1]

Before common era

• 300 BCE–300 CE: Sangam period in Tamil Nadu. Some Chennai neighbourhoods such as Mylapore appear to have been places of prominence during the Sangam period. Philosopher-saint Valluvar is often associated with Mylapore.
• 31 BCE: Politically estimated date of the birth of Valluvar.

1st millennium CE

• 52–70 CE: According to Christian tradition, one of the Christian apostles St. Thomas arrives in the vicinity of Chennai and preaches. He is allegedly killed on St. Thomas Mount.^{[2] [3] [4]}
• 6th century CE: Parthasarathy Temple is built.
• 7th century CE: Vedapureeswarar Temple, Descent of the Ganges (Mamallapuram),^[5] Kapaleeshwarar Temple, Tiruvottiyur Thyagaraja Temple, and Marundeeswarar Temple are built.
• 806 CE: Date of the oldest surviving inscription in the city, a mixed Tamil-Sanskrit record of the Pallava king Dantivarman found in the Parthasarathi Temple at Triplicane.
• 820 CE: Bhaktavatsala Perumal Temple is built.
• 957–970 CE: Dhenupureeswarar Temple is built.^{[6] [7]}
• 900–1200 CE: Chennai forms a part of the Chola Empire. Neighbourhoods to the south of Egmore form part of the Chola province of Puliyur Kottam while those to the north form part of province of Puzhal Kottam.
• 10th century CE: Thiruporur Kandaswamy temple is built.

11th century

• Tirusoolanathar Temple, Tiruvalithayam Tiruvallesvarar Temple, and Velveeswarar Temple are built.

12th century

• Mylapore Karaneeswarar Temple, Kundrathur Murugan Temple, and Kurungaleeswarar Temple are built.

13th century

• 1241: Kundrathur Kandhalheeswarar Temple is built

16th century

• Early 16th century: Ekambareswarar–Valluvar Temple is built on an older structure.
• 1516: Church of Our Lady of Light is built.^[8]
• 1522: The Portuguese occupy Mylapore and set up a colony which they name São Tomé de Meliapore.
• 1523: Portuguese establish San Thome Church in honour of St. Thomas.

17th century

• 1612: Dutch arrive and capture the region and establish near Pulicat, just north of the city.
• 1626: The British East India Company decide to build a factory on the east coast and select Armagon (Dugarazpatnam), a village some 35 miles north of Pulicat, as its site.
• 1637: Francis Day, one of the officers of the East India Company, a member of the Masulipatam Council and the chief of the Armagon Factory, makes a voyage of exploration in 1637 down the coast as far as Pondicherry in order to choose a site for a new settlement.
• 1639: The English secures a grant from the Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, Nayaks of Kalahasti, for getting a three-mile-long strip of land and the city of Madras is founded (22 August).^[9] Foundation is laid for Fort St. George.

• The population of the Portuguese and Dutch settlers in the region reaches 10,000, although substantially outnumbered by the local population.

• 1640: Francis Day and Andrew Cogan land with 25 Europeans (20 February). Fort St. George is completed (23 April).^[10]

• Kalikambal Temple is moved to its present-day location.^[11]
• 1646: Population of the city recorded as 19,000.
• 1664: First British hospital in the country is started in Fort St. George (16 November); later becomes the Government General Hospital.^[12]
• 1668: Triplicane is annexed to the city.^[13]
• 1669: Population of the city increased to 40,000.
• 1678: Foundation is laid for St. Mary's Church in Fort St. George.
• 1679: St. Mary's Church is completed.
• 1683: First Commercial Bank, The Madras Bank, is founded.^{[14] [15] [16]}
• 1688: Madras City Municipal Corporation is inaugurated (29 September).^[17]
• 1693: Egmore, Purasawalkam and Tondiarpet are annexed to the city.

18th century

• 1701: Emperor Aurangazeb's general Daud Khan attacks Fort St. George. However, the British manage to hold the Fort.^[18]
• 1708: Five neighbouring villages of Thiruvottiyur, Nungambakkam, Vyasarpadi, kathivakkam and Sathangadu are annexed to the city.

• Wall is built around Black Town.
• 1711: First printing press is erected.
• 1751: East India Company acquires Tondiarpet.^[18]
• 1721: Cyclone strikes (13 and 14 November).
• 1726: Coja Petrus Uscan constructs the 134 stone steps at St. Thomas Mount, which are still used to reach the summit of the 300-feet hillock.^[18]
• 1735: Chintadripet is formed.
• 1742: Vepery, Periamet, Perambur and Pudupakkam are annexed to the city.
• 1744: Robert Clive, who later goes on to become the hero of the Carnatic, works as a writer at Fort St. George.^[18]
• 1746: The French Admiral La Bourdonnais capture Fort St George.^[18]
• 1749: The French return Madras to the English through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748).^[18]

• Santhome and Mylapore are annexed to the city.
• 1758: French Commander Lawly sieges Madras.
• 1759: French siege ends.
• 1760: New Black Town is developed over the debris of the old Black Town.^[19]
• 1767: Hyder Ali invades the city for the first time.
• 1768: Chepauk Palace is built by Nawab of Arcot.
• 1769: Hyder Ali invades the city for the second time.
• 1772: General Hospital at Fort St. George moves to its present location.^[20]

• Seven Wells Scheme, the city's first organised water supply, is started.^[19]
• 1777: Veerappillai is appointed as first Kotthawal, giving rise to the name 'Kotthawal Chavadi'.
• 1783: Fort St. George is repaired and attains the present shape.
• 1784: The first newspaper, Madras Courier, is founded.
• 1785: First post office starts functioning.
• 1786: William Petrie, a member of the Madras Government, builds a private astronomical observatory, the first observatory in the East.
• 1788: Thomas Parry (Chennai merchant) lands in Madras and begins the oldest surviving mercantile name in the city—Parry's.^[19]
• 1792: Systematic meteorological observations start, giving birth to the Madras Observatory and later the Regional Meteorological Centre.^[21]
• 1794: The Government Survey School, the oldest engineering school outside Europe and now part of the Anna University, commences at Fort St. George.^[19]

• American merchant William Abbott is appointed the first American consular agent of the Madras Presidency, marking the first consular presence in the city (24 November).^[22]
• 1795: Triplicane Wallajah Mosque is built.^[19]
• 1796: First lighthouse, functioning from the roof of the Officer's Mess (now housing the Fort Museum), is built.
• 1798: The area of the city was demarcated as the 69 km² area surrounding the Fort and contained 16 hamlets within it.

19th century

• 1806: The first segment of the Buckingham canal, a saltwater navigation canal, is constructed.^[23]
• 1817: Madras Literary Society is founded.
• 1819: Madras Eye Infirmary, later the Egmore Eye Hospital, is established.
• 1826: Board of Public Instructions is founded.
• 1831: First census in the city is taken (population: 39,785).
• 1832: Madras Club is founded.
• 1834: First survey school is inaugurated; later develops as an engineering college.
• 1835: First medical college is founded (2 February); later becomes Madras Medical College.^{[24] [25]}
• 1836: First goods train in the country was operated from Redhills to Chindadripet Bridge.
• 1840: Captain S. O. E. Ludlow begins hourly recording of meteorological observations.^[21]
• 1842: Ice House is built, where ice brought from America through ships is stored; later gets renamed as Vivekananda House.^[26]

• General Hospital, originally meant only for the English, opens its doors to Indians.^[20]
• 1844: First standalone lighthouse (second in the city) is built (1 January).^[27]

• Higginbotham's, the first book store in the country, is opened.^[28]
• 1846: Pachaiappan School is founded; later becomes Pachaiyappa's College.
• 1851: Museum is formed.^[29]
• 1854: Zoo is formed.^[30]

• Imperial Hotel is opened, which later becomes the Taj Connemara, the oldest functioning hotel in the city.^[31]
• 1855: University Board is formed.
• 1856: First Railway line from Royapuram to Arcot is built.^[32]
• 1857: University of Madras is founded.^[33]
• 1862: First pier is constructed at the harbour.
• 1864–65: Presidency College is built.
• 1868: Attempt begins to protected water supply.

• Further developments at the harbour begin.
• 1869: Napier Bridge was constructed by Francis Napier over the Cooum River.^[34]
• 1873: Birth registration begins.

• Madras Mail newspaper is founded.

• Cosmopolitan Club is founded.
• 1874: University Senate House is built.^[35]
• 1875: Madras observatory starts issuing daily weather reports.^[21]

• Edward VII lays the foundation for the new harbour in the city.^[36]
• 1876–78: Great Famine wipes the city.

• The 8-km-stretch of the Buckingham Canal linking the Adyar and Cooum rivers is dug.^[37]
• 1878: The Hindu newspaper is founded.^[38]
• 1882: First telephone is installed.
• 1885: Marina Beach promenade is built.^{[39] [40]}
• 1886: Indian National Congress meets at Madras.
• 1889: High Court Building foundation is laid.
• 1892: High Court Building is inaugurated (July 12).^[41]
• 1893: San Thome Church is rebuilt in neo-Gothic style.^[42]
• 1894: First car is sold; A. J. Boag, director of Parry & Co, drives the car on city roads.
• 1895: First tram car service is inaugurated.
• 1896: Connemara Public Library is founded.^[43]
• 1899: First Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, is founded.

• King Institute, Guindy is founded (7 November).^[44]

20th century

• 1901: The city, covering an area of about 70 km², has a population of 540,000.
• 1905: Chennai Port Trust is formed.
• 1906: Indian Bank is founded.
• 1910: Parsi fire temple is built at Royapuram.^[45]

• Giacomo D'Angelis tests the first ever flight in Asia, an indigenous aircraft, in the suburb of Pallavaram, arranged by Simpson & Co. (10 March).^[46]
• 1911: Government Royapettah Hospital is established.^[47]
• 1914: Water mains and drainage are formed.

• Street lights are introduced.

• Kilpauk water works is inaugurated.

• Bombardment of Madras—German fighter vessel Emden bombarded the sea shore and disappeared during the First World War.^[48]
• 1915: First commercial regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras by Tata Air Mail commences.^[49]
• 1923: The city is expanded to occupy an area of about 80 km².
• 1924: School of Indian Medicine is founded.

• Radio broadcasting begins (31 July).^[50]
• 1925: Loyola College is founded.^[51]

• First bus transport begins.
• 1928: Tambaram TB Sanatorium is established (9 April).^[52]
• 1930: First broadcasting station is founded at Ripon Buildings complex.
• 1931: Suburban electric train services start (from Chennai Beach to Tambaram).^{[53] [54]}
• 1934: M. A. Muthiah Chettiar is appointed first mayor of the city.^[55]
• 1938: All India Radio is formed and broadcasting from Ripon Buildings ceases.

• Government Stanley Hospital is established.
• 1942: Second World War results in evacuation of Madras.
• 1943: Japanese fighter plane drops bombs on city and disappears.

• Population of the city crosses the million mark.
• 1945: Regional Meteorological Centre is established from the old Madras observatory.^[21]
• 1946: Mambalam, Saidapet, Government Farm, Puliyur, Kodambakkam, Saligramam, Adayar and Alandur villages, which formed part of Saidapet Municipality, are annexed to the city. Sembiyam, Siruvallur, Peravallur, Small Sembarambakkam and Ayanavaram, which formed part of Sembium Panchayat Board, are annexed to the city. Aminjikarai, Periyakudal, Maduvankarai villages, which formed part of Aminjikarai Panchayat Board, are annexed to the city. Part of Velacheri village, belonging to Velacheri Panchayat Board, is annexed to the city.
• 1947: Indian national flag is hoisted over Fort. St. George.

• Madras city chosen capital of Madras state
• 1950: Boundary of the city is extended to cover 129 km² by the inclusion of Saidapet and Sembium^[56]
• 1952: Nehru Stadium is built.

• Integral Coach Factory starts functioning.

• Adyar Cancer Institute is founded.^[57]
• 1953: Government Dental College is founded (10 August).
• 1956: Gandhi Mandapam is built.
• 1956: Madras city is made the capital of Tamil Nadu state.
• 1957: Sri Lanka opens its consulate.^[58]
• 1959: Guindy Children's Park is inaugurated.

• LIC Building is built.^[59]
• 1960: Kilpauk Medical College starts functioning.
• 1961: Malaysia opens its consulate.^[60]
• 1965: Heavy Vehicles Factory is established at Avadi.
• 1966: Japan opens its consulate.^[61]

• Stedeford Hospital starts functioning (25 February).^[62]
• 1969: First World Tamil Congress is held.

• Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning Tamil country.
• 1972: Snake Park is inaugurated.^[63]

• Madras Metropolitan Development Authority is formed.
• 1973: Madras Corporation is superseded.
• 1974: Rajaji Mandapam is built.

• Madras Television Centre is founded.

• Taj Coromandel hotel, the first luxury hotel in Chennai, is opened (14 April).^[64]
• 1975: Kamaraj Mandapam is built.
• 1976: Valluvar Kottam is built (April).^[65]
• 1977: New (present) lighthouse is built (10 January).^[66]

• Madras Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board is formed.

• Kanagam, Taramani, Thiruvanmiyur, Velacheri, Kodambakkam, Virugambakkam, Saligramam, Koyambedu, Thirumangalam, Villivakkam, Errukancheri, Kolathur and Kodungaiyur panchayat areas are annexed to the city.
• 1978: Sankara Nethralaya hospital is founded (6 September).
• 1982: Hindu Mission Hospital, Chennai is founded (5 December).^[67]
• 1983: Zoo is shifted to Vandalur.^{[68] [69]}

• Apollo Hospitals opens the country's first corporate hospital.^[70]
• 1985: Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre is established (11 September).
• 1987: Singapore opens its consulate (17 September).^[71]

• Madras Medical Mission hospital is established.^[72]
• 1988: Periyar Science Park is formed.

• Birla Planetarium is built.

• Madras Corporation's tercentenary is celebrated.

• Decentralisation of administration occurs.

• 10 circles are formed.
• 1990: Sundaram Medical Foundation is established.
• 1995: Australia opens its consulate.^[73]
• 1996: City of Madras is renamed as Chennai.
• 1998: Maximum permissible height of tall buildings is raised from 40 m to 60 m.
• 1999: MIOT Hospital is established.

21st century

• 2002: Intercity bus terminus at George Town gets shifted to Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT) at Koyambedu (18 November).^[74]
• 2004: Indian Ocean Tsunami wreaks havoc in the city, killing about 206 persons (26 December).^[75]
• 2005: Thailand opens its consulate.^[76]
• 2010: First seawater desalination plant starts functioning at Minjur (25 July).^[77]
• 2011: Nine municipalities, 8 town panchayats, and 25 village panchayats are annexed to the city. The city reaches the present stage of 426 km² from 174 km².^[78]
• 2012: ITC Grand Chola, the largest hotel in South India, is inaugurated (15 September).^[79]
• 2013: Second seawater desalination plant starts functioning at Nemmeli (22 February).^[80]

• Belgium opens its consulate (28 November)
• 2014: South Korea opens its consulate (7 February)^[81]
• 2015: The Chennai Metro starts functioning (29 June).^[82]

• The 2015 South Indian floods cause the deaths of hundreds of people and damages worth several billions of dollars.^[83]
• 2020: The first Covid 19 case is detected (7 March)
• 2021: World Trade Center starts functioning (September)^{[84] [85]}

See also

• History of Chennai

References

• Thiruvalluvar's shrine. Pradeep . Chakravarthy . Ramesh . Ramachandran . 16–31 August 2009. Madras Musings. 19. 9.
  • Book: Kamath, Rina . Chennai . 2000. Orient Longman Limited . Chennai. 978-81-250-1378-5.
• Book: Muthiah, S. . S. Muthiah . Madras Rediscovered. EastWest . 2014 . Chennai . 978-93-84030-28-5.
• Book: Sajnani, Manohar . Encyclopedia of tourism resources in India, Volume 2 . 2001. Kalpaz Publications . Delhi . 81-7835-014-9.
• Book: Subburaj, V. . Tourist Guide to Chennai. 2006. Sura Books . Chennai. 81-7478-040-8.
• Book: Waghorne, Joanne Punzo . Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World . 2004. Oxford University Press. New York. 978-0-19-515663-8.
• Book: 1935 . Thiruvalluvar Ninaivu Malar . .
• Book: Arumugam, A. . வள்ளுவம் [Valluvam] . Periyar E.V.Ramasamy-Nagammai Education and Research Trust . 2014 . Philosophy Textbooks Series . Chennai . .
• Book: Iraikkuruvanar . திருக்குறளின் தனிச்சிறப்புக்கள் [Tirukkural Specialities] . 2009 . Iraiyagam . Chennai. .

Further reading

• Web site: History . ChennaiBest.com. 19 Sep 2012.
• Web site: Chennai Historical Timeline. ExploCity. 19 Sep 2012. dead. https://archive.today/20130122163225/http://chennai.explocity.com/visitor-guide-articles/chennai-historical-timeline-213-568/. 22 January 2013.

External links

• Chennai District Profile

Notes and References

1. News: Madhavan . D. . National Institute of Siddha modifies expansion plan . The Hindu . Chennai . 20 December 2012 . 23 Dec 2012.
2. The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing - 2008, Page 285. .
3. A. E. Medlycott, (1905) "India and the Apostle Thomas"; Gorgias Press LLC; .
4. Thomas Puthiakunnel, (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas", The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II.
5. Book: Pippa de Bruyn. Keith Bain. David Allardice. Shonar Joshi. Frommer's India. 7 February 2013. 18 February 2010. John Wiley & Sons. 978-0-470-64580-2. 333–.
6. News: Rohini Ramakrishnan . Walking through history . The Hindu . 22 June 2010 . 2014-07-24 .
7. News: Chithra Madhavan . Ancient Chola temple at Madambakkam . The Hindu . 26 September 2003 . 2023-10-11 .
8. Priya . R. Sasi Mary . Radhakrishnan . V. . The art and architectures along the Tamil Nadu coast . International Journal of Art & Humanity Science . 3 . 2 . 43 . March–April 2016 . 2349-5235 . 18 December 2021.
9. Web site: Founders' Day, Madras . https://web.archive.org/web/20070227143540/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/08/21/stories/2006082100560500.htm. dead. 27 February 2007. S. Muthiah . S. Muthiah . 21 August 2006. The Hindu. 28 Jan 2009.
10. Book: Keay. John. The Honourable Company A History Of The English East India Company. 1991. HarperCollinsPublishers. Great Britain. 978-0-00-743155-7. 69. 1993.
11. Book: திருக்கோயில்கள் வழிகாட்டி: சென்னை மாவட்டம் . Government of Tamil Nadu, Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments . 1st . July 2014 . Chennai . 179–181 . ta.
12. Amarjothi . J. M. V. . Jesudasan . Jeyasudhahar . Ramasamy . Villalan . Jose . Livin . History of Medicine: The origin and evolution of the first modern hospital in India . The National Medical Journal of India . 33 . 3 . 175–179 . 2020 . 10.4103/0970-258X.314010 . 33904424 . 233410719 . 23 May 2021. free.
13. Web site: Official website of Chennai District. 9 April 2012.
14. Web site: District Profile : Chennai District. PDF. Cdn.s3waas.gov.in. 19 February 2022.
15. Web site: George Town, Chennai. Owlapps/. 22 October 2023.
16. Web site: Madras Day: Chennai Celebrates 382nd Birthday. Outlookindia.com/. 10 January 2022.
17. News: Chennai Corporation to celebrate 320 years . https://web.archive.org/web/20080923115809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm. 23 September 2008. Kannal. Achutan. 23 September 2008. The Hindu. Chennai. 2012-09-01.
18. Web site: 1701 A.D. to 1750 A.D. . History of Chennai . ChennaiBest.com . 20 Jan 2013.
19. Web site: 1751 A.D. to 1800 A.D. . History of Chennai . ChennaiBest.com . 20 Jan 2013.
20. Web site: 1639 a.d. to 1700 a.d. . History of Chennai . ChennaiBest.com . 20 Jan 2013.
21. Web site: History of Old Madras Observatory . 16 Oct 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120313120226/http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/mds_obsy.htm. 13 March 2012. dead.
22. Web site: History. US Consulate Chennai. 15 Jan 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130213213744/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/history.html. 13 February 2013.
23. Jan Lundqvist . Paul Appasamy. Water Supply and Waste Disposal Strategies for Madras . Ambio . 22. 7. 442–448. Allen Press on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Nov 1998. 4314123.
24. Web site: About Us . Madras Medical College . 13 February 2023 . 26 July 2018.
25. News: 175-year-old MMC has several firsts to its credit . The Hindu . 1 February 2010 . en-IN.
26. News: Nair. Sashi. Ice House through the years. 2003. 25 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20040728222352/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/02/stories/2003010200820300.htm. dead. The Hindu. 28 July 2004.
27. Web site: High Court Building . Chennai-Directory.com . n.d. . 27 November 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130605225809/http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23 . 5 June 2013.
28. News: Khan . A. D. L. . Much more than a bookstore . 23 October 2005 . The Tribune:Spectrum . 2008-10-20.
29. Museum, Library and Theatre . Madras Musings . XX . 3 . 16–31 May 2010 . 1 July 2012 . 9 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121209133750/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%203/museum-library-and-theatre.html . live.
30. Book: Narasiah , K. R. A. . Madras: Tracing the Growth of the City Since 1639 . Palaniappa Brothers . 1 . 2016 . Chennai . 210 . 978-81-8379-687-3 .
31. News: Haripriya . V. . Tracing its roots . Ergo 360° . 25 August 2008 . 3 Dec 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120308033209/http://www.goergo.in/?p=2212 . 2012-03-08 . dead.
32. News: Chitra. R. Madras finds place on Indian railway map. 18 December 2013. Deccan Chronicle. 17 December 2013.
33. Web site: University of Madras . n.d. . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . 26 October 2023.
34. News: Special lighting on Napier Bridge. The Hindu. 29 July 2010. Chennai.
35. Book: Srinivasachari, C. S.. History of the city of Madras written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee. 1939. P. Varadachary & Co.. Madras. Srinivasachari.
36. News: Century-old stories wash up on heritage tour of Chennai port . Chennai . 27 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-27/chennai/33423875_1_madras-week-celebrations-madras-port-trust-heritage-tour . dead . 11 May 2013 . . 6 November 2012.
37. News: An ambitious plan to revive the Buckingham Canal. The Hindu. 2017-08-05. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180509162604/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/long-live-the-canal/article19429503.ece. 9 May 2018. dmy-all.
38. Web site: About Us News . The Hindu . 15 May 2018 . 12 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180512193855/http://www.thehindu.com/aboutus/ . live .
39. News: Muthiah . S. . The fourth longest beach? . Chennai . 21 August 2002 . https://web.archive.org/web/20031104144750/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/21/stories/2002082100220300.htm . dead . 4 November 2003 . . 31 December 2011.
40. Book: Tercentenary Madras Staff. Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume. 1939. Indian Branch, Oxford Press. 271–273.
41. News: Sangameswaran . K. T. . Vivek Narayanan . Madras High Court buildings to undergo repairs soon . The Hindu . Chennai . 8 June 2014 . 22 June 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140609162639/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/madras-high-court-buildings-to-undergo-repairs-soon/article6093051.ece . 9 June 2014 . dmy-all.
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