The Thornthwaite climate classification is a climate classification system created by American climatologist Charles Warren Thornthwaite in 1931 and modified in 1948.[1] [2] [3] [4]
Vegetation | P/E index | |
---|---|---|
A (Wet) | Rainforest | P/E > 127 |
B (Humid) | Forest | 64 ≤ P/E ≤ 127 |
C (Subhumid) | Grassland | 32 ≤ P/E ≤ 63 |
D (Semiarid) | Steppe | 16 ≤ P/E < 31 |
E (Arid) | Desert | P/E < 16 |
T-E index | |
A (Tropical) | T-E > 127 |
---|---|
B (Mesothermal) | 64 ≤ T-E ≤ 127 |
C (Microthermal) | 32 ≤ T-E ≤ 63 |
D (Taiga) | 16 ≤ T-E < 31 |
E (Tundra) | 1 ≤ T-E < 16 |
E (Frost) | T-E = 0 |
Thornthwaite initially divided climates based on five characteristic vegetations: Rainforest, forest, grassland, steppe and desert. One of the main factors for the local vegetation is precipitation, but most importantly, precipitation effectiveness, according to Thornthwaite. Thornthwaite based the effectiveness of precipitation on an index (the P/E index), which is the sum of the 12 monthly P/E ratios. The monthly P/E ratio can be calculated using the formula:[5]
P/Eratio=
totalmonthlyprecipitation | |
evapotranspiration |
Similarly to precipitation effectiveness, Thornthwaite also developed a T/E index to represent thermal efficiency. Featuring six climate provinces: Tropical, mesothermal, microthermal, taiga, tundra and frost.
The T-E index is the sum of the 12 monthly T-E ratios, which can be calculated as:
T-Eratio=
t-32 | |
4 |
After being criticized for making climatic classification complex, Thornthwaite switched vegetation with the concept of potential evapotranspiration (PET), which represents both precipitation effectiveness and thermal efficiency. Estimated PET can be calculated using Thornthwaite's own 1948 equation.
Thornthwaite developed four indices: the Moisture Index (Im), the aridity and humidity indexes (Ia/Ih), the Thermal Efficiency Index (TE) and the Summer Concentration of Thermal Efficiency (SCTE). Each of the four climatic types can be described by an English alphabet letter and are arranged exactly by the order shown previously. The first two letters are used to describe the precipitation pattern and the last two are used to describe the thermal regime. As an example, B3s2A’b’4 (Tracuateua) describes a wet (B3), megathermal (A’) climate with a large summer water deficit (s2) and which more than 48% but less than 52% of the potential evapotranspiration is felt in the summer (b’4).[7]
Im criteria | ||
---|---|---|
A (Perhumid) | A | Im ≥ 100 |
B (Humid) | B4 | 80 ≤ Im < 100 |
B3 | 60 ≤ Im <80 | |
B2 | 40 ≤ Im < 60 | |
B1 | 20 ≤ Im < 40 | |
C (Subhumid) | C2 (Rainy Subhumid) | 0 ≤ Im < 20 |
C1 (Dry Subhumid) | -20 ≤ Im < 0 | |
D (Dry) | D | -40 ≤ Im < -20 |
E (Arid) | E | -60 ≤ Im < -40 |
A (Megathermal) | A’ | PET ≥ 1140 |
---|---|---|
B (Mesothermal) | B’4 | 1140 > PET ≥ 997 |
B’3 | 997 > PET ≥ 885 | |
B’2 | 885 > PET ≥ 712 | |
B’1 | 712 > PET ≥ 570 | |
C (Microthermal) | C’2 | 570 > PET ≥ 427 |
C’1 | 427 > PET ≥ 285 | |
D (Tundra) | D’ | 285 > PET ≥ 142 |
E (Perpetual ice) | E’ | PET < 142 |
a | a’ | SCTE < 48 |
---|---|---|
b | b’4 | 48 ≤ SCTE ≤ 51.9 |
b’3 | 52 ≤ SCTE < 56.3 | |
b’2 | 56.3 ≤ SCTE < 61.6 | |
b’1 | 61.6 ≤ SCTE < 68 | |
c | c’2 | 68 ≤ SCTE < 76.3 |
c’1 | 76.3 ≤ SCTE < 88 | |
d | d’ | SCTE ≥ 88 |
This index can be calculated as , where Ih and Ia are the humidity and aridity indexes, respectively.
The Seasonal Variation of Effective Moisture is described by two indexes: The Aridity Index (Ia), used in wet climates to identify and quantify the severity of drought conditions, and the Humidity Index (Ih), used in dry climates to identify and quantify the severity of wet conditions. These indexes are represented by the equations:
,
, where D is the annual water deficit, S is the annual water surplus, and PET is the annual potential evapotranspiration
Furthermore, these indices are represented by four letters, which indicate the seasonal distribution of precipitation: r (constantly rainy), d (constantly dry), s (summer deficit or surplus) and w (winter deficit or surplus) and two numbers to indicate the severity.
Wet climates (A, B, C2) can be classified as:
Dry climates (C1, D, E) can be classified as:
The deficiency of water in the soil is calculated as the difference between the potential evapotranspiration and the actual evapotranspiration.
The thermal efficiency index (TE) is defined as the annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) and has five different classifications: Megathermal, mesothermal, microthermal, tundra and perpetual ice.
The Summer Concentration of Thermal Efficiency (SCTE) is a measure of the summer's potential evapotranspiration and can be calculated as , where PET1, PET2 and PET3 are the estimated values of PET for the three hottest consecutive months.