Tubulin beta-4B chain explained

Tubulin beta-4B chain formerly known as tubulin beta-2C chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBB4B gene.^{[1] [2]} It is thought that this protein could determine which hand is dominant in humans due to variations of the TUBB4B gene, which cause the protein to form microtubules that form cilia which direct fluids asymmetrically during development.^[3]

Further reading

• Burgoyne RD . Differential distribution of beta-tubulin isotypes in cerebellum . EMBO J. . 7 . 8 . 2311–9 . 1989 . 2461292 . 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03074.x. 457095 . vanc. Cambray-Deakin MA . Lewis SA . 3 . Sarkar . S . Cowan . NJ .
• Wang D, Villasante A, Lewis SA, Cowan NJ . The mammalian beta-tubulin repertoire: hematopoietic expression of a novel, heterologous beta-tubulin isotype . J. Cell Biol. . 103 . 5 . 1903–10 . 1987 . 3782288 . 10.1083/jcb.103.5.1903 . 2114403 .
• Watts NR . HIV-1 Rev Depolymerizes Microtubules to Form Stable Bilayered Rings . J. Cell Biol. . 150 . 2 . 349–60 . 2000 . 10908577 . 10.1083/jcb.150.2.349 . 2180222 . vanc. Sackett DL . Ward RD . 3 . Miller . M. W. . Wingfield . P. T. . Stahl . S. S. . Steven . A. C. .
• Szalay J . Associations of PKC isoforms with the cytoskeleton of B16F10 melanoma cells . J. Histochem. Cytochem. . 49 . 1 . 49–66 . 2001 . 11118478 . 10.1177/002215540104900106 . vanc. Bruno P . Bhati R . 3 . Adjodha . J . Schueler . D . Summerville . V . Vazeos . R . 41666892 .
• Tarazona R . HLA-B2702 (77-83/83-77) peptide binds to beta-tubulin on human NK cells and blocks their cytotoxic capacity . J. Immunol. . 165 . 12 . 6776–82 . 2001 . 11120798 . 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.6776. vanc. López-Lluch G . Galiani MD . 3 . Aguado . E . Barahona . F . Solana . R . Peña . J . free .
• Walss-Bass C . Occurrence of nuclear beta(II)-tubulin in cultured cells . Cell Tissue Res. . 308 . 2 . 215–23 . 2003 . 12037579 . 10.1007/s00441-002-0539-6 . vanc. Xu K . David S . 3 . Fellous . Arlette . Ludueña . Richard F. . 25518226 .
• Krebs DL . SOCS-6 Binds to Insulin Receptor Substrate 4, and Mice Lacking the SOCS-6 Gene Exhibit Mild Growth Retardation . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 22 . 13 . 4567–78 . 2002 . 12052866 . 10.1128/MCB.22.13.4567-4578.2002 . 133908 . vanc. Uren RT . Metcalf D . 3 . Rakar . S. . Zhang . J.-G. . Starr . R. . De Souza . D. P. . Hanzinikolas . K. . Eyles . J. .
• Strausberg RL . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . vanc. Feingold EA . Grouse LH . 3 . Derge . JG . Klausner . RD . Collins . FS . Wagner . L . Shenmen . CM . Schuler . GD . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Chen D, Wang M, Zhou S, Zhou Q . HIV-1 Tat targets microtubules to induce apoptosis, a process promoted by the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim . EMBO J. . 21 . 24 . 6801–10 . 2004 . 12486001 . 10.1093/emboj/cdf683 . 139103 .
• Dozier JH . β class II tubulin predominates in normal and tumor breast tissues . Breast Cancer Res. . 5 . 5 . R157–69 . 2003 . 12927047 . 10.1186/bcr631 . 314434 . vanc. Hiser L . Davis JA . 3 . Thomas . Nancy . Tucci . Michelle A . Benghuzzi . Hamed A . Frankfurter . Anthony . Correia . John J . Lobert . Sharon . free .
• Trinczek B, Brajenovic M, Ebneth A, Drewes G . MARK4 is a novel microtubule-associated proteins/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase that binds to the cellular microtubule network and to centrosomes . J. Biol. Chem. . 279 . 7 . 5915–23 . 2004 . 14594945 . 10.1074/jbc.M304528200 . free.
• Ota T . Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs . Nat. Genet. . 36 . 1 . 40–5 . 2004 . 14702039 . 10.1038/ng1285 . vanc. Suzuki Y . Nishikawa T . 3 . Otsuki . Tetsuji . Sugiyama . Tomoyasu . Irie . Ryotaro . Wakamatsu . Ai . Hayashi . Koji . Sato . Hiroyuki . free .
• Navarro-Lérida I . Proteomic identification of brain proteins that interact with dynein light chain LC8 . Proteomics . 4 . 2 . 339–46 . 2004 . 14760703 . 10.1002/pmic.200300528 . vanc. Martínez Moreno M . Roncal F . 3 . Gavilanes . Francisco . Albar . Juan Pablo . Rodríguez-Crespo . Ignacio . 8868600 .
• Campbell GR . The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis . J. Biol. Chem. . 279 . 46 . 48197–204 . 2005 . 15331610 . 10.1074/jbc.M406195200 . vanc. Pasquier E . Watkins J . 3 . Bourgarel-Rey . V . Peyrot . V . Esquieu . D . Barbier . P . De Mareuil . J . Braguer . D . free .
• Gerhard DS . The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . vanc. Wagner L . Feingold EA . 3 . Shenmen . CM . Grouse . LH . Schuler . G . Klein . SL . Old . S . Rasooly . R .
• Andersen JS . Nucleolar proteome dynamics . Nature . 433 . 7021 . 77–83 . 2005 . 15635413 . 10.1038/nature03207 . vanc. Lam YW . Leung AK . 3 . Ong . Shao-En . Lyon . Carol E. . Lamond . Angus I. . Mann . Matthias . 2005Natur.433...77A . 4344740 .
• de Mareuil J . HIV-1 Tat protein enhances Microtubule polymerization . Retrovirology . 2 . 5 . 2006 . 15691386 . 10.1186/1742-4690-2-5 . 549075 . vanc. Carre M . Barbier P . 3 . Campbell . Grant R . Lancelot . Sophie . Opi . Sandrine . Esquieu . Didier . Watkins . Jennifer D . Prevot . Charles . free .
• Giacca M . HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link? . Retrovirology . 2 . 7 . 2006 . 15698476 . 10.1186/1742-4690-2-7 . 549042 . free .
• Ahmed M, Forsberg J, Bergsten P . Protein profiling of human pancreatic islets by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry . J. Proteome Res. . 4 . 3 . 931–40 . 2005 . 15952740 . 10.1021/pr050024a .

Notes and References

1. Lewis SA, Gilmartin ME, Hall JL, Cowan NJ . Three expressed sequences within the human beta-tubulin multigene family each define a distinct isotype . J Mol Biol . 182 . 1 . 11–20 . Jul 1985 . 3999141 . 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90023-3 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: TUBB2C tubulin, beta 2C.
3. Kulkarni . Sumeet . 2024-04-02 . Right- or left-handed? Protein in embryo cells might help decide . Nature . en . 10.1038/d41586-024-00977-x.