Squad (U.S. Congress) Explained

The Squad is a far-left, progressive grouping in the U.S. House of Representatives forming part of the Democratic Caucus.[1] All are members of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.

The squad was initially composed of four members elected in the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections:

The grouping expanded following the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections with newly elected Jamaal Bowman of New York and Cori Bush of Missouri joining. They were joined by Greg Casar of Texas, Summer Lee of Pennsylvania, and Delia Ramirez of Illinois following the 2022 elections. In the 2024 elections, Bowman and Bush were defeated in their primaries meaning they will be leaving the group in the 119th Congress.[2]

The Squad's members have been supported by the Justice Democrats political action committee, and are on the left wing of the Democratic Party.[3] Ocasio-Cortez, Pressley, Bush and Bowman were initially elected to Congress after unseating incumbents in primary challenges. All but Lee represent safe seats, with Cook Partisan Voting Index scores of at least D+20. Geographically, all but the Texan Casar hail from the Midwestern United States or Northeastern United States. All but Omar, Pressley, and Ramirez are currently or formerly affiliated with Democratic Socialists of America, with Bowman, Tlaib, and Bush currently endorsed.

The Squad has been said to represent the advocacy of progressive policies that some in the younger political generation support, such as Medicare for All, the Green New Deal, and tuition-free college, which the party leadership may not support.[4] [5] [6] [7] Ocasio-Cortez coined the name "Squad" in an Instagram post a week after the 2018 election. The photo, taken at a VoteRunLead event where the four founding members spoke, subsequently went viral.[8] The grouping has since officially adopted the moniker by launching the Squad Victory Fund, a political action committee.[9]

Name

The colloquial use of the word "squad" arose from East Coast hip hop culture and describes "a self-chosen group of people that hope you want to identify with them". Its use by Ocasio-Cortez signaled familiarity with millennial slang as a playful reference to youth social cliques.[10] Hip-hop originated in her home borough, The Bronx. Musical acts with "Squad" in their names and lyrics have existed since the 1990s.

The New York Times considers the Squad sui generis, not fitting neatly into the usual congressional groups: the gang (a bipartisan group focused on particular legislation) or the caucus (a pressure group based on special interests). It notes that the term has a militaristic connotation, conveying values of self-defense, allegiance, and having "something important to protect". Some Republicans have used the moniker pejoratively, but the four original women use it to express solidarity among themselves and with supporters.[11] For example, the Justice Democrats quoted Pressley saying: "We are more than four people... Our squad includes any person committed to creating a more equitable and just world."[12]

The average age of the Squad was 38.3 as of mid-2019, nearly 20 years under the overall House average age of 57.6.[13]

History

2018 election

Ocasio-Cortez and Pressley unseated Joe Crowley and Mike Capuano, respectively, in primary elections. Omar won the seat previously held by Democrat Keith Ellison, who retired from the House to successfully run for Attorney General of Minnesota, and Tlaib won the seat once held by Dean of the House John Conyers, who resigned in 2017 after nearly 53 years in Congress. At least three Squad members provided fundraising and volunteer assistance during the other members' campaigns.[14]

116th Congress

According to Pressley, she and Ocasio-Cortez had met before Freshman Orientation Week for the 116th United States Congress. During that event a week after Election Day, on November 12, 2018, all four Squad members participated in a livestreamed interview with Jodi Jacobson from Rewire.News, organized by VoteRunLead, and took a group picture. Ocasio-Cortez published the picture on Instagram, labeling it "Squad";[15] Pressley published it on her Instagram story the same day.[13] The next day, they had already attracted negative attention in conservative media, as Laura Ingraham of Fox News called them "the four horsewomen of the apocalypse". The four women, known for their social media savvy, regularly defend each other's policies and remarks.[10]

After publication, Ocasio-Cortez's Squad photo became a viral phenomenon, and public figures, notably New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd and White House counselor Kellyanne Conway, began using "The Squad" to refer collectively to the four women. Dowd had used the term in an interview with House speaker Nancy Pelosi, who criticized the Squad collectively without naming them.[11] Another photo of the three members who served on the House Oversight Committee during Michael Cohen's testimony also got viral attention.[16]

On July 14, 2019, President Donald Trump tweeted that the members of the Squad should "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came. Then come back and show us how it is done".[17] [18] The insinuation that people of color are foreign was widely viewed as racist; three of the four are American-born and the fourth (Omar) became a naturalized citizen in her youth.[19] On July 15, the four women responded in a press conference, saying, "We are here to stay."[20]

On July 16, the House of Representatives condemned Trump's remarks in H.Res. 489.[21] Over the following days, Trump continued to attack the four Squad members, saying at a July 17 campaign rally: "They never have anything good to say. That's why I say, 'Hey if you don't like it, let 'em leave, let 'em leave.' ... I think in some cases they hate our country."[22] While Trump criticized Omar, the North Carolina crowd chanted, "Send her back, send her back!"[23] [24] Trump also falsely claimed that the four had used the term "evil Jews"; none of them has been reported to have used the term.[25] The same day, the Republican Party launched a political advertisement against the Squad, titled "Squad Goals: Anarchy" and focusing on the Squad's role in the Abolish ICE movement.[26]

A CBS News and YouGov poll of almost 2,100 American adults conducted from July 17 to 19 found that Republican respondents were more aware than Democratic respondents of the four Squad members. The congresswomen had very unfavorable ratings among Republican respondents and favorable ratings among Democratic respondents.[27] In a New York Times opinion piece the historian Barbara Ransby wrote, "The squad has tilled new ground in reanimating a fighting spirit within the Democratic Party and revived its left flank."[28]

In July 2019, the Illinois Republican County Chairmen's Association called the four women the "Jihad Squad" in a Facebook post that was later deleted. Illinois Republican Party Chairman Tim Schneider condemned "evoking race or religion as the basis for political disagreement".[29]

In August 2019, Israel blocked Omar and Tlaib from visiting the country, a reversal of Israeli Ambassador to the United States Ron Dermer's July statement that "any member of Congress" would be allowed in. A spokesman for Israeli Interior Minister Arye Deri attributed the ban to Omar and Tlaib's support for BDS (Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions). A spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that Omar and Tlaib intended only to visit the Palestinian Territories and had not scheduled a meeting with any Israeli politicians. Less than two hours before the ban, President Trump had tweeted that for Israel to allow the visit would "show great weakness" when Omar and Tlaib "hate Israel & all Jewish people".[30] Omar responded that Netanyahu had caved to Trump's demand and that "Trump's Muslim ban is what Israel is implementing". Tlaib described the ban as "weakness". American legislators from both parties criticized the ban and requested that Israel withdraw it.[31] [32] Trump applauded the ban while continuing his criticism of Omar and Tlaib, calling them "the face of the Democrat Party, and they HATE Israel".[33] A day after the ban was imposed, Tlaib was granted permission to enter Israel to visit her family on the condition that she "committed to accept all the demands of Israel to respect the restrictions imposed on her in the visit" and "promised not to advance boycotts against Israel during the visit". In response, she said she would not visit Israel, tweeting that doing so would "stand against everything [she] believe[s] in—fighting against racism, oppression, and injustice."[34]

2020 election

Ocasio-Cortez, Omar, and Tlaib endorsed Bernie Sanders for president in 2020. Pressley endorsed Elizabeth Warren.[35]

In July, the four set up "The Squad Victory Fund", a joint action committee, to raise money for their campaigns and other progressive campaigns.[36] [37]

All four members again won the Democratic nomination in their districts. Pressley was unchallenged in her primary, while Ocasio-Cortez, Tlaib, and Omar defeated challengers, including Tlaib's House predecessor, Brenda Jones, by large margins.[38]

On January 3, 2021, Cori Bush and Jamaal Bowman joined the Squad at the start of the 117th United States Congress. Both defeated incumbent Democrats in their primaries—Lacy Clay and Eliot Engel, respectively. Bush posted a photo on Twitter of herself, Bowman, and the four original Squad members with the caption "Squad up."[39] [40]

2022 election

All six members won the Democratic nomination in their districts. Pressley was again unopposed, as was Ocasio-Cortez, while Tlaib, Bush, and Bowman all garnered over 60% of the vote in their primaries. Omar faced significant opposition from establishment-oriented local officials in her district, most notably Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey. Omar had endorsed a challenger in Frey's 2021 reelection campaign. Despite the backlash, Omar won her primary by a 2.1% margin.[41] [42]

After Casar and Lee won their primaries, it was reported that they would join the Squad as well.[43] Ramirez was identified in 2024 as a member of the Squad in campaigns by Justice Democrats and Progressive Democrats of America, and embraced the label.[44] [45]

2024 election

Bowman lost the primary to George Latimer, becoming the first Squad member to lose their seat.[46]

Bush became the second Squad member to be defeated, losing the primary to Wesley Bell.[47]

Both were hurt by their stances on Israel, which resulted in AIPAC supporting their challengers. However, it was noted that both had vulnerabilities that the other seven did not, such as Bowman's censure for knowingly activating a false fire alarm in Congress and Bush's alleged misuse of federal security money. Bush has threatened revenge against AIPAC once "untied from the strings of Congress." AIPAC did not support Omar's primary opponent, former Minneapolis City Council member Don Samuels, even though Samuels had won 48% of the vote in the 2022 primary without their backing. He received 43% in 2024.[48]

All members of the Squad endorsed Harris for president in 2024 except Tlaib, who declined to endorse Harris.[49] [50] [51]

Political positions

The Squad is generally viewed as representing the left-wing flank of the Democratic Caucus.

Squad members generally hold political views considered to be on the left, on subjects such as immigration detention facilities, Islamophobia, universal health care, human rights, the Israel–Palestine conflict, and climate change.[52] This section lists some beliefs typical of Squad members.

Climate change

In November 2020, the Squad protested outside the Democratic National Committee headquarters[53] because President Joe Biden did not support the Green New Deal, which called for the elimination of non-renewable energy by 2030.

Islamophobia

Squad members such as Omar,[54] Ocasio-Cortez, and Tlaib[55] are outspoken against Islamophobia. In 2021, Ocasio-Cortez said, "Islamophobia is far too often tolerated and ignored."[56]

Infrastructure Bill and Build Back Better Act

On November 5, 2021, all six Squad members voted against the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act because they believed that moderate Democrats in the House and Senators Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema would not vote for the Build Back Better Act. Nine House Democrats had previously refused to vote for the Build Back Better Act until the infrastructure bill was signed,[57] and both Manchin and Sinema had expressed opposition to key aspects of the Act.[58] After resolving certain disagreements, the infrastructure bill passed the House with the votes of every Democrat (and 13 Republicans) except the members of the Squad.[59] [60]

Israel–Palestine conflict

According to CNN, Squad members are notable for "their criticism of the US relationship with Israel".[61] After the beginning of the Israel-Hamas war, seven Squad members were among ten U.S. representatives to vote against a House resolution supporting Israel and condemning Hamas's attack on Israel; Pressley and Casar voted "present".[62] The war, which began on October 7 with the capturing of over 200 Israeli hostages[63] and the killing of possibly as many as 1,400 Israelis,[64] has been condemned as a terrorist attack by supranational organizations such as the European Union (EU)[65] and at least 44 countries, including the United States.[66] [67] After the attacks, some Squad members criticized the Israeli government; Tlaib called Israel an "apartheid state". On July 19, 2024, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a non-binding Advisory Opinion stating that Israel's legislation and measures in the West Bank and East Jerusalem impose and maintain a near-complete separation, which constitutes a breach of Article 3 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), while refraining from determining whether this amounted to apartheid, or applying this finding to any other territory occupied by Israel or to Israel itself.[68]

On October 16, 2023, after Israeli strikes in Gaza killed 3,000,[69] Squad members introduced a resolution calling for "an immediate de-escalation and ceasefire in Israel and occupied Palestine" to save as many lives as possible. The resolution was endorsed by groups including IfNotNow, the Institute for Middle East Understanding, and Jewish Voices for Peace.[70]

On July 10, 2024, the DSA National Political Committee (NPC) withdrew its endorsement of Ocasio-Cortez, citing her sponsorship of an event with Jewish leaders focused on combating antisemitism, which they called a "deep betrayal." The decision also referenced her vote in favor of a House Resolution reaffirming Israel's right to exist and condemning the Hamas-led attack as contributing factors.[71]

Supreme Court reform

During a 2024 House Oversight Committee Democrats Discussion on Supreme Court Ethics[72] convened by Representatives Ocasio-Cortez and Jamie Raskin, Ocasio-Cortez said that the U.S. Supreme Court had been "captured and corrupted by money and extremism", causing a "crisis of legitimacy" that threatened the stability of U.S. democracy, and that "House Democrats are committed to informing the public about why the court's conservative super majority is rolling back critical economic freedoms, civil rights, and environmental protections, and what we can do about it".[73] [74] Pressley renewed her calls for Supreme Court expansion, a binding code of ethics for justices, and investigations into Justices Samuel Alito, Clarence Thomas, and Brett Kavanaugh for "their acceptances of lavish, secret gifts from right-wing megadonors."[75] Lee stressed the need for Supreme Court Ethics Reform.[76]

During a speech on the House floor, Tlaib called for impeachment of Alito and Thomas for "accepting bribes and doing the bidding of right-wing extremists", and called for expanding the Supreme Court and enacting term limits for justices.[77] Omar and other representatives introduced the Judicial Ethics Enforcement Act of 2024 to create an Office of the Inspector General empowered to conduct investigations of alleged violations of the Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court.[78] In 2023, Bush and other representatives had introduced the Judiciary Act of 2023, calling for expansion of the Supreme Court. Bush also called for Thomas's impeachment and Alito's resignation.[79]

Membership

The four original members of the Squad had already been discussed as a group, even before the name was widely adopted.[11] [80] However, according to Mediaite, the news media currently uses "Squad" to refer to the group "almost exclusively".[81]

Overview of Squad members
PhotoMemberBornDistrictPrior experienceIn office
Alexandria
Ocasio-Cortez
(age)
New York City, New York
(D+25)		Organizer,
Bernie Sanders for President
(2016)		2019 – present
Ilhan Omar
(age)
Mogadishu, Somalia
(D+29)		Minnesota House of Representatives
(2017–2019)
Ayanna Pressley
(age)
Cincinnati, Ohio
(D+35)		Boston City Council
(2010–2019)
Rashida Tlaib
(age)
Detroit, Michigan
(D+23)		Michigan House of Representatives
(2009–2014)
Jamaal Bowman
(age)
New York City, New York
(D+25)		Schoolteacher, school principal2021 – 2025
Cori Bush
(age)
St. Louis, Missouri
(D+29)		Nurse, pastor, activist
Greg Casar
(age)
Houston, Texas
(D+21)		Austin City Council
(2015–2022)		2023 – present
Summer Lee
(age)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
(D+8)		Pennsylvania House of Representatives
(2018–2022)
Delia Ramirez
(age)
Chicago, Illinois
(D+20)		Illinois House of Representatives
(2018–2022)

Suggested members

After the 2020 election cycle, it was suggested that Marie Newman, who successfully challenged an incumbent member of the House of Representatives with Justice Democrats' backing, as well as Mondaire Jones, who was initially challenging an incumbent and subsequently won the primary after the incumbent announced her retirement, were thought of as potentially members of the Squad.[82] [83] [84] [85] Ritchie Torres was another person named as a potential member, but Torres said he had "no intention of joining The Squad".[86] [87] [88] [89]

Becca Balint and Maxwell Frost, who both won Democratic primaries in safe Democratic seats in 2022, were also named as potential Squad members but never officially joined the group.[90] [91] [92] [93] [94]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Sources for "far left"

    News: McHugh . Calder . January 4, 2024 . The Squad under siege . Politico . "the Democratic “Squad,” the group of far-left House members". News: Caldwell . Leigh Ann . Meyer . Theodoric . Dent . Alec . 2024-06-25 . Analysis Bowman's primary resurfaces Democratic divisions . 2024-06-25 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286 . "Bowman, a member of the far-left 'Squad,' has". News: Barkan . Ross . 2023-02-22 . 'The Democratic Party in New York Is a Disaster' . 2024-06-25 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . "Jamaal Bowman, a Westchester County congressman and a member of the Squad, the prominent group of far-left members of Congress, including Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Rashida Tlaib and Ilhan Omar.". Web site: Bowman slams AIPAC in final debate with Latimer . 2024-06-25 . Punchbowl News . en-US . "Bowman is embracing underdog status in his competitive primary against Westchester County Executive George Latimer, who is seeking to be the first mainstream Democrat to knock off a member of the far-left Squad.". News: Sotomayor . Marianna . Caldwell . Leigh Ann . 2024-08-05 . Why St. Louis voters might ditch Cori Bush . 2024-08-07 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286 . a second member of the House’s far-left “Squad”.

    Sources for "progressive"

    Web site: Sullivan . Kate . July 16, 2024 . Here are the 4 congresswomen known as 'The Squad' targeted by Trump's racist tweets . CNN.

    Web site: Wu . Nicholas . February 4, 2024 . The Squad at a crossroads . Politico.

    Web site: Amri . Farnoush . Izaguirre . Anthony . August 16, 2024 . Why the progressive 'Squad' is getting smaller after defeats this primary cycle . AP News.

  2. Web site: Robertson . Nick . 2024-08-07 . Cori Bush calls out AIPAC after defeat: 'I'm coming to tear your kingdom down' . 2024-08-08 . The Hill . en-US.
  3. News: Cornwell . Susan . Expanding the 'Squad:' U.S. liberals challenge moderate Democrats to move party left . Reuters . October 21, 2019 . Ocasio-Cortez [...] has since become the face of the 'Squad,' freshman Democrats aiming to move the party farther left on issues such as healthcare and climate change. . November 13, 2019 . November 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191113110414/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-democrats/expanding-the-squad-us-liberals-challenge-moderate-democrats-to-move-party-left-idUSKBN1X00ZY . live .
  4. News: Tensions Between Pelosi and Progressive Democrats of 'the Squad' Burst Into Flame. Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. July 9, 2019. The New York Times. July 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. July 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190717112035/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/09/us/politics/nancy-pelosi-ocasio-cortez.html. live.
  5. News: Trump Defiant as Lawmakers Blast His 'Racist' Attacks on Four Congresswomen . Jeff . Mason . Susan . Cornwell . Reuters . July 15, 2019 . July 16, 2019 . October 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201020070647/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-democrats/trump-defiant-as-lawmakers-blast-his-racist-attacks-on-four-congresswomen-idUSKCN1U90H7 . live .
  6. News: After Trump Accuses Four Democratic Congresswomen of Hating U.S., They Fire Back. Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. July 15, 2019. The New York Times. July 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. July 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190718130122/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/15/us/politics/trump-go-back-tweet-racism.html. live.
  7. News: A Look at the 'Squad' That Trump Targeted in Racist Tweets. Associated Press. July 15, 2019. The New York Times. July 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. July 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190716033253/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/07/15/us/politics/ap-us-trump-the-squad-glance.html. live.
  8. Web site: Ocasio-Cortez shares photo of new 'squad' on Capitol Hill. Folley. Aris. November 13, 2018. The Hill. en. July 16, 2019. July 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190716020644/https://thehill.com/homenews/House/416370-ocasio-cortez-shares-photo-of-her-new-squad-on-capitol-hill. live.
  9. Web site: Goba . Kadia . 2020-07-01 . "The Squad" Is Raising Money To Fight For Progressive Candidates . 2024-11-05 . BuzzFeed News . en.
  10. News: 'It is like high school': Meet the House's freshman cliques . Melanie . Zanona . Sarah . Ferris . Heather . Caygle . March 4, 2019 . Politico . July 18, 2019 . July 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190730020254/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/04/house-democrats-freshman-cliques-1197530 . live .
  11. News: How 4 congresswomen came to be called "the Squad". Anna. North. Vox. July 17, 2019. July 17, 2019. July 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190718012255/https://www.vox.com/2019/7/17/20696474/squad-congresswomen-trump-pressley-aoc-omar-tlaib. live.
  12. justicedems . 1150885904308981760 . Justice Democrats . "We are more than four people. We ran on a mandate to advocate for and to represent those ignored, left out, and left behind. Our squad is big. Our squad includes any person committed to creating a more equitable and just world." -@AyannaPressley . July 15, 2019 .
  13. News: A Brief History of Squads. Arit. John. July 18, 2019. July 18, 2019. The New York Times. July 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190718174520/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/style/squad-aoc-trump.html. live.
  14. Web site: At a modest New York fund-raiser, 'the Squad' got its start . July 23, 2019 . Jazmine . Ulloa . . August 1, 2019 . August 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190801173915/https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2019/07/23/modest-new-york-fund-raiser-squad-got-its-start/ShcZ7PFXPKVkuMXSXVlyPN/story.html . live .
  15. News: 'The Squad': How Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ayanna Pressley, Rashida Tlaib, Ilhan Omar got their nickname. July 17, 2019. July 17, 2019. CBS News. July 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190717201159/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-squad-how-aoc-ilhan-omar-ayanna-pressley-rashida-tlaib-got-their-nickname/. live.
  16. Web site: This photo of Ocasio-Cortez, Pressley, and Tlaib from the Cohen hearing says it all. Gallucci. Nicole. February 28, 2019. Mashable. en. August 9, 2019. August 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190805064755/https://mashable.com/article/ocasio-cortez-pressley-tlaib-cohen-trial-photo/. live.
  17. News: Here are the 4 congresswomen known as 'The Squad' targeted by Trump's racist tweets. Sullivan. Kate. July 16, 2019. CNN. August 9, 2019. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814072132/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/15/politics/who-are-the-squad/index.html. live.
  18. Web site: Trump's racist tirades against "the Squad," explained. Yglesias. Matthew. July 18, 2019. Vox. Vox Media. August 9, 2019. February 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224064923/https://www.vox.com/2019/7/15/20694616/donald-trump-racist-tweets-omar-aoc-tlaib-pressley. live.
  19. News: Republicans are quiet as Trump urges minority congresswomen to leave the country. Stanley-Becker. Isaac. July 15, 2019. The Washington Post. July 17, 2019. July 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190716094751/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/07/15/republicans-trump-quiet-minority-congresswomen-leave/. live.
  20. News: Lawmakers Respond To Trump's Racist Comments: We Are Here To Stay. Naylor. Brian. July 15, 2019. NPR. July 20, 2019. July 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190720023645/https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741771445/trump-continues-twitter-assault-on-4-minority-congresswomen. live.
  21. News: Fram . Alan . Superville . Darlene . House condemns Trump 'racist' tweets in extraordinary rebuke . July 16, 2019 . Associated Press . July 17, 2019 . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720200311/https://apnews.com/a67df9b560fc416f8326827b36b0de81 . live .
  22. Web site: Reichmann . Deb . Trump slams congresswomen; crowd roars, 'Send her back!' . . July 18, 2019 . July 17, 2019 . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718002755/https://apnews.com/eb7f2bf6a7bd41e282a95dcf3904a877 . live .
  23. Web site: Yen . Hope . Seitz . Amanda . Trump goes after Omar at rally . . July 18, 2019 . July 18, 2019 . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718030722/https://www.apnews.com/e6690d5b6e8c496580e2dc0cc78c2f17 . live .
  24. Web site: McDonald . Scott . Trump Slams Progressive Democrat Women, Talks 'Bulls**t' at North Carolina Rally . . July 18, 2019 . July 17, 2019 . July 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718034057/https://www.newsweek.com/trump-slams-progressive-democrat-women-talks-bullst-north-carolina-rally-1449883 . live .
  25. Web site: Trump falsely claims Democratic congresswomen spoke of 'evil Jews' . . July 20, 2019 . July 20, 2019 . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720091335/https://www.timesofisrael.com/trump-falsely-claims-democratic-congresswomen-spoke-of-evil-jews/ . live .
  26. News: Chasmar . Jessica . RNC's 'Squad Goals: Anarchy' ad highlights congresswomen's own comments . October 5, 2019 . The Washington Times . July 17, 2019 . August 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210819052008/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jul/17/rncs-squad-goals-anarchy-ad-highlights-congresswom/ . dead .
  27. Web site: Backus . Fred . Salvanto . Anthony . Most Americans disagree with Trump's "go back" tweets – CBS News poll . July 21, 2019 . . July 22, 2019 . July 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190722012230/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/most-americans-disagree-with-trumps-go-back-tweets-cbs-news-poll/ . live .
  28. News: 'The Squad' Is the Future of the Democratic Party. Barbara. Ransby. August 8, 2019. August 8, 2019. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814095650/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/opinion/the-squad-democrats.html. live.
  29. Web site: Daughtery . Owen . Illinois GOP group shares, then deletes meme labeling minority congresswomen 'Jihad Squad' . July 21, 2019 . . July 22, 2019 . July 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190721235548/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/454072-illinois-gop-chairs-shares-and-deletes-movie-poster-meme-labeling . live .
  30. Web site: Ahren . Rafael . And then Trump tweeted – Why Israel suddenly decided to bar 2 US congresswomen . . August 16, 2019 . August 15, 2019 . January 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210115234902/https://www.timesofisrael.com/and-then-trump-tweeted-why-israel-suddenly-decided-to-snub-2-us-congresswomen/ . live .
  31. Web site: Folley . Aris . Omar: Netanyahu implementing 'Trump's Muslim ban' by denying entry to Israel . . August 16, 2019 . August 15, 2019 . August 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190816005029/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/457582-omar-netanyahu-implementing-trumps-muslim-ban-by-barring-us-from-israel . live .
  32. Web site: Banned congresswomen call decision 'insult to democracy' and a sign of weakness . . August 16, 2019 . August 15, 2019 . August 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190815231758/https://www.timesofisrael.com/banned-congresswomen-call-decision-insult-to-democracy-and-a-sign-of-weakness/ . live .
  33. Web site: Lee . Matthew . Miller . Zeke . AP Analysis: Trump uses Israel to fuel partisan fires . . August 16, 2019 . August 16, 2019 . August 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190815225139/https://apnews.com/80ddb437ab9f42d1807b3a97b8c9e07d . live .
  34. Web site: Liebermann . Oren . Rep. Rashida Tlaib says she won't visit Israel after being allowed to enter on humanitarian grounds . . August 22, 2019 . August 17, 2019 . August 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190822013740/https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/16/politics/rashida-tlaib-israel-visit-intl/index.html . live .
  35. Web site: Ayanna Pressley Endorses Elizabeth Warren for President. Herndon. Astead W.. November 6, 2019. The New York Times. November 6, 2019. January 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200109124638/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/06/us/politics/ayanna-pressley-endorses-elizabeth-warren.html. live.
  36. Web site: 'The Squad' Is Raising Money To Fight For Progressive Candidates. Goba. Kadia. July 1, 2020. BuzzFeed News. October 9, 2020. October 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201028034238/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kadiagoba/squad-fundraising-progressive-candidates-aoc-omar-tlaib. live.
  37. Web site: AOC, Omar, Tlaib and Pressley launch joint fundraising committee 'Squad Victory Fund'. Foran. Clare. Krieg. Gregory. July 1, 2020. CNN. October 9, 2020. October 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201001171554/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/01/politics/squad-ocasio-cortez-tlaib-omar-pressley/index.html. live.
  38. Web site: Live election results: 2020 U.S. House races. October 24, 2020. Politico. en. October 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027051302/https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/house/. live.
  39. 1345804761380085760 . CoriBush . Bush . Cori . Squad up. . January 3, 2021.
  40. Web site: 'The Squad is Growing'And So is Its Power. November 5, 2020. The Appeal. November 5, 2020. November 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201105001126/https://theappeal.org/the-squad-is-growing-congress/. live.
  41. News: August 9, 2022 . Minnesota Fifth Congressional District Primary Election Results . en-US . The New York Times . January 14, 2023 . 0362-4331 . January 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114043629/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/09/us/elections/results-minnesota-us-house-district-5.html . live .
  42. Web site: Faircloth . Ryan . August 4, 2022 . Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey, other west metro mayors endorse Don Samuels over Rep. Ilhan Omar . February 3, 2023 . Star Tribune . en . February 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155656/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-mayor-jacob-frey-other-west-metro-mayors-endorse-don-samuels-over-rep-ilhan-omar/600195677/ . live .
  43. Voght . Kara . August 2, 2022 . Meet the Young Progressives About to Join the Squad . January 13, 2023 . Rolling Stone . en . August 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220803120546/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/greg-casar-summer-lee-delia-ramirez-house-progressives-1389261/ . live .
  44. Web site: Sunday: Squad Member Delia Ramirez, plus the Ceasefire Now! campaign. RSVP Now! . pdamerica.org . April 12, 2024 . Progressive Democrats of America . 27 June 2024.
  45. Web site: Join us as we launch the #ProtectTheSquad campaign and stand up to the corporate and right wing interests attempting to silence our movement. . Twitter.com . X . 10 April 2024.
  46. News: Fandos . Nicholas . 2024-06-26 . Bowman Falls to Latimer in House Primary in New York . 2024-06-26 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  47. Web site: Trudo . Hanna . 2024-08-07 . Cori Bush loses Missouri primary in latest blow to progressive 'squad' . 2024-08-07 . The Hill . en-US.
  48. Web site: Ngo . Emily . 2024-06-27 . The Squad could lose a second member. It's not the warning sign you may think. . Politico .
  49. Web site: Moser . Riley . Rep. Ilhan Omar, other members of "The Squad" endorse Kamala Harris for president . CBS News . 2 November 2024 . 21 July 2024.
  50. Web site: Ward . Myah . Rashida Tlaib declines to endorse Harris . Politico . 2 November 2024 . 1 November 2024.
  51. News: Godfrey . Hayden . Blanco . Adrián . Perry . Kati . Dormido . Hannah . Lau . Eric . The Democrats who have endorsed Kamala Harris to replace Biden as nominee . The Washington Post . 2 November 2024 . 24 July 2024.
  52. News: August 28, 2019 . Perspective The radical roots of 'the Squad' . en-US . Washington Post . October 29, 2023 . 0190-8286.
  53. Web site: 20 November 2020 . Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, expanded 'Squad' demand Biden deliver on Green New Deal . October 29, 2023 . ABC News . en.
  54. Web site: December 1, 2021 . Rep. Omar Remarks on Islamophobia Representative Ilhan Omar . October 29, 2023 . omar.house.gov . en.
  55. Web site: Metzger . Bryan . Rep. Rashida Tlaib says she was 'naive' for not understanding 'how bipartisan Islamophobia is in Congress' . October 29, 2023 . Business Insider . en-US.
  56. Web site: Ocasio-Cortez slams McCarthy's 'Ku Klux Klan caucus' after Omar death threat . Mastrangelo . Dominick . . December 1, 2021 . November 16, 2023 .
  57. News: Sprunt. Barbara. August 13, 2021. 9 Moderate Democrats Threaten To Derail Pelosi's Infrastructure And Budget Plan. en. NPR. December 13, 2021. December 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211214000335/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1027371749/moderate-house-democrats-infrastructure-budget-vote-pelosi. live.
  58. Web site: Brownstein. Analysis by Ronald. 'A lot to balance': How Manchin, Sinema are blocking a new Democratic consensus. December 13, 2021. CNN. November 2, 2021. December 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211214000334/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/02/politics/manchin-sinema-democrats-biden-bill/index.html. live.
  59. Web site: Grayer. Annie. November 5, 2021. These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it.. November 6, 2021. CNN. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110030630/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html. live.
  60. Web site: Stancil. Kenny. November 6, 2021. 'Foolishness': House Passes Infrastructure Bill But Postpones Build Back Better Act. November 6, 2021. Common Dreams. en. November 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211106193844/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/11/05/foolishness-house-passes-infrastructure-bill-postpones-build-back-better-act. live.
  61. Web site: Sullivan . Kate . July 16, 2019 . Here are the 4 congresswomen known as 'The Squad' targeted by Trump's racist tweets CNN Politics . October 28, 2023 . CNN . en.
  62. Web site: Oshin . Olafimihan . 2023-10-26 . These 9 Democrats voted against resolution backing Israel, condemning Hamas . 2023-10-29 . The Hill . en-US.
  63. Web site: Motamedi . Maziar . What do we know about Israeli captives taken by Hamas and their release? . 2023-12-28 . Al Jazeera . en.
  64. Web site: 2023-10-27 . These numbers show the staggering toll of the Israel-Hamas war . 2023-12-28 . AP News . en.
  65. News: 2023-10-07 . US offers 'all appropriate support' to Israel following biggest attack from Hamas in decades . 2024-09-19 . ABC News . en-AU.
  66. Web site: International Reactions to the Hamas Attack on Israel The Washington Institute . 2024-09-19 . www.washingtoninstitute.org . en.
  67. Web site: U.S. Helps Israel Defend Against Hamas Attacks . October 29, 2023 . U.S. Department of Defense . en-US.
  68. Web site: 19 July 2024 . ADVISORY OPINION: LEGAL CONSEQUENCES ARISING FROM THE POLICIES AND PRACTICES OF ISRAEL IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, INCLUDING EAST JERUSALEM . 19 September 2024 . .
  69. Web site: 2023-11-06 . Israeli forces cut off north Gaza to isolate Hamas as an advance on the urban center looms . 2024-01-05 . AP News . en.
  70. Web site: Reps. Bush, Tlaib, Carson, Lee, Ramirez Lead Colleagues in Call for Immediate Ceasefire . 2024-01-05 . bush.house.gov . en.
  71. Web site: Fandos . Nicholas . Nicholas Fandos . July 11, 2024 . Ocasio-Cortez Loses the Democratic Socialists' Endorsement Over Israel . subscription . September 19, 2024 . The New York Times.
  72. Web site: House Oversight Committee Democrats Discussion on Supreme Court Ethics C-SPAN.org . 2024-06-13 . www.c-span.org.
  73. News: Gambino . Lauren . 2024-06-12 . US supreme court in 'crisis of legitimacy' says AOC at House oversight round table . 2024-06-13 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  74. Web site: 2024-06-06 . Ranking Member Raskin and Rep. Ocasio-Cortez to Host Roundtable on the Ethics Crisis at the Supreme Court The Committee on Oversight and Accountability Democrats . 2024-06-13 . oversightdemocrats.house.gov . en.
  75. Web site: Acevedo . Dagoberto . 2024-06-12 . VIDEO: At Hearing on Supreme Court Ethics, Pressley Outlines Damning Link Between Project 2025 and Justices' Corruption . 2024-06-13 . Ayanna Pressley . en-US.
  76. Web site: Rep. Lee Stresses Need For Supreme Court Ethics Reform in Oversight Democrats Roundtable . 2024-06-13 . Summer Lee . en.
  77. Web site: Burke . Melissa Nann . Rep. Rashida Tlaib calls for two Supreme Court justices to be impeached . 2024-06-13 . The Detroit News . en-US.
  78. Web site: 2024-04-19 . Reps.Omar, Raskin, and Stansbury Push For Supreme Court Accountability With New Legislation Representative Ilhan Omar . 2024-06-13 . omar.house.gov . en.
  79. Web site: Congresswoman Bush Statement Calls for Justice Alito to Resign . 2024-06-13 . bush.house.gov . en.
  80. News: The New Class Of Congresswomen Is Already Taking D.C. By Storm. Andrea. González-Ramírez. November 14, 2018. July 17, 2019. Refinery29. "Their shared identity as young women from underrepresented communities and smart politicians pushing the Democratic party to the left has created an unbreakable bond.". May 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190504123131/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/11/216940/women-elected-to-congress-orientation-week-alexandria-ocasio-cortez. live.
  81. News: AOC's 'Squad': Who In the Media is to Blame for Making This Term a Thing?. Colby. Hall. July 16, 2019. July 19, 2019. Mediaite. July 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190717143415/https://www.mediaite.com/politics/aocs-squad-who-in-the-media-is-to-blame-for-making-this-a-thing/. live.
  82. News: Dovere. Edward-Isaac. July 17, 2020. Jamaal Bowman Is Ready to Join the Squad. December 11, 2020. The Atlantic. en. August 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200828095637/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/07/jamaal-bowman-eliot-engel-squad/613597/. live.
  83. Web site: The Rise of the Left (With Mondaire Jones). June 25, 2020. Hasan. Mehdi. Grim. Ryan. Jones. Mondaire. December 11, 2020. The Intercept. en. August 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200822004136/https://theintercept.com/2020/06/25/deconstructed-podcast-mehdi-hasan-mondaire-jones-left/. live.
  84. News: Nichols. John. August 6, 2020. 2020 Is a Great Year for #SquadPolitics. Just Ask Cori Bush and Rashida Tlaib.. en-US. The Nation. December 11, 2020. 0027-8378. August 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200820182646/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/cori-bush-tlaib/. live.
  85. News: Herndon. Astead W.. August 5, 2020. Progressive Victories Signal Staying Power for the Movement. en-US. The New York Times. December 11, 2020. 0362-4331. September 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200901030048/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/05/us/politics/election-primary-results.html. live.
  86. Web site: A new generation of Black progressives has been elected to Congress. November 4, 2020. November 5, 2020. November 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201104143614/https://www.vox.com/2020/11/4/21538719/cori-bush-ritchie-torres-jamaal-bowman-election-results. live.
  87. Web site: @casestudyqb. November 11, 2020. Twitter. en. November 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201105171027/https://twitter.com/CaseStudyQB/status/1324234475946102791. live.
  88. News: Samuels. Ben. 'Pro-Israel Progressive' Ritchie Torres Won't Join AOC's Squad Due to BDS Stance. December 21, 2020. January 23, 2021. January 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123093320/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-pro-israel-progressive-ritchie-torres-won-t-join-aoc-s-squad-due-to-bds-stance-1.9389672. live.
  89. News: Levine. Jon. Pro-Israel progressive Ritchie Torres says he won't join AOC's 'Squad'. December 19, 2020. January 23, 2021. January 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123093326/https://nypost.com/2020/12/19/pro-israel-progressive-ritchie-torres-joining-congress-not-squad/. live.
  90. Web site: Cullen . Kevin . July 28, 2022 . Will the next member of 'The Squad' come from Vermont? . August 11, 2022 . BostonGlobe.com . en-US . August 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220811011037/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/07/28/metro/will-next-member-squad-come-vermont/ . live .
  91. Voght . Kara . August 2, 2022 . Meet the Young Progressives About to Join the Squad . August 3, 2022 . Rolling Stone . en-US . August 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220803120546/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/greg-casar-summer-lee-delia-ramirez-house-progressives-1389261/ . live .
  92. Web site: Sanders . Austin . March 4, 2022 . Greg Casar's Landslide Win Virtually Ensures TX-35 Seat . May 23, 2022 . Austin Chronicle . en-US . May 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220523160430/https://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2022-03-04/greg-casars-landslide-win-virtually-ensures-tx-35-seat/ . live .
  93. Voght . Kara . May 21, 2022 . Summer Lee Is Coming to Congress -- and to The Squad . May 23, 2022 . Rolling Stone . en-US . May 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220523160430/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/pennsylvania-primary-summer-lee-the-squad-1355051/ . live .
  94. Web site: Sammon. Alexander. A New "Squad" Is Heading to the House. Slate. November 9, 2022. November 11, 2022. November 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221111050156/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/11/progressives-midterms-maxwell-frost-delia-ramirez-summer-lee-greg-casar.html. live.

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