Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert explained

The Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert (es|Misiones jesuíticas en el desierto de Sonora) are a series of Jesuit Catholic religious outposts established by the Spanish Catholic Jesuits and other orders for religious conversions of the Pima and Tohono O'odham indigenous peoples residing in the Sonoran Desert. An added goal was giving Spain a colonial presence in their frontier territory of the Sonora y Sinaloa Province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and relocating by Indian Reductions (Reducciones de Indios) settlements and encomiendas for agricultural, ranching, and mining labor.

Geography and history

The missions are in an area of the Sonoran Desert, then called "Pimería Alta de Sonora y Sinaloa" (Upper Pima of Sonora and Sinaloa), now divided between the Mexican state of Sonora and the U.S. state of Arizona. Jesuits in missions in Northwestern Mexico wrote reports that throw light on the indigenous peoples they evangelized.^[1] A 1601 report, Relación de la Provincia de Nuestra Señora de Sinaloa was published in 1945.^[2] An important Jesuit report concerned the resistance in 1691 of the Tarahumara to evangelization, Historia de la tercera rebelión tarahumara.^[3] Another important Jesuit account of evangelization in Sonora is Estado y descripción de Sonora, 1730, which has considerable information about the size of the indigenous population, culture, and languages.^[4]

In the Spring of 1687, Jesuit missionary named Father Eusebio Francisco Kino lived and worked with the Native Americans (including the Sobaipuri) in the area called the "Pimería Alta," or "Upper Pima Country," which presently is located in northern Sonora and southern Arizona. During Father Eusebio Kino's stay in the Pimería Alta, he founded over twenty missions in eight mission districts.^{[5] [6]}

On February 3, 1768, King Carlos III ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and its overseas empire. Despite the order, many Jesuits remained in and around the present day Tucson, Arizona, as late as the 1780s.

Missions

Missions were organized hierarchically. Each province contained several missions (Spanish; Castilian: cabaceras), which might have dependent visitas. (A particularly successful visita might be promoted to a mission in its own right.) Each mission or visita in turn had subordinate pueblos.

The five provinces of Sonora and Sinaloa were:

• Tarahumara
• Sinaloa
• Ostimuri
• Sonora
• Pimería

As of the Jesuit expulsion in 1767, there were a total of 52 missions in the region: 41 in Sonora proper, and an additional 11 in Sinaloa.^[7]

Name	Mission	Image	Location	Date founded	Order	Notes	Source
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe	Arizpe		30.33732, -110.16552		Jesuits		[8] [9] [10]
Mission San Miguel Bacoachi	Arizpe				Jesuits
Mission San José de Chinapa	Arizpe				Jesuits	Briefly an independent mission.
Vesuachi	Chinapa				Jesuits
Mission San Miguel de Ures	Ures		29.42926, -110.39001		Jesuits		[11] [12]
Mission San Ignacio de Soniquipa	Ures				Jesuits	Initially founded as a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Banámichi. Also spelled "Sinoquipe", and other variants.
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Beramitzi	Huépac		30.00765, -110.21768		Jesuits	Later an independent mission. Also spelled Banámichi or Banamitzi.	[13] [14]
Mission San Lorenzo de Güepaca	Huépac				Jesuits	Later a Spanish; Castilian: visita.
Mission San Pablo del Pescadero	Huépac				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora del Populo del Seri	Hermosillo				Jesuits		[15]
Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Nacameri	Hermosillo				Jesuits	At other times variously a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Ures, Pópulo, and Opodepe.
Mission Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles	Hermosillo				Jesuits
Mission San Pedro de la Conquista de los Seris	Hermosillo				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Baviácora	Baviácora				Jesuits	Later a Spanish; Castilian: visita.
Mission San Pedro Aconchi	Baviácora				Jesuits	Later became an independent mission.	[16]
Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa	Tecorípa				Jesuits
Mission San Ignacio de Suaqui	Tecorípa				Jesuits
Mission San Francisco Xavier de Cumuripa	Tecorípa				Jesuits	Also spelled "Comusipa". Later became an independent mission.
Inchoada de Hecatari	Tecorípa				Jesuits
Mission San Francisco Buenavista	Cumuripa				Jesuits	Founded by Martín Burgencio, it was a originally a visita of Mission San Francisco Xavier de Cumuripa.
Mission San Ignacio de Loyola de Ónavas	Ónavas				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora del Populo de Tonintzi	Ónavas				Jesuits
Mission San Joseph de Soyopa	Ónavas				Jesuits	Also known as San Francisco de Soyopa.
Mission San José de Mátape					Jesuits
Mission Santa Cruz de Nacori					Jesuits	Often called "Nacori Grande".
Mission Assumpción de Nuestra Señora de los Alamos				1630	Jesuits		[17]
Mission San Francisco Xavier de Rebeico					Jesuits	Also spelled Robesco.	[18]
Mission San Javier de Arivechi	Arivechi				Jesuits
Mission San Ignacio Bacanora	Arivechi				Jesuits	At another time a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Sahuaripa.
Pondia	Arivechi				Jesuits
Mission Santa Rosalia de Onapa	Onapa				Jesuits	Initially a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Arivechi.
Mission Los Siete Angeles de Taraichi	Onapa				Jesuits
Mission San Ildefonso de Ostimuri	Onapa				Jesuits
	Onapa				Jesuits
Mission San Jose de Teopari					Jesuits
Mission Santa Maria de los Dolores					Jesuits
Nátori					Jesuits
Mission Santa Ana de Mobas	Mobas				Jesuits
Mission San Joaquín de Nuri	Mobas				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Sahuaripa	Sahuaripa				Jesuits
Mission San Mateo Malzura	Sahuaripa				Jesuits
Santo Tomás	Sahuaripa				Jesuits
Mission San Idelfonso de Yécora	Yécora				Jesuits	Initially a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Onapa.
Santa Ana	Yécora				Jesuits
Mission San Francisco Xavier de Maycoba	Yécora				Jesuits
Mission San Francisco de Huásaca	Huásabas				Jesuits
Mission San Ignacio de Oputo	Huásabas				Jesuits
Mission San Luis Gonzága de Bacadéhuachi	Nácori Chico		29.8077, -109.14075		Jesuits	Later an independent mission.	[19]
Mission Nuestra Señora de Nácori Chico	Nácori Chico				Jesuits
Mission Santo Tomás de Serva	Nácori Chico				Jesuits
Mission San Ignacio de Mochapa	Bacadéhuachi				Jesuits
Sátachi	Bacadéhuachi				Jesuits	Possibly earlier a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Nacori Chico.
Mission Santa María de Bacerac	Bacerac				Jesuits
Mission San Miguel de Bavispe	Bacerac				Jesuits
Mission Juan Evangelista de Huachinera	Bacerac				Jesuits	Also spelled Guachintra. Later an independent mission.
Mission Santa Gertrudis de Techicadéguachi	Huachinera				Jesuits
Mission San Miguel Arcángel de Oposura	Oposura				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Cumpas	Oposura				Jesuits	Later a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Huásabas.
Térapa	Oposura				Jesuits
Mission (Nuestro Padre) San Ignacio de Cuquiarachi			30.87454, -109.67032		Jesuits		[20] [21]
Mission San Francisco Xavier de Cuchuta					Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Teuricachi					Jesuits
Mission Santa Rosa de Tebadéguachi					Jesuits
Mission Santa Maria de Tepupa	Batuc				Jesuits	Flooded by Lake Novillo in 1964.	[22]
Mission San Francisco Javier de Batuc	Batuc				Jesuits	Flooded by Lake Novillo in 1964.
Mission San Joaquín y Santa Ana de Tepachi	Batuc				Jesuits	Later a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Oposura.
Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama	Tubutama		30.88497, -111.46544		Jesuits		[23] [24]
Mission Santa Teresa de Atil	Tubutama		30.84437, -111.58387		Jesuits	Later an independent mission.	[25] [26]
Mission San Antonio (Paduano) de(l) Oquitoa	Tubutama		30.74371, -111.73494		Jesuits	Later a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Atil.	[27]
Mission La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Caborca	Caborca		30.69748, -112.14703		Jesuits		[28] [29]
Mission Jesus Maria de Busani	Caborca				Jesuits
Mission Los Cinco Señores del Busani	Caborca				Jesuits
Mission San Valentin del Bizani	Caborca				Jesuits	Established as Visita de San Juan de Bisaning (Bisanig). Elevated to the status of mission on Valentine's Day in 1694. The church ruins date to 1706.	[30] [31]
Mission San Ignacio de los Pimas	San Ignacio				Jesuits
Mission San José de Imuris	San Ignacio		30.77742, -110.86257		Jesuits	Later an independent mission.	[32] [33]
Mission Nuestro Padre de San Ignacio de Cabórica	San Ignacio		30.69696, -110.92431		Jesuits		[34] [35]
Mission Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe	Cucurpe		30.3318, -110.70439		Jesuits	Founded by Marcos del Río. In ruins.	[36] [37]
Mission San Juan Bautista de Saracachi	Cucurpe				Jesuits
Mission San Miguel Tuape	Cucurpe				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Ascención de Opodepe	Cucurpe				Jesuits	Later an independent mission.
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (de Cósari)	Dolores				Jesuits	First mission founded in the Pimería Alta by Father Kino. It had a visita called San José at Aquimuri. Abandoned in 1744.	[38]
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Doagibubig	Dolores				Jesuits	Abandoned in 1740. Nonextant.	[39]
Mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera	Dolores		30.92866, -110.61148		Jesuits		[40]
Mission Santa María Suamca	Cocóspera				Jesuits	Founded as Santa María del Pilar. The location changed and it became known as Santa María Suamca (spellings vary) or Santa María Bugota. Sometimes an independent mission, sometimes a Spanish; Castilian: visita of Cocóspera. It had visitas at San Lázaro and San Luis Bacoancos.	[41]
Mission San Lázaro	Suamca				Jesuits	Abandoned after an Apache raid.	[42]
Mission Santa Gertrudis del Sáric	Sáric				Jesuits
Mission San Ambrosio de Búsanic y Tucubavia	Sáric				Jesuits
Mission San Bernardo de Aquimuri	Sáric				Jesuits
Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi	Guevavi		31.41007, -110.90198		Jesuits	First church built in what is now southern Arizona. Abandoned in 1775. The church ruins date to 1751.
Mission San Luis Bacoancos	Guevavi				Jesuits	Abandoned after an Apache raid.	[43]
Mission San Ignacio de Sonoitac	Guevavi				Jesuits	Also named Los Reyes de Sonoita and Los Reyes del Sonoydag. A ranchería near Patagonia.	[44]
Mission San Cayetano del Tumacácori	Guevavi				Jesuits	The mission abandoned during the 1751 O'odham Uprising and rebuilt as Mission San José de Tumacácori to the west of the Santa Cruz River.
Mission San José de Tumacácori	Guevavi		31.56861, -111.0509		Jesuits	Located west of the site of Mission San Cayetano del Tumacácori. Abandoned in 1828. The farming land around the mission was sold at auction in 1834. Nonextant.
Mission San Cayetano de Calabazas	Guevavi		31.45252, -110.95945		Jesuits	Abandoned in 1786.
Mission Santa Rosa de Bácum	Bácum				Jesuits
Mission Espíritu Santu Cócorit	Bácum				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora de Belem					Jesuits	Later an independent mission.
Mission Santa Bárbara de Huiribis					Jesuits	Later a Spanish; Castilian: visita.
Natividad Navojoa	Navojoa				Jesuits
Mission San Ignacio Cohurimbo	Navojoa				Jesuits	Also spelled Curimpo.
Mission Santa Catarina de Camoa	Navojoa				Jesuits	Later an independent mission.
Mission San Ignacio de Tesia	Camoa				Jesuits
Mission San Fernando de las Amarillas del Carrizal					Jesuits
Mission San Andrés Conicari	Conicari				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Tepahui	Conicari				Jesuits
Mission Espíritu Santo Etchojoa					Jesuits
Mission San José de Laguna de Guaymas					Jesuits
Mission Santa Cruz del Río Mayo	Mayo				Jesuits
Mission San Estanislao del Ootcam					Jesuits
Trinidad	Rahum				Jesuits
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Rahum	Rahum				Jesuits
Texas					Jesuits
Mission San Ignacio de Torin					Jesuits
Trinidad Vícam					Jesuits			Mission name	Mission location		FoundingOrder	Notes	References-->
Mission San Xavier del Bac			32.10722, -111.00797		Jesuits	1692–1770, 1783–1837, 1859–present. The extant mission church was completed in 1797.	[45]
Mission Nuestra Señora de Loreto y San Marcelo de Sonoyta					Jesuits
Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón			32.21346, -110.98703		Franciscans	Abandoned in 1828. Nonextant.
Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción			32.73052, -114.61557		Franciscans	Located in California but administered as part of the Pimería Alta missions. Destroyed during a Quechan raid from July 17–19, 1781. Nonextant. A reconstruction of the mission was completed in 1923, which currently serves as a parish church.
Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer			32.81636, -114.51511		Franciscans	Located in California but administered as part of the Pimería Alta missions. Destroyed during a Quechan raid from July 17–19, 1781. Nonextant.
Mission Santa Magdalena de Tepocas					Jesuits

See also

On Spanish Missions in neighboring regions:

• Spanish missions in Arizona (including northern Arizona)
• Spanish missions in Baja California
• Spanish missions in California
• Spanish missions in Chihuahua and Coahuila
• Spanish missions in New Mexico

On general missionary history:

• Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
• List of the oldest churches in Mexico

On colonial Spanish American history:

• Spanish colonization of the Americas
• California mission clash of cultures

Further reading

• Burrus, E. J., 1965, Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New Spain. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society.
• Burrus, E. J., 1971, Kino and Manje: Explorers of Sonora and Arizona. In Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10. Rome and St. Louis: Jesuit Historical Institute.
• Di Peso, Charles, 1953, The Sobaipuri Indians of the Upper San Pedro River Valley, Southwestern Arizona. Dragoon, AZ: Amerind Foundation Publication No. 6.
• Di Peso, Charles, 1956, The Upper Pima of San Cayetano del Tumacacori: An Archaeohistorical Reconstruction of the Ootam of Pimeria Alta. The Amerind Foundation, Inc. Dragoon, Arizona.
• Karns, H. J., 1954, Luz de Tierra Incognita. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Silhouettes.
• Kessell, John L., 1970, Mission of Sorrow: Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691-1767. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
• Masse, W. Bruce, 1981, A Reappraisal of the Protohistoric Sobaipuri Indians of Southeastern Arizona. In The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450-1700. David R. Wilcox and W. Bruce Masse, editors. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 24, pp. 28–56.
• McIntyre, Allan J., 2008, The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
• Officer, James E., Mardith Schuetz, and Bernard Fontana (editors), 1996, The Pimeria Alta: Missions & More. Tucson, AZ: The Southwestern Research Center.
• Pickens, Buford L., 1993, The Missions of Northern Sonora, A 1935 Field Documentation. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
• Robinson, William J., 1976, Mission Guevavi: Excavations in the Convento. The Kiva 42(2):135-175.
• Seymour, Deni J., 1989, The Dynamics of Sobaipuri Settlement in the Eastern Pimeria Alta. Journal of the Southwest 31(2):205-222.
• Seymour, Deni J., 1990, Sobaipuri-Pima Settlement Along the Upper San Pedro River: A Thematic Survey Between Fairbank and Aravaipa Canyon. Report for the Bureau of Land Management.
• Seymour, Deni J., 1993, Piman Settlement Survey in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. Report submitted to Arizona State Parks in fulfillment of survey and planning grant contract requirements.
• Seymour, Deni J., 1993, In Search of the Sobaipuri Pima: Archaeology of the Plain and Subtle. Archaeology in Tucson. Newsletter of the Center for Desert Archaeology. 7(1):1-4.
• Seymour, Deni J., 1997, Finding History in the Archaeological Record: The Upper Piman Settlement of Guevavi. Kiva 62(3):245-260.
• Seymour, Deni J., 2003, Sobaipuri-Pima Occupation in the Upper San Pedro Valley: San Pablo de Quiburi. New Mexico Historical Review 78(2):147-166.
• Seymour, Deni J., 2007, A Syndetic Approach to Identification of the Historic Mission Site of San Cayetano Del Tumacácori. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 11(3):269-296.
• Seymour, Deni J., 2007, Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I. New Mexico Historical Review, 82(4).
• Seymour, Deni J., 2008, Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part II. New Mexico Historical Review, 83(2).
• Seymour, Deni J., 2008, Father Kino’s 'Neat Little House and Church' at Guevavi. Journal of the Southwest 50(4)(Winter).

External links

• Kino Missions, US National Park Service
• Arizona Education, Kino Missions
• In the Footsteps of a Bold Priest, New York Times
• Bibliography, Kino Missions

Notes and References

1. J. Benedict Warren, "An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America, 1503-1818,entry 107. "Jesuit Missions in Northwestern Mexico" in Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 13, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources. Howard F. Cline, volume editor. Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, p. 95.
2. Relación de la Provincia de Nuestra Señora de Sinaloa, Edmundo O'Gorman, ed. Archivo General de la Nación, Boletín, 16:173-94.
3. Tomás de Guadalajara (?), Historian de a tercera rebelión tarahumara. Roberto Ramos, ed. Chihuahua 1950.
4. Estado y descripción de Sonora, 1730. Prólogo y notas de Francisco González Cossio. Archivo General de la Nación, Boletin, 16:587-636. map.
5. E.J. Burrus, 1965, Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New Spain. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society.
6. E.J. Burrus, 1971, Kino and Manje: Explorers of Sonora and Arizona. In Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10. Rome and St. Louis: Jesuit Historical Institute.
7. Book: Stagg . Albert L. . The First Bishop of Sonora: Antonio de los Reyes, O.F.M . 1 June 1976 . University of Arizona Press . 978-0-8165-0549-4 . 12 . 0 . English.
8. Web site: Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . www.nps.gov . 12 February 2024 . en.
9. Ives . Ronald L. . The Sonoran Census of 1730 . Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia . 1948 . 59 . 4 . 319–339 . 29 April 2024 . 0002-7790.
10. Web site: Google Maps . 2024-09-23 . Google Maps . en.
11. Web site: 2018-02-03 . Ures . 2024-09-23 . Explore Sonora . en-US.
12. Web site: San Miguel Arcángel · Av. Lafontaine 1, Centro, 84900 Heroica Cdad. de Ures, Son., Mexico . 2024-09-23 . San Miguel Arcángel · Av. Lafontaine 1, Centro, 84900 Heroica Cdad. de Ures, Son., Mexico . en.
13. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . Missions - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
14. Web site: Mission of Our Lady of the Remedies of Banámichi · C. Mártires de 1906 32, 84880 Banámichi, Son., Mexico . 2024-09-23 . Mission of Our Lady of the Remedies of Banámichi · C. Mártires de 1906 32, 84880 Banámichi, Son., Mexico . en.
15. Eckhart . George B. . The Seri Indian Missions . Kiva . 1960 . 25 . 3 . 37–43 . 22 February 2024 . 0023-1940.
16. Eckhart . George B. . A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614-1826 . Arizona and the West . 1960 . 2 . 2 . 165–183 . 30 April 2024 . 0004-1408.
17. Book: Polzer . Charles W. . The Jesuit Missions of Northern Mexico . 1991 . Taylor & Francis . 978-0-8240-2096-5 . 132 . en.
18. Book: Hodge . Frederick Webb . Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z . 1912 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 393 . 29 April 2024 . en.
19. Web site: Iglesia De Nuestra Señora De Loreto · Independencia, 84484 Bacadéhuachi, Son., Mexico . 2024-09-25 . Iglesia De Nuestra Señora De Loreto · Independencia, 84484 Bacadéhuachi, Son., Mexico . en.
20. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . Nuestro Padre San Ignacio de Cuquiárachi - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
21. Web site: Iglesia San Ignacio · 84325 Fronteras, Sonora, Mexico . 2024-09-23 . Iglesia San Ignacio · 84325 Fronteras, Sonora, Mexico . en.
22. News: Woodhouse . Murphy . Untold Arizona: 50 Years Later, The Memory Of 3 Flooded Sonoran Pueblos Lives On . 22 February 2024 . Fronteras . 10 April 2019 . en.
23. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . San Pedro y San Pablo de Tubutama - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
24. Web site: Saints Peter and Paul Apostles Catholic Church · Centro, 83800 Tubutama, Sonora, Mexico . 2024-09-23 . Saints Peter and Paul Apostles Catholic Church · Centro, 83800 Tubutama, Sonora, Mexico . en.
25. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . Nuestro Padre San Francisco de Átil - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
26. Web site: Missión of Santa Teresa de Átil · Centro, 83820 Atil Municipality, Sonora, Mexico . 2024-09-23 . Missión of Santa Teresa de Átil · Centro, 83820 Atil Municipality, Sonora, Mexico . en.
27. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . San Antonio Paduano del Oquitoa - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
28. Web site: La Purísima Concepción de Caborca - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2022-05-16 . www.nps.gov . en.
29. Web site: Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Caborca · 6 de Abril, Av. B 328, Pueblo Viejo, 83680 Heroica Caborca, Son., Mexico . 2024-09-23 . Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Caborca · 6 de Abril, Av. B 328, Pueblo Viejo, 83680 Heroica Caborca, Son., Mexico . en.
30. Web site: 2018-07-23 . Ruins of the San Valentin del Bizani Kino Mission . 2022-05-17 . Explore Sonora . en-US.
31. Web site: NPS Bisanig.
32. Web site: Saint Joseph Church · Álvaro Obregón 7, Ímuris Centro, 84120 Imuris, Son., Mexico . 2024-09-23 . Saint Joseph Church · Álvaro Obregón 7, Ímuris Centro, 84120 Imuris, Son., Mexico . en.
33. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . San José de Ímuris - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
34. Web site: NPS San Ignacio .
35. Web site: San Ignacio Historic Mission · 84170 San Ignacio, Sonora, Mexico . 2024-09-23 . San Ignacio Historic Mission · 84170 San Ignacio, Sonora, Mexico . en.
36. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
37. Web site: Las Ruinas de La Misión de los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe · Molino 59, 84660 Cucurpe, Son., Mexico . 2024-09-23 . Las Ruinas de La Misión de los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe · Molino 59, 84660 Cucurpe, Son., Mexico . en.
38. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Cósari - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
39. Web site: Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Doagibubig .
40. Web site: Cocospera .
41. Web site: Tumacacori . Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067 . Us . AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact . Santa María Suamca - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) . 2024-09-23 . www.nps.gov . en.
42. Web site: NPS Lázaro .
43. Web site: NPS Bacoancos .
44. Web site: NPS Sonoitac .
45. Web site: San Xavier Mission Organization site . 2022-05-16 . 2017-09-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170912062835/http://www.sanxaviermission.org/History.html . dead .