Soyuz-2 Explained

Soyuz2 (GRAU index: 14A14) is a modernized expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major version of the Soyuz rocket family. It includes key enhancements over its predecessors, including improved engines along with digital flight control and telemetry systems, enabling launches from fixed platforms and the use of large payload fairings.

In its standard configuration, Soyuz2 is a three-stage launch vehicle designed for low Earth orbit missions. Notably, its stage numbering differs from some rockets. The boosters are considered its first stage, while the central core is the second. For higher orbits like Molniya or geosynchronous, an optional upper (fourth) stage can be added. The most common upper stage is the Fregat, but the smaller Volga is also an option. These upper stages have independent flight control and telemetry systems.

The Soyuz2 family has two major variants, with the Soyuz2.1a being the base version that first launched on 8 November 2004. The Soyuz2.1b, with a 15 percent more powerful third stage, followed on 27 December 2006. In 2011, the SoyuzST was introduced, a derivative version with extensive modifications to launch from the Guiana Space Centre, the European Space Agency's spaceport in French Guiana. Soyuz launches from Guiana were suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The derivative Soyuz-2.1v with a more powerful core stage and no boosters was introduced in December 2013.

The Soyuz2 rocket utilizes the existing facilities of its R-7 derived predecessors, Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and Sites 43/3 and 43/4 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. In 2016, an additional launch location opened at Site 1S at the Vostochny Cosmodrome in eastern Russia.

The Soyuz2 has replaced the Molniya-M, Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG rockets since 2010, 2017 and 2019 respectively.^{[8] [9] [10]}

Variants

Soyuz 2.1a

The key advancement of the Soyuz2.1a is its digital flight control system, which replaces the analog system used in earlier Soyuz models. This upgrade allows the rocket to adjust its trajectory mid-flight, a capability the analog system lacked, eliminating the need for a rotating launchpad. The digital system also supports the use of larger payload fairings, enabling the launch of heavier commercial satellites that the analog system could not handle due to the aerodynamic instability the fairings generate.

The 2.1a retains the upgraded RD-107A engines on the first stage boosters and the RD-108A engine on the second stage core, initially introduced with the Soyuz-FG. These engines feature improved injection systems for enhanced performance.^[11] The only change for the Soyuz-2 is the addition of a chemical ignition system.^[12] Previously, engines were ignited pyrotechnically with a pair of small charges placed on a wooden stick inside each of the 32 combustion chambers.^[13]

The Block I third stage continues to use the RD-0110 engine, but its structure has been unified with the upgraded third stage of the 2.1b to streamline production. These changes slightly enlarged the propellant tanks, enabling longer burn times.^[14] The extra burn time combined with the physically lighter and more capable digital flight control system increased payload capacity by .

The Soyuz2.1a conducted its maiden flight on 8 November 2004, launching from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 with a boilerplate payload simulating a Zenit-8 spy satellite.

Soyuz 2.1b

The Soyuz2.1b has all the same features as the Soyuz2.1a but uses improved third stage built around the new RD-0124 engine which significantly increased specific impulse from, improving payload capability to low Earth orbit from from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, for example.^{[15] [16]}

The first launch of a Soyuz2.1b occurred from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.^[17]

Vostochny modifications

Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version of the Soyuz include the following:

• Upgraded Computer: The system boasts six times more performance, reduced weight, and significantly simplified cable networks through multiplexing lines and the use of common buses.
• Improved Batteries: New nickel-cadmium batteries eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.
• On-Board Video System: A video system has been added, enabling real-time views of the launch.
• Adaptation for Vertical Integration: Due to the mobile gantry at Vostochny, which supports vertical payload integration, the rockets are equipped with piping to direct oxygen purges outside the gantry.

On 1 October 2015, it was revealed that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different rocket modification and were too small. This issue raised doubts about the planned first launch in December 2015. The first launch successfully took place on 28 April 2016.^[18]

Notable missions

Suborbital test flight

On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz2 rocket, in the Soyuz2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a suborbital trajectory, with the third stage and Boilerplate landing in the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

The first attempt at launching a Soyuz2 to orbit with the MetOp-A satellite occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and onboard preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

First crewed mission

The first crewed launch of Soyuz2 took place on 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

Naphthyl fuel

Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl (Russian: нафтил) fueled Soyuz2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, which also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.^[19]

Launch statistics

Since 2006, Soyuz2 rockets have accumulated a total of 144 launches, 139 of which were successful, yielding a success rate.

Launch sites

List of launches

Launch date Time (UTC)	Configuration	Spaceport	Result	Payload	Mission type	Remarks
18:30	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Zenit-8 (boilerplate)	Suborbital flight test
16:28	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31		MetOp-A	Weather satellite
08:34	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 1	Military communications satellite
14:28	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31		CoRoT	Astronomy satellite
18:31	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	[20]	Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1)	Reconnaissance satellite	Launch was successful, but the satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
21:53	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43	[21]	Meridian 2	Military communications satellite	Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
15:55	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31		Meteor-M No.1	Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites
17:11	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31		Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
00:59	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 3	Military communications satellite
03:07	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L)	Navigation satellite
17:41	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 4	Military communications satellite
02:27	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31		Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
20:15	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742)	Navigation satellite
08:25	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[22]	Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746)	Navigation satellite
12:08	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[23]	Meridian 5	Military communications satellite	Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
17:09	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	[24]	Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
16:28	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31		MetOp-B	Weather satellite
11:42	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 6	Military communications satellite
16:04:24	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31		Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
10:00:00	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Bion-M No.1	Biological science satellite + 5 piggyback satellites
05:23:46	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[25]	Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747)	Navigation satellite
18:37:59	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	[26]	Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2)	Reconnaissance satellite
17:28:48	Soyuz2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31	[27]	Resurs-P No.1	Earth observation satellite
22:54:03	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[28]	Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754)	Navigation satellite
13:49:35	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	[29]	Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M)	Reconnaissance satellite
17:16:48	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[30]	Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755)	Navigation satellite
15:58:28	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	[31]	Meteor-M No.2	Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites
20:50:00	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Foton-M No.4	Microgravity and biology research satellite
07:09:43	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress M-25M	ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
01:42:52	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 7	Military communications satellite
21:52:26	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L)	Navigation satellite
03:01:13	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1)	ELINT
18:55:50	Soyuz2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31		Resurs-P No.2	Earth observation satellite
11:01:35	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L)	Reconnaissance
07:09:50	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress M-27M	ISS logistics	Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[32] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[33] Mission declared a total loss.[34]
15:23:54	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M)	Reconnaissance
16:44:00	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3)	Reconnaissance
06:33:41	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2510 (EKS)	Missile early warning
08:44:39	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress MS-01	ISS logistics
00:21:07	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751)	Navigation
18:56:00	Soyuz2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31		Resurs-P No.3	Earth observation
09:42	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L)	Reconnaissance
16:23:57	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress MS-02	ISS logistics
02:01:21	Soyuz2.1a / Volga	Vostochny, Site 1S		[35]	Gamma-ray astronomy Technology demonstrations
08:44:37	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[36]	Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760)	Navigation	Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.[37]
06:33	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[38]	EKS-2	Missile early warning
09:20	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress MS-06	ISS logistics
06:36:49	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31		Kanopus-V-IK Many cubesats	Earth observation Heliophysics	At least 9 of the 72 CubeSats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.[39] Glavkosmos, the CubeSat launch provider, later confirmed an anomaly with the Fregat-M upper stage.[40]
00:02:32	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752)	Navigation
08:46:53	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress MS-07	ISS logistics
05:41:46	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	[41]	Meteor-M No.2-1 Ionosfera Baumanets Several cubesats	Weather Ionospheric research	The orbital insertion burn was conducted while the upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction, sending it back into the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found that 20 years earlier, Baikonur coordinates had mistakenly been hard coded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. However, the Russian government and independent experts consider the conclusion a way of escaping individual blame.[42]
10:43:26	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	[43]	Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2)	ELINT
02:07:18 [44]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S[45]	[46] [47]	Kanopus-V No.3, No.4 Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77 S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4 D-Star One v.1.1 [48]	Earth observation Technology demonstrations
08:13:33	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	[49]	Progress MS-08	ISS logistics
21:30	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756)	Navigation
21:51	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	[50]	Progress MS-09	ISS logistics
00:15	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	[51]	Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3)	ELINT
20:17	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[52]	Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757)	Navigation
02:07	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	[53]	Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6 Dove Flock-w × 12	Earth observation satellites.
19:47	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	[54]	EgyptSat A	Earth observation
11:01	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	[55]	Progress MS-11	ISS logistics
09:23	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[56]	GLONASS-M 758	Navigation.	Lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after launch without affecting its performance.
05:41	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	[57]	Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik	Weather
05:56	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[58]	Meridian 8	Communications
12:10	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	[59]	Progress MS-12	ISS logistics
03:38	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	[60]	Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test)	ISS crew transport
07:46	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	[61]	Kosmos 2541	Military reconnaissance
09:34	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-13 / 74P	ISS logistics
	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		GLONASS-M 759	Navigation
21:42:41	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		OneWeb-2 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 1)[62]	Communications
08:24:54	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Meridian M-9 (19L)	Military comsat[63]	date=20 February 2020
18:28:00	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		GLONASS-M No.760 (Kosmos 2545)	Navigation
17:06:58	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6	[64]	OneWeb-3 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 2)	Communications
08:05:06	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-16	ISS crew transport
01:51:41	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	[65]	Progress MS-14	ISS logistics
06:45[66]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)[67]	Early warning
14:26:22	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-15	ISS logistics
11:20:00	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Gonets-M (17/18/19) GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) [68]	Communications
05:45:04 [69]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-17	ISS crew transport
19:08:42 [70]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L)	Navigation
01:14 [71]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Gonets-M 20/21/22 ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite)	Communication Technology - Russian Ministry of Defense
12:26:26 [72]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-4 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 1)	Communications
20:45:28 [73]	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4)	ELINT
04:45:05 [74]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-16	ISS logistics
06:55:01 [75]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Arktika-M No.1	Weather satellite
06:07:12 [76]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		CAS500-1 A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites).	Earth observation
02:47:33[77]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-5 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 2)	Communications
07:42:40[78]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-18	ISS crew transport
22:14:08[79]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-6 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 3)	Communications
17:38:39[80]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-7 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 4)	Communications
19:50:00[81]	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1)	SIGINT
23:27:20[82]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-17	ISS logistics
12:48:33[83]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-8 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 5)	Communications
22:13:40[84]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6		OneWeb-9 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 3)	Communications
18:07:19[85]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6		OneWeb-10 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 4)	Communications
08:55:02[86]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-19	ISS crew transport
09:40:10[87]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 6)	Communications
00:00:32[88]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-18	ISS logistics
13:06:35[89]	Soyuz2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Prichal	ISS assembly
01:09:13[90]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L)	Early warning
07:38:15[91]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-20	ISS crew transport and space tourism
13:10:37[92]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6		OneWeb (36 satellites) (Baikonur flight 5)	Communications
07:00:00[93]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Neitron №1	Reconnaissance
04:25:39[94]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-19	ISS logistics
15:55:18[95]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-21	ISS crew transport
12:48:22[96]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Meridian-M 10 (20L)	Military communications
11:20:18[97]	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5)	ELINT
08:03:32[98]	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L)	Reconnaissance
09:32:16[99]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-20	ISS logistics
09:18:06[100]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L)	Navigation
05:52:38[101]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Khayyam 16 rideshare cubesats	Earth observation
13:54:49[102]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-22	ISS crew transport
02:52:32[103]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L)	Navigation
19:57:09[104]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D	Communications
00:20:09[105]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6		Progress MS-21	ISS logistics
06:47:48[106]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L)	Early warning
15:13:50[107]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761)	Navigation
21:10:25[108]	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6) Kosmos 2566	ELINT
06:15:36[109]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-22	ISS logistics
00:24:29[110]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-23	ISS crew transport
06:40:11[111]	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L)	Reconnaissance
24 May 2023 12:56:07[112]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-23	ISS logistics
26 May 2023 21:14:51[113]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Kondor-FKA No.1	Reconnaissance
27 June 2023 11:34:49[114]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Meteor-M No.2-3 42 rideshare satellites	Weather Various uses
7 August 2023 13:19:25[115]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L)	Navigation
10 August 2023 23:10:57[116]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander)	Lunar exploration
23 August 2023 01:08:10[117]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-24	ISS logistics
15 September 2023 15:44:35[118]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-24	ISS crew transport
27 October 2023 06:04:43[119]	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7) Kosmos 2571	ELINT
25 November 2023 20:58:06[120]	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1)	Reconnaissance
1 December 2023 09:25:11[121]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-25	ISS logistics
16 December 2023 09:17:48[122]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Arktika-M No.2	Meteorology
21 December 2023 08:48:39[123]	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L)	Reconnaissance
15 February 2024 03:25:05[124]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-26	ISS logistics
29 February 2024 05:43:26[125]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Meteor-M No.2-4 18 rideshare satellites	Weather Various uses
23 March 2024 12:36:10[126]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-25	ISS crew transport
31 March 2024 09:36:45[127]	Soyuz2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Resurs-P No.4	Earth observation
16 May 2024 21:21:29[128]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2576 (Nivelir-L №4) 9 rideshare satellites	Reconnaissance Various uses
30 May 2024 09:42:59[129]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-27	ISS logistics
15 August 2024 03:20:18[130]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-28	ISS logistics
11 September 2024 16:23:12[131]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-26	ISS crew transport
31 October 2024 07:51:31[132]	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2579 (Bars-M 6L)	Reconnaissance
4 November 2024 23:18:40[133]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Ionosfera-M №1 Ionosfera-M №2 53 rideshare satellites	Ionospheric research Various uses
21 November 2024 12:22:23[134]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-29	ISS logistics
29 November 2024 21:50:25[135]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Kondor-FKA No.2	Reconnaissance

Planned launches

Launch date (UTC)	Configuration	Spaceport	Result	Payload	Function	Remark
18:00	Soyuz2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos-2580 (Lotos-S1 №8)[136]
	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		GLONASS-K № 18L	Navigation
[137]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		GLONASS-K2 № 14L	Navigation
	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		GLONASS-K № 19L	Navigation
[138]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian-M № 21L	Communications
[139]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-30	ISS logistics
	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Aist-2T №1 Aist-2T №2	Earth observation
[140]	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-27	ISS crew transport
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-31	ISS logistics
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-32	ISS logistics
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-28	ISS crew transport
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-33	ISS logistics
[141]	Soyuz2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Obzor-R №1	Earth observation
[142]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Ionosfera-M №3 Ionosfera-M №4	Ionospheric research
[143]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Meteor-M No.2-5	Weather
[144]	Soyuz2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Bion-M No.2	Biological science
[145]	Soyuz2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31		Resurs-P No.5	Earth observation
	Soyuz2.1b	Vostochny, Site 1S		Resurs-PM №1	Earth observation
[146] [147]	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Kondor-FKA-M No.1	Reconnaissance
	Soyuz2.1a / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Meteor-M No.2-6	Weather
	Soyuz2.1b	Vostochny, Site 1S		Resurs-PM №2	Earth observation
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-34	ISS logistics
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-29	ISS crew transport
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-35	ISS logistics
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-36	ISS logistics
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-30	ISS crew transport
	Soyuz2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-37	ISS logistics
[148]	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Luna 26	Lunar orbiter
	Soyuz2.1b / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43		GLONASS-K 19–23	Navigation

See also

• Soyuz programme
• List of R-7 launches
• Medium-lift launch vehicle

External links

• • Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1
• Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1/Fregat
• Soyuz User's Manual, from Starsem
• Soyuz-2 launch vehicle, from Roscosmos

Notes and References

1. Web site: Russian launch service provider reveals cost of Soyuz-2.1 rocket launch. Russian Aviation. 24 May 2020.
2. Web site: The Soyuz-2 rocket series . Russian Space Web. 24 May 2020.
3. Web site: The Soyuz-2 rocket series . Russianspaceweb.
4. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . April 4, 2024 . RD-0124 engine . 2024-11-27 . RussianSpaceWeb.com.
5. Web site: Multipurpose Fregat . 2024-11-29 . Lavochkin Association . ru.
6. Web site: Volga upper stage. russianspaceweb.com. 10 March 2016.
7. Web site: Soyuz 2-1 launches maiden mission from Vostochny NASASpaceFlight.com. nasaspaceflight.com. 27 April 2016. 2016-05-01.
8. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 30 September 2010 . Last launch of the Molniya-M on 30 September 2010 . RussianSpaceWeb.com.
9. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 1 June 2011 . Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors . RussianSpaceWeb.com.
10. Web site: 1 June 2011 . Alexander Kirilin: "We are working on three rocket" . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120319223111/http://vkonline.ru/104627/article/aleksandr-kirilin-my-rabotaem-na-treh-kosmodromah.html . 19 March 2012 . 13 July 2011 . Volzkhskaya Kommuna.
11. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Chabot . Alain . September 25, 2019 . Soyuz-FG . 2024-11-12 . RussianSpaceWeb.com.
12. Web site: ЖРД РД-107 и РД-108 и их модификации . RD-107 and RD-108 and their modifications . 19 February 2024 . ru.
13. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 2016-03-17 . Russia Lights It's Rockets With a Giant Match . 2024-12-04 . . en-US.
14. Web site: April 2001 . Soyuz User's Manual . 28 November 2024 . . 24-25.
15. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz-2-1a launch vehicle . 2024-11-27 . RussianSpaceWeb.com.
16. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz-2-1b launch vehicle . 2024-11-27 . RussianSpaceWeb.com.
17. Web site: Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload. Stephen Clark. Spaceflight Now. 26 July 2008. 27 August 2014.
18. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz historic first mission from Vostochny . 27 April 2016 . Russian Space Web.
19. News: Soyuz rocket launches with demo satellite for Russian internet constellation . Clark . Stephen . Spaceflight Now . 22 October 2022 . 23 October 2022.
20. Web site: Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload. 26 July 2008. Spaceflight Now.
21. Web site: The Meridian satellite (14F112). Anatoly. Zak. RussianSpaceWeb. 3 May 2011.
22. http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=18346 Glonass-M satellite launched into orbit.
23. https://archive.today/20130124200506/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jl59KDboRbJQpYuMyMn1aTZ-6Ciw?docId=CNG.e5364138df255d3cdee93c8a12ba3e77.441 Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch
24. Web site: Globalstar satellites "flawlessly" orbited by Soyuz. Spaceflight Now. 28 December 2011.
25. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/26soyuz/ Third Soyuz launch in a week bolsters Glonass system
26. Web site: Graham. William. Russian spy satellite launched via Soyuz 2-1B. 7 June 2013. NASASpaceFlight.com. 8 June 2013.
27. Web site: Graham. William. Soyuz 2-1B successfully launches with Resurs-P. 25 June 2013. NASASpaceFlight.com . 25 June 2013.
28. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1403/23soyuz/ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
29. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/soyuz-2-1a-kobalt-m-reconnaissance-satellite/ Soyuz-2-1A launches Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite
30. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/06/russian-glonass-launch-spotted-iss-crew/ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
31. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-28200846 Lift-off for British demo satellites
32. Web site: 1 June 2015 . РОСКОСМОС: "ПРОГРЕСС М-27М" – ОПРЕДЕЛЕНА ПРИЧИНА АВАРИИ (ROSCOSMOS: "Progress M-27M" – cause of accident determined) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150611064320/http://www.federalspace.ru/21513/ . 11 June 2015 . 1 June 2015 . Roscosmos . ru.
33. Web site: Progress M-27M . 2021-06-27 . www.russianspaceweb.com.
34. Web site: 29 April 2015 . Russian spacecraft Progress M-27M 'out of control' . 30 April 2015 . bbc.com . British Broadcasting Company.
35. Web site: Lomonosov Satellite (MVL-300). 25 April 2016 . 2016-05-07. Patrick. Blau.
36. Web site: Russia deploys another GLONASS-M spacecraft via Soyuz 2-1B launch. Chris . Bargin. NASASpaceFlight.com. 29 May 2016. 2016-05-29.
37. Web site: Irregularity occurred as Soyuz upper stage was orbiting Glonass satellite . 2016-05-30 . TASS.
38. News: Soyuz rocket successfully delivers EKS-2 early-warning satellite to rare orbit. spaceflightinsider.com. 25 May 2016.
39. Web site: 13 September 2017 . Astro Digital announces first cubesats launched on Soyuz failed . 14 September 2017.
40. News: 12 March 2018 . Glavcosmos confirmed launch anomaly . 13 March 2018 . gazeta.ru.
41. Web site: Russian Launch Manifest. Steven. Pietrobon. 2 January 2020. 5 January 2020.
42. Web site: Russian space agency blames satellite loss on programming error .
43. News: Graham. William. Russia launches Lotos mission via Soyuz 2-1B rocket. 4 December 2017. nasaspaceflight.com. NASASpaceFlight.com. 2 December 2017.
44. News: Clark. Stephen. Soyuz rocket fires into space with 11 satellites. 1 February 2018. spaceflightnow.com. Spaceflight Now. 1 February 2018.
45. News: Two launches from Russia's new Vostochny space center due this year. TASS. 12 April 2017. 28 May 2017.
46. News: https://www.roscosmos.ru/24634/. ru:РОСКОСМОС. КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ АППАРАТЫ "КАНОПУС-В" № 3 И № 4 ВЫВЕДЕНЫ НА РАСЧЕТНЫЕ ОРБИТЫ. ru. ROSKOSMOS. SPACECRAFT "KANOPUS-B" No. 3 AND No. 4 ARE SEPARATED INTO INTENDED ORBIT. Roscosmos. February 1, 2018. February 1, 2018.
47. News: https://www.roscosmos.ru/24635/. ru:РОСКОСМОС. АМЕРИКАНСКИЕ И ГЕРМАНСКИЕ МАЛЫЕ КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ АППАРАТЫ ВЫВЕДЕНЫ НА ОРБИТУ ЗЕМЛИ. ru. ROSKOSMOS. AMERICAN AND GERMAN SMALL SPACECRAFT ARE RELEASED INTO EARTH ORBIT. Roscosmos. February 1, 2018. February 1, 2018.
48. Web site: Krebs. Gunter. Soyuz-2-1a Fregat-M. Gunter's Space Page. 1 February 2018. 18 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150418021239/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a_fregat-m.htm. dead.
49. Web site: Soyuz 2-1A launches at the second attempt with Progress MS-08. Chris Gebhardt . William Graham . Chris Bergin . NASASpaceFlight.com. February 13, 2018. 13 February 2018.
50. Web site: Gebhardt. Chris. Progress MS-09 completes super fast 4-hour rendezvous with Space Station. 5 August 2018. nasaspaceflight.com. 9 July 2018.
51. News: Russia returns Soyuz rocket to flight with Lotos-S1 mission. William. Graham . NASASpaceFlight.com. 24 October 2018. 25 October 2018.
52. News: Soyuz 2-1b launches Uragan-M GLONASS satellite. William. Graham . NASASpaceFlight.com. 3 November 2018. 6 November 2018.
53. Web site: Arianespace SoyuzST-A launches with CSO-1 . 19 December 2018 . NASASpaceFlight.com. 2018-12-20.
54. Web site: EgyptSat-A enters orbit after a close-call Soyuz launch. RussianSpaceWeb. 2019-03-04.
55. Web site: Progress cargo freighter docks with space station after fast-track rendezvous. 4 April 2019. Spaceflight Now.
56. https://tass.ru/proisshestviya/6475178 Молния ударила в ракету "Союз" при старте с Плесецка
57. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/soyuz-2-1b-launch-meteor-m-no-2-2/
58. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/soyuz-2-1a-launches-meridian-8-plesetsk/
59. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/31/soyuz-progress-ms-12-launch/
60. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/08/soyuz-ms-14-upgrades-ferry-skybot-robot-station/
61. Web site: Soyuz 2-1B launches latest Tundra satellite . www.nasaspaceflight.com . 26 September 2019 . 26 Sep 2019.
62. News: Источник сообщил, когда состоится запуск спутников OneWeb на ракете "Союз". ru. Source gives launch dates of OneWeb satellites on Soyuz rockets. RIA Novosti. 10 October 2018. 25 October 2018.
63. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/02/soyuz-2-1a-launches-ninth-meridian-satellite/
64. Web site: На Байконур доставлена вторая партия спутников системы глобального интернета One Web.
65. Web site: Gebhardt. Chris. Soyuz "Victory Rocket" launches Progress MS-14, followed by docking to the ISS. NASASpaceFlight.com. 24 April 2020. 28 April 2020.
66. News: Систему предупреждения о ракетном нападении пополнит четвертый спутник. ru. Fourth satellite to join early warning missile defense system. RIA Novosti. 24 December 2019. 1 January 2020.
67. Web site: Krebs. Gunter. Tundra (EKS, 14F142). Gunter's Space Page. 26 September 2019. 18 May 2020.
68. Web site: Soyuz launches with 22 satellites. Spaceflight Now. 29 September 2020. 1 October 2020.
69. Web site: Soyuz MS-17 delivers fresh ISS crew. russianspaceweb.com. 15 October 2020.
70. Web site: Russia launches Soyuz with next-generation navigation satellite. NASASpaceflight.com. 26 October 2020.
71. Web site: Soyuz-2 rocket with Gonets satellite and Defense Ministry system launched in Russia. TASS. 3 December 2020.
72. Web site: Flight ST29: Successful OneWeb constellation's satellites deployment with Arianespace's first mission from the Vostochny Cosmodrome. Arianespace. 18 December 2020.
73. Web site: Russia launches classified payload to start 2021 campaign. Gray . Tyler. NASASpaceFlight.com. 2 February 2021. 2 February 2021.
74. Web site: Kanayama. Lee. Navin. Joseph. Roscosmos launches Progress MS-16 resupply ship on 2 day flight to Station. NASASpaceFlight.com. 14 February 2021. 14 February 2021.
75. Web site: Russia launches Arctic weather satellite . Spaceflight Now. 28 February 2021. 28 February 2021.
76. Web site: Russia launches multi-satellite rideshare mission on commercial Soyuz flight. nasaspaceflight. 22 March 2021.
77. Web site: Soyuz launches with 36 satellites for OneWeb's constellation. Spaceflight Now. 24 March 2021. 25 March 2021.
78. Web site: Pearlman . Robert . Soyuz MS-18 crew launches to station 60 years after first human spaceflight . . 9 April 2021 . 9 April 2021.
79. Web site: OneWeb Flight 6 launches aboard Soyuz2.1b from Vostochny. nasaspaceflight.com. 25 April 2021. April 26, 2021.
80. Flight ST32: Arianespace successfully deploys OneWeb constellation satellites . . 19 May 2021 . 29 May 2021.
81. Web site: Ракета-носитель "Союз-2" вывела на орбиту аппарат нового поколения в интересах Минобороны . The Soyuz-2 launch vehicle launched a new generation vehicle into orbit in the interests of the Ministry of Defense . . 25 June 2021 . 25 June 2021 . ru.
82. Грузовой корабль "Прогресс МС-17" стартовал к МКС . Progress MS-17 cargo vehicle launched to ISS . 30 June 2021 . 30 June 2021 . . ru.
83. Flight ST33: Arianespace successfully deploys 36 OneWeb constellation satellites . 1 July 2021 . 1 July 2021 . Arianespace.
84. Web site: Arianespace Soyuz rocket launches 34 OneWeb internet satellites into space. space.com. 21 August 2021. 22 August 2021.
85. Web site: Beil . Adrian . Soyuz mission launches 34 OneWeb satellites to orbit . . 14 September 2021 . 14 September 2021.
86. Web site: Gebhardt . Chris . Soyuz MS-19 launches film crew to Station amid tightened Russian space reporting regulations . 5 October 2021 . 5 October 2021 . NASASpaceFlight.com.
87. With Flight ST36, Arianespace sets a new mark; more than half of the OneWeb constellation now successfully deployed . 14 October 2021. 14 October 2021 . Arianespace.
88. Web site: 'Perfect launch' of Soyuz rocket sends Russian Progress 79 cargo ship to space station. 28 October 2021. Space.com. 28 October 2021.
89. "Причал" летит к МКС . "Prichal" flies to the ISS . 24 November 2021 . 24 November 2021 . Roscosmos.
90. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Russia launches a missile-detection satellite . RussianSpaceWeb . 25 November 2021 . 25 November 2021.
91. Web site: Neal . Mihir . Soyuz MS-20 space tourism flight launches . . 7 December 2021 . 8 December 2021.
92. Web site: Navin . Joseph . Soyuz 2.1b launches with 36 OneWeb Satellites . . 26 December 2021 . 27 December 2021.
93. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches a secret cargo . RussianSpaceWeb . 5 February 2022 . 5 February 2022.
94. Web site: Clark . Stephen . Russian cargo ship launches in pursuit of International Space Station . Spaceflight Now . 15 February 2022 . 15 February 2022.
95. Web site: Gebhardt . Chris . First all-Roscosmos cosmonaut mission arrives at station . . 18 March 2022 . 19 March 2022.
96. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches 10th Meridian satellite . RussianSpaceWeb . 22 March 2022 . 22 March 2022.
97. Web site: Ракета "Союз" с военным спутником стартовала с космодрома Плесецк . Soyuz rocket with military satellite launched from Plesetsk cosmodrome . ru . 7 April 2022 . 7 April 2022 . Ria Novosti.
98. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches third Bars-M satellite . 19 May 2022 . 19 May 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
99. Web site: Navin . Joseph . Progress MS-20 docks to the International Space Station . 3 June 2022 . NASASpaceFlight. 3 June 2022 .
100. Web site: Спутник "Глонасс-К" вывели на орбиту . Glonass-K satellite launched into orbit . . 7 July 2022 . 7 July 2022 . ru.
101. Web site: Russia's Fregat booster delivers Iranian satellite into orbit — Roscosmos . . 9 August 2022 . 9 August 2022.
102. Web site: Gebhardt . Chris . Soyuz MS-22 lofts two Russians and one American to ISS . . 21 September 2022 . 21 September 2022.
103. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Fifth GLONASS-K satellite lifts off . RussianSpaceWeb . 10 October 2022 . 10 October 2022.
104. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches Gonets trio, Skif-D proto-satellite . RussianSpaceWeb . 22 October 2022 . 22 October 2022.
105. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 25 October 2022 . Progress MS-21 to re-supply the ISS . 26 October 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
106. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 1 November 2022 . Soyuz launches a missile-detection satellite . 2 November 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
107. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 28 November 2022 . Soyuz-2 rocket launches the final GLONASS-M satellite . 28 November 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
108. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 1 December 2022 . Soyuz launches military payload . 1 December 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
109. Web site: Rosenstein . Sawyer . Progress MS-22 resupply ship launches to ISS . 9 February 2023 . 9 February 2023 . NASASpaceFlight.
110. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-22 lifts off . RussianSpaceWeb . 9 February 2023 . 9 February 2023.
111. Web site: Russia launches Soyuz-2.1a rocket with military satellite — top brass . . 23 March 2023 . 23 March 2023.
112. Web site: Mooney . Justin . Russia launches Progress MS-23 resupply mission to space station . 24 May 2023 . 24 May 2023 . NASASpaceFlight.
113. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 26 May 2023 . Roskosmos launches radar-observation satellite . 26 May 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
114. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches a Meteor weather satellite and 42 hitchhikers . 27 June 2023 . 28 June 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
115. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Russia launches newly redesigned navigation satellite . 7 August 2023 . 7 August 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
116. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Luna-Glob mission lifts off . 10 August 2023 . 10 August 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
117. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-24 to re-supply the ISS . 23 August 2023 . 23 August 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
118. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz MS-24 carries crew to ISS . 15 September 2023 . 15 September 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
119. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches military payload . 27 October 2023 . 27 October 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
120. Anatoly Zak . RussianSpaceWeb . 1728525533330243853 . Russian military launches a #Soyuz rocket from Plesetsk with a classified payload at 23:58 Moscow Time (3:58 p.m. EST). Updates: https://russianspaceweb.com/index.html . 25 November 2023.
121. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-25 launches to the ISS . 1 December 2023 . 1 December 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
122. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Second Arktika satellite lifts off . 16 December 2023 . 16 December 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
123. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches military payload . 21 December 2023 . 21 December 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
124. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-26 to resupply the ISS . 15 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
125. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches a weather satellite and 18 hitchhikers . 29 February 2024 . 29 February 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
126. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz MS-25 lifts off . 23 March 2024 . 23 March 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
127. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches Resurs-P4 imaging satellite . 31 March 2024 . 31 March 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
128. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz-2 launches a classified satellite, secondary payloads . 17 May 2024 . 17 May 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
129. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-27 to re-supply the ISS . 30 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
130. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-28 to re-supply ISS . 15 August 2024 . 15 August 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
131. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz MS-26 lifts off . 11 September 2024 . 11 September 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
132. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches a military mission . 31 October 2024 . 31 October 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
133. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches first Ionosfera mission . 4 November 2024 . 4 November 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
134. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-29 to re-supply ISS . 21 November 2024 . 21 November 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
135. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 29 November 2024 . Roskosmos launches Kondor-FKA2 radar imager . 29 November 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
136. Web site: Worldwide Space Launches . 8 August 2024.
137. Web site: Hendrickx . Bart . The secret payloads of Russia's Glonass navigation satellites . . 19 December 2022 . 20 December 2022 . The long-delayed flight of the first Glonass-K2 (serial number 13L) is now set for the first quarter of next year, with a second satellite (nr. 14L) expected to follow later in 2023..
138. Web site: Еще один спутник связи "Меридиан-М" запустят до конца года . Another communication satellite "Meridian-M" will be launched before the end of the year . 19 April 2022 . 20 April 2022 . . ru.
139. Web site: Космодром Байконур . Baikonur Cosmodrome . 7 January 2024.
140. Web site: Next year's Russian manned missions to ISS due in March, September — source . 1 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . TASS.
141. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Russian space program in 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb . 24 January 2024.
142. Web site: "Роскосмос" в 2023 г. планирует запустить 9 спутников дистанционного зондирования Земли . Roscosmos plans to launch 9 Earth remote sensing satellites in 2023 . . 14 November 2022 . 15 December 2022 . ru.
143. Web site: Спектрометр спутника "Метеор-МП" будет давать в два раза больше данных . Meteor-MP satellite spectrometer will provide twice as much data . ru . 19 July 2022 . 1 August 2022 . RIA Novosti.
144. Web site: "Бион-М" №2 планируют запустить 1 сентября . "Bion-M" No. 2 is planned to be launched on September 1 . ru . 8 April 2024 . 18 April 2024 . TASS.
145. Web site: Спутник "Ресурс-П" №4 запустят летом 2023 года . Satellite "Resurs-P" No. 4 will be launched in the summer of 2023 . . 30 January 2023 . 31 January 2023 . ru.
146. Web site: В НПО машиностроения сообщили о продолжении разработки спутника "Кондор-ФКА-М" . NPO Mashinostroeniya announced the continuation of the development of the "Kondor-FKA-M" satellite . . 27 January 2023 . 30 January 2023 . ru.
147. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Kondor-FKA-M 1 . Gunter's Space Page . 14 January 2023 . 30 January 2023.
148. Web site: Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27" . The scientist reported on the active progress of work on import substitution of Luna-27 components . ru . 19 July 2023 . 27 July 2023 . TASS.