Sea-Watch Explained

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Caption:Sea-Watch 2 in the port of Hamburg on 21 March 2016

Sea-Watch is a German non-governmental organisation that operates in the Mediterranean Sea, notably by commissioning ships to rescue migrants.

History

On 6 November 2017, the crew of a Sea-Watch ship rescued 58 people in an operation hindered by the Libyan Navy. Twenty other people drowned.[1] [2] [3] Video footage that implicated the Libyan Coast Guard was later used in legal action against Italy in the European Court of Human Rights.[4]

2018

The ship Sea-Watch resumed her operations in November 2018[5] [6] [7] after it was detained in Malta between July and October.[8]

On 22 December 2018, another of the organisation's ships, Sea-Watch 3, rescued around 32 people,[9] but was unable to dock in Malta, Italy, or Spain.[10] [11]

2019

On 3 January 2019, France, Germany and the Netherlands offered to take some of the 49 migrants blocked off Malta on Sea-Watch and Sea-Eye "as a collective allocation effort". According to Mina Andreeva, the spokeswoman of the European Commission, more solidarity is needed along with "foreseeable and sustainable solutions for the landing and re-localization in the Mediterranean"; she quoted the commissioner in charge of migration, Dimitris Avramopoulos.[12]

Two weeks after the rescue, the 49 migrants were still blocked off Malta on Sea-Watch 3 and the ,[13] in spite of an appeal by Pope Francis.[14] On 9 January, they were finally allowed to disembark in Malta[15] after an agreement to relocate them to eight other European countries was reached.[16] [17] On 19 January, Sea-Watch 3 rescued 47 further migrants. The Italian government forbade her from entering the port, and initiated legal action against the Netherlands;[18] the organisation referred the case to the European Court of Human Rights.[19] On 29 January, Italy, Germany, France, Malta, Portugal, Romania, and Luxembourg agreed to relocate the 47 migrants.[20] Deputy Prime Minister of Italy Matteo Salvini demanded that Sea-Watch 3 be detained.[20] As the ship was docked at the Italian city Catania to land the migrants, she was blocked by the Italian military on the grounds of "several non-conformities"; the organisation called the obstruction political pressure.[21]

On 19 May 2019, the Italian police seized Sea-Watch 3 at the island Lampedusa, allowing the disembarking of the 47 migrants whom she had recently picked up on 15 May 2019.[22] [23] Reports of the operations angered Matteo Salvini, who opposed the landing of the migrants.[23] [24] In June 2019, the ship was again detained; 53 migrants had been rescued from the coast of Libya on 12 June.[25] Italy allowed only 11 especially vulnerable people to disembark; on 25 June 2019, the captain of Sea-Watch 3 threatened to land at Lampedusa in spite of the interdiction,[26] eventually entering Italian territorial waters. According to the organisation, it was "not as a provocative act, but out of necessity and responsibility".[27] [28] [29] A column in French newspaper Le Monde stated that Captain Carola Rackete was only "reminding us all of the existence of international conventions such as that stating rescue at sea is a duty for all".[30] In an editorial in the same newspaper, 700 celebrities supported the migrants and opposed Salvini.[31] A poll by Italian daily Il Giornale showed that 61% of Italians were opposed to Sea-Watch 3 landing at Lampedusa.[32] During the night of 28 to 29 June, the ship was seized, and Carola Rackete was arrested for helping illegal immigration.[33] Sea-Watch 3 later collided with the 50-knot Class 800 patrol boat[34] "808" of Italian law enforcement agency Guardia di Finanza, which had tried to block the larger vessel from docking. The boat was pushed against the dock and slightly damaged.[35] Since the Guardia di Finanza was legally considered a combatant while it protected waterways, the Italian media reported that Rackete could also be charged with attack on a warship, a crime punishable with 3 to 10 years in prison.[36] Two days later, an Italian judge decided that no further incarceration was necessary, and Rackete was released., the criminal investigation continues.[37]

Cooperation with Protestant Church

The sea rescue ship Sea-Watch 4 (with the suffix "powered by United4Rescue"), financed by the Protestant Church in germany (EKD), was deployed under the direction of Sea-Watch in 2020.[38] For this purpose, the sponsoring association, Rescue Together (Gemeinsam Retten), was set up, with Thies Gundlach from the EKD as the first chairman and Michael Schwickart from Sea-Watch as the second chairman.

Ships

Sea-Watch is a former 21.12adj=onNaNadj=on fishing ship. Built in 1917[39] and purchased in 2015, Sea-Watch used her in 2015 until she was transferred later that year to the organisation Mare Liberum, receiving the name Mare Liberum.

Sea-Watch 2 is a former fishing research ship, originally entering service as Clupea in 1968. She was deployed on 14-day rescue operations between Libya and Malta in 2016 and 2017 along with Sea-Watch. Sold to the organisation Mission Lifeline, she now operates under the name Lifeline.[40]

Sea-Watch 3 is a 50.53adj=onNaNadj=on ship. Built in 1972 as an offshore supply ship, the organisation Médecins Sans Frontières commissioned it as a search and rescue vessel under the name Dignity I before transfer to Sea-Watch.[41]

Sea-Watch 4 is a 60.7adj=onNaNadj=on ship. Built in 1976 as a research ship, the Evangelical Church in Germany formed an association to buy the ship in early 2020. The ship is run by a cooperation between Sea-Watch and Médecins Sans Frontières and operated as a German-flagged rescue vessel in the Mediterranean Sea since August 2020.[42]

The Sea-Watch 5 is a 58adj=onNaNadj=on ship.[43] It started its work with Sea-Watch in December 2023.[44] The ship rescued 49 migrants off Malta on 22 November 2024.[45]

Reconnaissance aircraft

Since 2017, Sea-Watch have operated a SAR-coordinating reconnaissance aircraft, Moonbird, a single-engined Cirrus SR22, and since June 2020, also the Seabird, a twin-engined high-performance Beechcraft Baron 58.[46] These are flown in cooperation with the Swiss NGO Humanitarian Pilots Initiative.[47]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: 2019-01-03 . Des chercheurs retracent le "sauvetage" désastreux de 150 migrants en Méditerranée . Researchers trace disastrous 'rescue' of 150 migrants in Mediterranean . Le Monde.fr . 1950-6244 . 2019-01-03 . 2019-01-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190103224941/https://www.lemonde.fr/big-browser/article/2019/01/03/dans-le-new-york-times-des-chercheurs-retracent-le-sauvetage-desastreux-de-150-migrants-en-mediterranee_5404884_4832693.html . live .
  2. Heller . Charles . Pezzani . Lorenzo . Mann . Itamar . Moreno-Lax . Violeta . 2018-12-26 . 'It's an Act of Murder': How Europe Outsources Suffering as Migrants Drown (Opinion) . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . 2019-01-03.
  3. Web site: Enquête. Comment l'Europe et la Libye laissent mourir les migrants en mer . Investigation: How Europe and Libya are letting migrants die at sea . 2019-01-02 . Courrier international . fr . 2019-01-03 . 2019-01-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021555/https://www.courrierinternational.com/video/enquete-comment-leurope-et-la-libye-laissent-mourir-les-migrants-en-mer . live .
  4. Web site: Une vidéo du "New York Times" montre comment l'Europe laisse les migrants mourir en mer . New York Times video shows how Europe is letting migrants die at sea . 2019-01-04 . Libération . 2019-06-29 . 2019-06-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190630182002/https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/01/04/une-video-du-new-york-times-montre-comment-l-europe-laisse-les-migrants-mourir-en-mer_1701022 . live .
  5. News: 2018-11-23 . Trois ONG lancent une opération de sauvetage au large de la Libye . Three NGOs launch rescue operation off Libya . Le Monde.fr . fr . 2018-12-23 . 2018-12-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181221130517/https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/11/23/trois-ong-lancent-une-operation-de-sauvetage-au-large-de-la-libye_5387774_3214.html . live .
  6. News: 2018-12-07 . "Aquarius" : "La non-assistance à personnes en danger est revenue en force en Méditerranée" . "Aquarius": "Failure to assist people in danger has returned in force in the Mediterranean" . Le Monde.fr . fr . 2018-12-23 . 2018-12-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181223060625/https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/12/07/aquarius-la-non-assistance-a-personnes-en-danger-est-revenue-en-force-en-mediterranee_5394207_3232.html . live .
  7. News: 2018-11-24 . Migrants : "Il existe une politique de criminalisation des sauvetages en mer" . Migrants: "There is a policy of criminalizing sea rescues" . Le Monde.fr . fr . 2018-12-23 . 2018-12-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181218143905/https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/11/24/migrants-il-existe-une-politique-de-criminalisation-des-sauvetages-en-mer_5387914_3232.html . live .
  8. News: 2019-01-04 . Les ONG de sauvetage de migrants sont de retour en Méditerranée . Migrant rescue NGOs are back in the Mediterranean . Le Monde . 2019-01-04 . 2019-01-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190104101426/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/01/04/les-ong-de-sauvetage-de-migrants-sont-de-retour-en-mediterranee_5405001_3210.html . live .
  9. Web site: Christmas at sea: 344 people rescued within 24 hours – no safe port for the rescued people on Sea-Watch 3 • Sea-Watch e.V.. 2018-12-23. Sea-Watch e.V.. en-US. 2019-07-05. 2019-07-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190705212243/https://sea-watch.org/en/christmas-at-sea-344-people-rescued-within-24-hours-no-safe-port-for-the-rescued-people-on-sea-watch-3/. live.
  10. Web site: Migrants en Méditerranée : l'appel de la ligue des droits de l'homme Corse . Migrants in the Mediterranean: the appeal of the Corsican Human Rights League . 2019-01-02 . France Bleu . fr . 2019-01-02 . 2019-01-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190102112710/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/societe/migrants-en-mediterranee-l-appel-de-la-ligue-des-droits-de-l-homme-corse-1546408937 . live .
  11. News: 2019-01-03 . La France prête à accueillir des migrants bloqués au large de Malte . France ready to welcome migrants stranded off Malta . Le Monde.fr . fr . 2019-01-03 . 2019-01-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190103140705/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/01/03/la-france-prete-a-accueillir-des-migrants-bloques-au-large-de-malte_5404704_3210.html . live .
  12. Web site: 49 migrants dans l'attente de la bonne volonté européenne . 49 migrants awaiting European goodwill . 2019-01-05 . Bruxelles2.eu . 2019-06-29 . 2019-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190624172518/https://www.bruxelles2.eu/2019/01/05/49-migrants-dans-lattente-de-la-bonne-volonte-europeenne/ . live .
  13. Web site: Migrants : les navires Sea-Watch et Sea-Eye toujours bloqués en mer . Migrants: Sea-Watch and Sea-Eye ships still stuck at sea . 2019-01-06 . TV5MONDE . fr . 2019-01-07 . 2019-01-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190106232626/https://information.tv5monde.com/info/migrants-les-navires-sea-watch-et-sea-eye-toujours-bloques-en-mer-278576 . live .
  14. News: 2019-01-07 . Migrants bloqués au large de Malte : le pape lance un appel à la solidarité européenne . Migrants stranded off Malta: Pope calls for European solidarity . Le Monde . 2019-06-29 . 2019-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190531175407/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/01/07/migrants-bloques-au-large-de-malte-le-pape-lance-un-appel-a-la-solidarite-europeenne_5405745_3210.html . live .
  15. Web site: EU hostages finally set free after 19 days aboard Sea-Watch 3 • Sea-Watch e.V.. 2019-01-09. Sea-Watch e.V.. en-US. 2019-07-05. 2019-07-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190705212245/https://sea-watch.org/en/eu-hostages-finally-set-free-after-19-days-aboard-sea-watch-3/. live.
  16. Web site: Les cris de joie des réfugiés du Sea-Watch en apprenant qu'ils ont enfin le droit d'accoster à Malte . The cheers of the Sea-Watch refugees as they learn that they are finally allowed to land in Malta . 2019-01-10 . Le Huffington Post . fr . 2019-01-11 . 2019-01-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190110135458/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2019/01/10/les-cris-de-joie-des-refugies-du-sea-watch-en-apprenant-quils-ont-enfin-le-droit-daccoster-a-malte_a_23638409/ . live .
  17. Web site: Scènes de joie à bord du Sea Watch avant le débarquement à Malte . Scenes of joy on board the Sea Watch before disembarkation in Malta . 9 January 2019 . www.voaafrique.com . fr . 2021-02-08 . 2021-02-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210208121025/https://www.voaafrique.com/a/sc%C3%A8nes-de-joie-%C3%A0-bord-du-sea-watch-avant-le-d%C3%A9barquement-%C3%A0-malte/4735529.html . live .
  18. Web site: Italy vows to sue NGO over migrant rescue boat . www.aljazeera.com . 2019-01-28 . 2019-01-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190127211939/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/italy-vows-sue-ngo-accused-migrant-rescue-boat-190127084613471.html . live .
  19. News: 2019-01-29 . Migrants : l'ONG Sea-Watch saisit la CEDH contre l'Italie . Migrants: NGO Sea-Watch takes Italy to ECHR . . fr . 2019-01-29 . 2019-01-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190129163310/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/01/29/migrants-l-ong-sea-watch-saisit-la-cedh-contre-l-italie_5416188_3210.html . live .
  20. News: 2019-01-31 . L'Italie parvient à un accord sur les 47 migrants du "Sea-Watch" . Italy reaches agreement on 47 migrants from "Sea-Watch" . . fr . 2019-01-31 . 2019-01-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190131104819/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/01/31/rome-crie-victoire-apres-un-accord-sur-les-47-migrants-du-sea-watch_5416995_3210.html . live .
  21. News: 2019-02-01 . Le navire "Sea-Watch" bloqué en Sicile par les gardes-côtes italiens . The "Sea-Watch" ship blocked in Sicily by the Italian coastguard . . fr . 2019-02-01 . 2019-02-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190201190316/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/02/01/le-navire-sea-watch-bloque-en-sicile-par-les-gardes-cotes-italiens_5417915_3210.html . live .
  22. Web site: Après la saisie d'un bateau de Sea Watch, des migrants débarquent à Lampedusa, malgré l'interdiction de Matteo Salvini . After the seizure of a Sea Watch boat, migrants disembark in Lampedusa, despite Matteo Salvini's ban . 2019-05-20 . Franceinfo . fr . 2019-05-20 . 2021-02-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210208121018/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/migrants/apres-la-saisie-d-un-bateau-de-sea-watch-des-migrants-debarquent-a-lampedusa-malgre-l-interdiction-de-matteo-salvini_3451837.html . live .
  23. Web site: Matteo Salvini couronné "prince" des extrêmes-droites européennes voit son autorité bafouée en Italie . Matteo Salvini crowned "prince" of the European far right sees his authority flouted in Italy . France Culture . 20 May 2019 . fr . audio . 2019-05-20 . 2019-05-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190520115131/https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/revue-de-presse-internationale/la-revue-de-presse-internationale-emission-du-lundi-20-mai-2019 . live .
  24. News: 2019-05-20 . Le ministre de l'intérieur italien Salvini furieux de voir des migrants arriver à Lampedusa . Italian Interior Minister Salvini furious at migrants arriving in Lampedusa . . fr . 2019-05-20 . 2019-05-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190520012231/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/05/20/italie-des-migrants-debarques-a-lampedusa-le-ministre-de-l-interieur-furieux_5464358_3210.html . live .
  25. News: 2019-06-15 . Réunis à Malte, les pays d'Europe du Sud, dont la France, restent en désaccord sur l'accueil des migrants . Meeting in Malta, the countries of Southern Europe, including France, remain in disagreement over the reception of migrants . . fr . 2019-06-15 . 2019-06-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190615025757/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/06/15/reunis-a-malte-les-pays-d-europe-du-sud-dont-la-france-restent-en-desaccord-sur-l-accueil-des-migrants_5476532_3210.html . live .
  26. News: 2019-06-25 . La tension monte autour du "Sea-Watch", bloqué en mer avec 42 migrants . Tensions are rising around the "Sea-Watch", stuck at sea with 42 migrants . . fr . 2019-06-25 . 2019-06-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190625231506/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/06/25/la-tension-monte-autour-du-sea-watch-bloque-avec-42-migrants_5481305_3210.html . live .
  27. News: 2019-06-26 . Treize jours après avoir secouru plus de 50 migrants, le "Sea-Watch 3" force le blocus des eaux italiennes . Thirteen days after rescuing more than 50 migrants, the "Sea-Watch 3" forces the blockade of Italian waters . . fr . 2019-06-26 . 2019-06-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190626153344/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/06/26/treize-jours-apres-avoir-secouru-plus-de-50-migrants-le-sea-watch-erre-toujours-au-large-de-lampedusa_5481777_3210.html . live .
  28. Web site: Sea-Watch 3, l'honneur de désobéir . Sea-Watch 3, the honor of disobeying . France Culture . 27 June 2019 . fr . 2019-06-27 . 2019-06-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190627100525/https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/revue-de-presse-internationale/la-revue-de-presse-internationale-emission-du-jeudi-27-juin-2019 . live .
  29. Web site: Le "Sea-Watch 3" toujours bloqué au large de Lampedusa après avoir forcé le blocus italien . The "Sea-Watch 3" still stuck off Lampedusa after breaking the Italian blockade . Sall . Rouguyata . Mediapart . 28 June 2019 . fr . 2019-06-28 . 2021-02-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210208121019/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/280619/le-sea-watch-3-toujours-bloque-au-large-de-lampedusa-apres-avoir-force-le-blocus-italien . live .
  30. News: 2019-06-27 . Migrants : les leçons à l'Europe de la capitaine du "Sea-Watch 3" . Migrants: lessons for Europe from the captain of the "Sea-Watch 3" . . fr . 2019-06-27 . 2019-06-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190627122742/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/06/27/migrants-les-lecons-de-la-capitaine-du-sea-watch-3-a-l-europe_5482177_3210.html . live .
  31. News: 2019-06-27 . "Sea-Watch 3": "C'est maintenant qu'il faut inverser la destruction du droit et de l'humanité" . "Sea-Watch 3": "Now is the time to reverse the destruction of law and humanity" . . fr . 2019-06-27 . 2019-06-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190627214556/https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/06/27/sea-watch-3-c-est-maintenant-qu-il-faut-inverser-la-destruction-du-droit-et-de-l-humanite_5482328_3232.html . live .
  32. News: Sea Watch a Lampedusa: ma il 61% degli italiani non vuole che attracchi . Sea Watch in Lampedusa: but 61% of Italians don't want it to dock . ilgiornale.it . 2019-06-27 . it.
  33. News: 2019-06-29 . Migrants en Méditerranée: le "Sea-Watch 3" accoste à Lampedusa malgré le refus du gouvernement, sa capitaine arrêtée . Migrants in the Mediterranean: the "Sea-Watch 3" docks in Lampedusa despite the government's refusal, its captain arrested . . fr . 2019-06-29 . 2019-06-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190629094642/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/06/29/lasse-d-attendre-une-solution-le-sea-watch-3-accoste-a-lampedusa_5482996_3210.html . live .
  34. 2019-06-29 . Vedetta costiera V.800 . Coastguard cutter V.800 . GDF.gov.it . it . 2019-06-30 . 2019-06-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190630120216/http://www.gdf.gov.it/chi-siamo/organizzazione/specializzazioni/comparto-aeronavale/servizio-navale/chi-siamo/flotta-navale/unita-navali-operative/vedette/vedetta-costiera-v.800/scheda-tecnica-vedetta-costiera-v-800.pdf . live .
  35. 2019-06-29 . Sea Watch, la manovra raccontata dai finanzieri: "Poteva schiacciarci. Voleva attraccare a tutti i costi, non speronare" . Sea Watch, the maneuver told by the guardia finanzieri: "It could have crushed. It wanted to dock at all costs, not ram" . Ilfattoquotidiano.it . it . 2019-06-29 . 2019-06-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190629125656/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2019/06/29/sea-watch-il-racconto-dei-finanzieri-sulla-motovedetta-speronata-nel-porto-di-lampedusa-abbiamo-rischiato-la-morte/5289893/ . live .
  36. News: 2019-06-29 . Riskantes Anlegemanöver lässt Stimmung kippen . Risky docking maneuver causes mood to change . . de . 2019-06-29 . Rüb . Matthias . 2019-07-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190707004403/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/sea-watch-3-in-lampedusa-riskantes-anlegemanoever-laesst-stimmung-kippen-16260527.html . live .
  37. News: 2019-07-03 . Matteo Salvini: Sea-Watch-Kapitänin Carola Rackete soll nach Hause . Matteo Salvini: Sea-Watch captain Carola Rackete should return home . .nau.ch . de . 2019-07-03 . 2019-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190704182253/https://www.nau.ch/news/europa/matteo-salvini-sea-watch-kapitanin-carola-rackete-soll-nach-hause-65548448 . live .
  38. Web site: New migrant rescue ship 'Sea-Watch 4' launched . Info Migrants website . Charlotte Hauswedell . 2020-02-21 . 2024-11-28.
  39. Web site: Sea-Watch 1 • Sea-Watch e.V.. Sea-Watch e.V.. de-DE. 2019-07-05. 2019-08-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190801092239/https://sea-watch.org/das-projekt/sea-watch-1/. live.
  40. Web site: Sea-Watch 2 • Sea-Watch e.V. . Sea-Watch e.V. . de-DE . 2019-07-05 . 2019-07-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190707144646/https://sea-watch.org/das-projekt/sea-watch-2/ . live.
  41. Web site: Schiffsdetails Für: SEA WATCH 3 (Salvage/Rescue Vessel) – IMO 7302225, MMSI 244140096, Call Sign PE7098 Registriert In Netherlands AIS Marine Traffic . MarineTraffic.com . de . 2019-07-05 . 2019-06-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190627000243/https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:460780/mmsi:244140096/imo:7302225/vessel:SEA_WATCH_3. live.
  42. Web site: MSF and Sea-Watch announce collaboration to save lives at sea . msf.org . en . 2020-08-08 . 2020-08-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807224322/https://www.msf.org/msf-returns-mediterranean-search-and-rescue-operations-sea-watch . live.
  43. Web site: Sea-Watch 5 . Marine Traffic . 2024-11-27.
  44. Web site: Sea-Watch 5: I rescue too . Better Place . 2024-11-28.
  45. Web site: Sea-Watch 5 . Vessel Tracker . 2024-11-27.
  46. Web site: Airborne: Seabird 1 & 2 • Sea-Watch e.V. Moonbird & Seabird Civilian aerial reconnaissance mission at the world’s deadliest border]. Sea-Watch e.V. . 16 June 2021.
  47. Web site: December 2020 update - NGO ships involved in search and rescue in the Mediterranean and legal proceedings against them . European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights fra.europa.eu . 8 May 2021 . en . 16 December 2020.

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