San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth explained

The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) was a research project that began in 2002 aimed at collecting geological data about the San Andreas Fault for the purpose of predicting and analyzing future earthquakes.^{[1] [2]} The site consists of a 2.2km (01.4miles) pilot hole and a 3.20NaN0 main hole.^[3] Drilling operations ceased in 2007. Located near the town of Parkfield, California, the project installed geophone sensors and GPS clocks in a borehole that cut directly through the fault. This data, along with samples collected during drilling, helped shed new light on geochemical and mechanical properties around the fault zone.

SAFOD was part of Earthscope, an Earth science program using geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure of the North American continent and to understand the origin of earthquakes and volcanoes. Earthscope was funded by the National Science Foundation in conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey and NASA.^[4] Data collected at SAFOD are available from The Northern California Earthquake Data Center at U.C. Berkeley and from NSF SAGE Facility Data Services operated by EarthScope Consortium, formerly known as the IRIS DMC.

See also

• Chikyū Hakken, deep oceanic drilling program
• Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
• Kola Borehole (1970–2005, 12262abbr=inNaNabbr=in)
• KTB Borehole (1987–1995, 9101abbr=inNaNabbr=in)
• Mohorovičić discontinuity
• Project Mohole

Further reading

• Ellsworth . W. L. . S. H. Hickman . M. D. Zoback . Seismology in the Source: The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth. Seismol. Res. Lett.. 71. January 1, 2000.
• Ellsworth . W. . S. Hickman . M. Zoback . E. Davis . L. Gee . R. Huggins . R. Krug . C. Lippus . P. Malin . D. Neuhauser . 2005 . Observing the San Andreas Fault at depth . . 86 . 52. 2005AGUFM.T24B..04E .
• Zoback . M. D . 1998 . Scientific drilling into the San Andreas fault and site characterization research: Planning and coordination efforts. Final technical report.
• Zoback . M.D. . S.H. Hickman . W. Ellsworth . 2002 . The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD): testing fundamental theories of earthquake mechanics . 2002 Denver Annual Meeting.
• Zoback . M. . 2003 . Scientific Drilling into the San Andreas Fault: The SAFOD Experiment . AAPG Annual Meeting 2003.
• Zoback . M.D. . S. Hickman . W. Ellsworth . 2005 . Overview of SAFOD Phases 1 and 2: Drilling, sampling and measurements in the San Andreas Fault zone at seismogenic depth . . 86 . 5 . 52 . 2005EOSTr..86...52H . 10.1029/2005EO050006. free .
• Zoback . M.D. . S.H. Hickman . W. Ellsworth . D. Kirschner . N.B. Pennell . J. Chery . S. Sobolev . 2007 . Preliminary Results from SAFOD Phase 3: Implications for the state of stress and shear localization in and near the San Andreas Fault at depth in central California . American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract# T13G-03.
• Zoback . Mark D. . Hans-Peter Harjes . Injection-induced earthquakes and crustal stress at 9 km depth at the KTB deep drilling site, Germany . Journal of Geophysical Research . 1997 . 102 . B8 . 18477–18491 . 10.1029/96JB02814 . 1997JGR...10218477Z . March 28, 2009. free .
• Web site: EarthScope . EarthScope: SAFOD Observatory . EarthScope . 2008 . March 28, 2009.
• Web site: Rolf. Emmermann. Heinrich. Rischmüller. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany . October 31, 2006 . ICDP – International Continental Scientific Drilling Program . German Continental Scientific Deep Drilling Program . March 28, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070729115256/http://www.icdp-online.org/contenido/icdp/front_content.php?idcat=946 . dead . July 29, 2007.
• Web site: KTB Deep Crustal Laboratory of GFZ . 2006 . March 28, 2009 . dead . https://archive.today/20130415020241/http://www.icdp-online.org/sites/ktbto/references/ktbtopubs.htm . April 15, 2013 .
• Web site: . National Science Foundation . National Science Foundation . San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth . March 28, 2009 . dead . February 12, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080212011723/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/safod_pbo.php .

External links

• Earthscope
• SAFOD at ICDP-Online.org

Notes and References

1. News: Project to drill into Earth fault . BBC News . Maggie . Shiels . December 5, 2003 . September 4, 2018.
2. Web site: Stanford, U.S. Geological Survey team up to get inside scoop on quake zone San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth will permit researchers to collect temblor data 2.4 miles below surface of Earth . Stanford News . Mark . Shwartz . December 3, 2003 . September 4, 2018.
3. Web site: SAFOD (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth) . Northern California Earthquake Data Center . September 4, 2018 . September 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022858/http://www.quake.geo.berkeley.edu/safod/ . dead .
4. Web site: San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth . United States Geological Survey . September 4, 2018.