Sadegh Hedayat Explained

Sadegh Hedayat
Birth Date:17 February 1903
Birth Place:Tehran, Iran
Death Place:Paris, France
Resting Place:Père Lachaise Cemetery
Alma Mater:Dar ul-Funun
St. Louis School
University of Tehran
Known For:Writer of prose fiction and short stories
Notable Works:The Blind Owl (Bufe kur)
Buried Alive (Zende be gur)
The Stray Dog (Sage velgard)
Three Drops of Blood (Seh ghatreh khoon)
Signature:Sadeq Hedayat signature.svg

Sadegh Hedayat (fa|صادق هدایت pronounced as /fa/ ; 17 February 1903 – 9 April 1951) was an Iranian writer and translator. Best known for his novel The Blind Owl, he was one of the earliest Iranian writers to adopt literary modernism in their career.

Early life and education

Hedayat was born to a northern Iranian aristocratic family in Tehran. His great-grandfather Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat Tabarestani was a well-respected writer and worked in the government, as did other relatives. Hedayat's sister married Haj Ali Razmara who was an army general and among the prime ministers of Iran under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[1] Another one of his sisters was the wife of Abdollah Hedayat who was also an army general.[2]

Hedayat was educated at Collège Saint-Louis (French catholic school) and Dar ol-Fonoon (1914–1916). In 1925, he was among a select few students who traveled to Europe to continue their studies. There, he initially went on to study engineering in Belgium, which he abandoned after a year to study architecture in France. There he gave up architecture in turn to pursue dentistry. In this period he became acquainted with Thérèse, a Parisian with whom he had a love affair. In 1927 Hedayat attempted suicide by throwing himself into the Marne but was rescued by a fishing boat. After four years in France, he finally surrendered his scholarship and returned home in the summer of 1930 without receiving a degree. In Iran, he held various jobs for short periods.

Career

Hedayat subsequently devoted his whole life to studying Western literature and to learning and investigating Iranian history and folklore. The works of Rainer Maria Rilke, Edgar Allan Poe, Franz Kafka, Anton Chekhov, and Guy de Maupassant intrigued him the most. During his short literary life span, Hedayat published a substantial number of short stories and novelettes, two historical dramas, a play, a travelogue, and a collection of satirical parodies and sketches. His writings also include numerous literary criticisms, studies in Persian folklore, and many translations from Middle Persian and French. He is credited with having brought the Persian language and literature into the mainstream of international contemporary writing.

Hedayat traveled and stayed in India from 1936 until late 1937 (the mansion he stayed in during his visit to Bombay was identified in 2014). Hedayet spent time in Bombay learning the Pahlavi (Middle Persian) language from the Parsi Zoroastrian community of India. He was taught by Bahramgore Tahmuras Anklesaria (also spelled as Behramgore Tehmurasp Anklesaria), a renowned scholar and philologist.[3] [4] Nadeem Akhtar's Hedayat in India[5] provides details of Hedayat's sojourn in India. In Bombay Hedayat completed and published his most enduring work, The Blind Owl, which he had started writing, in Paris, as early as 1930. The book was praised by Henry Miller, André Breton, and others, and Kamran Sharareh has called it "one of the most important literary works in the Persian language".[6]

Vegetarianism

Hedayat was a vegetarian from his youth and authored the treatise The Benefits of Vegetarianism whilst in Berlin in 1927.[7]

Death and legacy

In 1951, overwhelmed by despair, Hedayat left Tehrān and traveled to Paris, where he rented an apartment. A few days before his death, Hedayat tore up all of his unpublished work. On 9 April 1951, he plugged all the doors and windows of his rented apartment with cotton, then turned on the gas valve, committing suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. Two days later, his body was found by police, with a note left behind for his friends and companions that read, "I left and broke your heart. That is all."[8] [9] He is widely remembered as "a major symbol of Iranian nationalism."[10]

The English poet John Heath-Stubbs published an elegy, "A Cassida for Sadegh Hedayat", in A Charm Against the Toothache in 1954.

Censorship

In November 2006, republication of Hedayat's work in uncensored form was banned in Iran, as part of a sweeping purge. However, surveillance of bookstalls is limited and it is still possible to purchase the originals second-hand. The official website is also still online. The issue of censorship is discussed in:

Quotations

The Blind Owl

Works

Films about Hedayat

See also

Sources

Further references

External links

Notes and References

  1. Fariborz Mokhtari. Review: Iran's 1953 Coup: Revisiting Mosaddeq. The Middle East Book Review. 2016. 7. 2. 118. 10.5325/bustan.7.2.0113. 185086482 .
  2. Book: Homa Katouzian. Sadeq Hedayat: His Work and His Wondrous World. Routledge. 2007. 978-1-134-07935-3. Homa Katouzian. London; New York. 19.
  3. Book: Azadibougar, Omid. World Literature and Hedayat's Poetics of Modernity. 2020-02-01. Springer Nature. 978-981-15-1691-7. en.
  4. Book: Beard, Michael. Hedayat's Blind Owl as a Western Novel. 2014-07-14. Princeton University Press. 978-1-4008-6132-3. 34. en.
  5. Web site: HEDAYAT, SADEQ v. Hedayat in India – Encyclopaedia Iranica. www.iranicaonline.org. 2015-09-03. electricpulp.com.
  6. "From Persia to Tehr Angeles: A Contemporary Guide to Understanding and Appreciating Ancient Persian Culture", p. 126, by Kamran Sharareh
  7. Sollars, Michael; Jennings, Arbolina Llamas. (2008). The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel 1900 to the Present. Facts On File. p. 347. ISBN
  8. Web site: Dohni. Niloufar. April 13, 2013. A Man Out Of Place. June 24, 2020. Majalla. en. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184726/https://eng.majalla.com/2013/04/article55240353/a-man-out-of-place.
  9. Web site: Kuiper, Kathleen. Sadeq Hedayat: Iranian author. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. June 27, 2020. July 19, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150719010453/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sadeq-Hedayat.
  10. Amiri. Cyrus. Govah. Mahdiyeh. 2021-09-22. Hedayat's rebellious child: multicultural rewriting of The Blind Owl in Porochista Khakpour's Sons and Other Flammable Objects. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 50 . 2 . 436–449. 10.1080/13530194.2021.1978279. 240547754. 1353-0194.
  11. Web site: Frieze Magazine | Archive | Tehran . Frieze.com . 2013-09-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131001062736/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/city_report_tehran/ . 2013-10-01 .
  12. Web site: Robert Tait in Tehran . Bestsellers banned in new Iranian censorship purge | World news . The Guardian . 2006-11-17 . 2013-09-26.
  13. Web site: Iran: Book Censorship The Rule, Not The Exception . Rferl.org . 2007-11-26 . 2013-09-26.
  14. Web site: Excerpted from Trafic no. 18 (Spring 1996) Translation Rouge 2004.

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