| Roscoe C. Patterson | |
| Jr/Sr1: | United States Senator |
| State1: | Missouri |
| Term Start1: | March 4, 1929 |
| Term End1: | January 3, 1935 |
| Predecessor1: | James A. Reed |
| Successor1: | Harry S. Truman |
| Office2: | United States Attorney for the Western District of Missouri |
| Term Start2: | December 21, 1925 |
| Term End2: | February 28, 1929 |
| Predecessor2: | Charles C. Madison |
| Successor2: | William L. Vandeventer |
| State3: | Missouri |
| Term Start3: | March 4, 1921 |
| Term End3: | March 3, 1923 |
| Preceded3: | Samuel C. Major |
| Succeeded3: | Samuel C. Major |
| Birth Name: | Roscoe Conkling Patterson |
| Birth Date: | 15 September 1876 |
| Birth Place: | Springfield, Missouri |
| Death Place: | Springfield, Missouri |
| Restingplace: | Maple Park Cemetery, Springfield, Missouri |
| Party: | Republican |
| Spouse: | Ada Holman |
| Children: | 2 |
| Alma Mater: | Washington University in St. Louis |
| Profession: | Attorney |
Roscoe Conkling Patterson (September 15, 1876October 22, 1954) was an American lawyer from Missouri. He was most notable for his service as a United States representative (1921–1923) and a U.S. Senator (1929–1935).
Patterson was born in Springfield, Missouri on September 15, 1876. He attended public and private schools, Drury College, (Springfield) and the University of Missouri in Columbia. He graduated from Washington University School of Law in St. Louis in 1897, was admitted to the bar later that year, and commenced practice in Springfield.
From 1903 to 1907, Patterson served as prosecuting attorney of Greene County. In 1912, Patterson was appointed to the Missouri Republican State Committee, and he served until 1920.
Patterson was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1920 and served in the 67th Congress, March 4, 1921 to March 3, 1923. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1922 and resumed the practice of law in Springfield. He was a presidential elector in 1924.
From 1925 to 1929, Patterson resided in Kansas City, Missouri and was United States district attorney for the western district of Missouri. He resigned in February 1929 in preparation to assume the seat in the United States Senate to which he was elected in November 1928.
Patterson won the general election in November 1928. He took his Senate seat the following year and served one term, March 4, 1929, to January 3, 1935. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (72nd Congress). His chief legislative accomplishment was sponsorship of the Lindbergh Law, which enabled federal authorities to investigate kidnappings if the victims were transported across state lines.
Patterson served during the Great Depression, which was largely blamed on Republican economic policies. He consistently opposed the New Deal remedies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which made him unpopular in Missouri. As a result, Patterson was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in the 1934 election, losing the general election to the Democratic nominee, Harry S. Truman.
After leaving the Senate, Patterson resumed the practice of law in Springfield. For several years, Patterson was a member of the Missouri Appellate Judicial Commission.
Patterson suffered a stroke in July 1954. His health deteriorated and he died in Springfield on October 22, 1954. He was buried at Maple Park Cemetery in Springfield.
Patterson was married to Ada Holman of Springfield (1877–1957). They were the parents of two children, Paul (1902–1924) and Hadley (1908–1958).