Reykjavík North (Althing constituency) explained
| Reykjavík North |
| Nativename: | Icelandic: Reykjavík norður |
| Constituency Type: | Constituency |
| Parl Name: | Althing |
| Map4: | Reykjavíkurkjördæmi norður.svg |
| Map Size: | 150px |
| Map Entity: | Iceland |
| District Label: | Municipality |
| District: | Reykjavík |
| Region Label: | Region |
| Region: | Capital |
| Electorate: | 45,361 (2021) |
| Year: | 2003 |
| Seats: | 9 (2003–present) |
| Members Label: | Member of the Althing[1] |
| Previous: | Reykjavík |
Reykjavík North (is|Reykjavík norður) is one of the six multi-member constituencies of the Althing, the national legislature of Iceland. The constituency was established in 2003 when the existing Reykjavík constituency was split into two. The constituency currently elects nine of the 63 members of the Althing using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2021 parliamentary election it had 45,361 registered electors.
History
In March 1843 King Christian VIII of Denmark issued a royal decree converting the Althing into a consultative assembly. It consisted to 20 members popularly elected from single-member constituencies, one of which was Reykjavík.[2] [3] In the subsequent decades the electoral process, size of Althing and constituencies changed several time. Reykjavík became a two-member constituency in 1903 (effective 1904).[4] In 1920 (effective 1923) it became a four-member constituency using proportional representation.[5] It became a six-member constituency in 1934 and an eight-member constituency in 1942.[5] [6]
One of the main reasons for the changes was the shift in population from rural to urban areas, particularly Reykjavík.[2] The changes however always lagged behind population shifts.[2] This resulted in rural constituencies being over-represented in the Althing. The disproportionately in the voting power of rural and urban voters was as high as 10:1 by the mid 20th century.[2] The over-representation of rural constituencies favoured the Progressive Party, whose support base was mostly farmers.[2] The party was over-represented in Althing even after the introduction of compensatory seats (equalisation seas) in 1934.
The constituencies were radically altered in 1959 when the single and two-member constituencies were abolished and replaced by seven multi-member constituencies using proportional representation.[2] [6] The number of seats allocated to Reykjavík was increased from 8 to 12 at the same time.[2] This reduced the disproportionately in the voting power of rural and urban voters to 3:1.[2]
In September 1997 Prime Minister Davíð Oddsson appointed a committee headed by Friðrik Klemenz Sophusson to review the division of constituencies in Iceland and the organisation of elections. The committee's report was published in October 1998 and recommended, amongst other things, that the number of constituencies be reduced and that they be more equal in population size.[7] The Althing passed an amendment to the constitution in June 1999 which removed the reference to specific eight constituencies contained within Article 31 and instead simply stated that there would be six or seven constituencies and that the Althing would determine the boundaries between the constituencies.[8] The amendment also required that if, following an election to Althing, the number of registered electors per seat (including compensatory seats) in any constituency is less than half of that in another constituency, the National Electoral Commission shall change the allocation of seats so as to reduce the imbalance.[8] This reduced the disproportionately in the voting power of rural and urban voters to 2:1.
Reykjavík North was one of six constituencies (Icelandic: kjördæmi) established by the "Elections to the Althing Act no. 24/2000" (Icelandic: Lög um kosningar til Alþingis, nr. 24/2000) passed by the Althing in May 2000.[9] The Act required that, when an election to Althing had been called, the National Electoral Commission had to determine the boundaries between the Reykjavík North and Reykjavík South constituencies so that the number of registered electors per seat (including compensatory seats) is approximately the same.[9] The Act initially allocated eleven seats to the constituency - nine constituency seats and two compensatory seats.[9]
Electoral system
Reykjavík North currently elects nine of the 63 members of the Althing using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system.[10] [11] Constituency seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method.[12] [13] Compensatory seats (equalisation seas) are calculated based on the national vote and are allocated using the D'Hondt method at the constituency level.[14] [15] Only parties that reach the 5% national threshold compete for compensatory seats.[13] [16]
Election results
Summary
| Election | valign=bottom colspan=3 | Left-Green
V / U ! | valign=bottom colspan=3 | Social Democrats
S ! | valign=bottom colspan=3 | People's
F ! | valign=bottom colspan=3 | Pirate
P / Þ ! | valign=bottom colspan=3 | Viðreisn
C ! | valign=bottom colspan=3 | Progressive
B ! | valign=bottom colspan=3 | Independence
D ! | valign=bottom colspan=3 | Centre
M |
|---|
| | | | | | | |
|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |
|---|
| 5,597 | 15.94% | 2 | 4,427 | 12.61% | 1 | 2,694 | 7.67% | 1 | 4,508 | 12.84% | 1 | 2,706 | 7.71% | 1 | 4,329 | 12.33% | 1 | 7,353 | 20.94% | 2 | 1,234 | 3.51% | 0 |
| 7,727 | 21.54% | 3 | 4,575 | 12.75% | 1 | 2,546 | 7.10% | 0 | 4,887 | 13.62% | 1 | 3,013 | 8.40% | 1 | 1,901 | 5.30% | 0 | 8,109 | 22.60% | 3 | 2,509 | 6.99% | 0 |
| 7,318 | 20.92% | 2 | 1,822 | 5.21% | 0 | 1,321 | 3.78% | 0 | 6,663 | 19.04% | 2 | 4,064 | 11.62% | 1 | 1,988 | 5.68% | 0 | 8,539 | 24.41% | 3 | | | |
| 5,493 | 15.67% | 2 | 4,996 | 14.25% | 1 | | | | 2,407 | 6.87% | 0 | | | | 5,759 | 16.43% | 2 | 8,187 | 23.36% | 3 | | | |
| 8,432 | 24.01% | 2 | 11,568 | 32.94% | 3 | | | | | | | | | | 3,375 | 9.61% | 1 | 7,508 | 21.38% | 2 | | | |
| 5,928 | 16.92% | 2 | 10,248 | 29.24% | 3 | | | | | | | | | | 2,186 | 6.24% | 0 | 12,760 | 36.41% | 4 | | | |
| 3,537 | 9.79% | 1 | 13,110 | 36.27% | 4 | | | | | | | | | | 4,199 | 11.62% | 1 | 12,833 | 35.50% | 3 | | | | |
(Excludes compensatory seats.)Detailed
2020s
2021
Results of the 2021 parliamentary election held on 25 September 2021:[17]
| Party | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | Votes ! | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | % ! | Seats |
|---|
| align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | |
|---|
| | D | 7,353 | 20.94% | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | V | 5,597 | 15.94% | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | P | 4,508 | 12.84% | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | S | 4,427 | 12.61% | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | B | 4,329 | 12.33% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | C | 2,706 | 7.71% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | F | 2,694 | 7.67% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | J | 1,976 | 5.63% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | M | 1,234 | 3.51% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | O | 150 | 0.43% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Y | 144 | 0.41% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Valid Votes | 35,118 | 100.00% | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Blank Votes | 483 | 1.35% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Rejected Votes – Other | 127 | 0.36% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Total Polled | 35,728 | 78.76% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered Electors | 45,361 | | | | | |
The following candidates were elected:[18]
- Constituency seats - Ásmundur Einar Daðason (B), 4,322.33 votes; Diljá Mist Einarsdóttir (D), 5,466.75 votes; Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson (D), 7,269.50 votes; Halldóra Mogensen (P); 4,466.75 votes; Helga Vala Helgadóttir (S), 4,370.75 votes; Katrín Jakobsdóttir (V), 5,592.75 votes; Steinunn Þóra Árnadóttir (V), 4,190.75 votes; Tómas A. Tómasson (F), 2,691.67 votes; and Þorbjörg Sigríður Gunnlaugsdóttir (C), 2,703.00 votes.
- Compensatory seats - Andrés Ingi Jónsson (P), 3,368.00 votes; and Jóhann Páll Jóhannsson (S). 3,323.00 votes.
2010s
2017
Results of the 2017 parliamentary election held on 28 October 2017:[19] [20] [21] [22]
| Party | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | Votes ! | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | % ! | Seats |
|---|
| align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | |
|---|
| | D | 8,109 | 22.60% | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| | V | 7,727 | 21.54% | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| | P | 4,887 | 13.62% | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | S | 4,575 | 12.75% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | C | 3,013 | 8.40% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | F | 2,546 | 7.10% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | M | 2,509 | 6.99% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | B | 1,901 | 5.30% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | A | 506 | 1.41% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | R | 105 | 0.29% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Valid Votes | 35,878 | 100.00% | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Blank Votes | 711 | 1.94% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Rejected Votes – Other | 144 | 0.39% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Total Polled | 36,733 | 79.73% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered Electors | 46,073 | | | | | |
The following candidates were elected:[22]
- Constituency seats - Andrés Ingi Jónsson (V), 5,144.83 votes; Áslaug Arna Sigurbjörnsdóttir (D), 6,612.67 votes; Birgir Ármannsson (D), 5,418.00 votes; Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson (D), 7,991.17 votes; Helga Vala Helgadóttir (S), 4,542.67 votes; Helgi Hrafn Gunnarsson (P), 4,878.75 votes; Katrín Jakobsdóttir (V), 7,723.83 votes; Steinunn Þóra Árnadóttir (V), 6,434.67 votes; and Þorsteinn Víglundsson (C), 2,994.33 votes.
- Compensatory seats - Halldóra Mogensen (P); 3,637.50 votes; and Ólafur Ísleifsson (F), 2,539.33 votes.
2016
Results of the 2016 parliamentary election held on 29 October 2016:[23] [24] [25] [26]
| Party | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | Votes ! | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | % ! | Seats |
|---|
| align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | |
|---|
| | D | 8,539 | 24.41% | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| | V | 7,318 | 20.92% | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| | P | 6,663 | 19.04% | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| | C | 4,064 | 11.62% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | A | 2,673 | 7.64% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | B | 1,988 | 5.68% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | S | 1,822 | 5.21% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | F | 1,321 | 3.78% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | T | 496 | 1.42% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | R | 104 | 0.30% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Valid Votes | 34,988 | 100.00% | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Blank Votes | 700 | 1.95% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Rejected Votes – Other | 175 | 0.49% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Total Polled | 35,863 | 77.88% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered Electors | 46,051 | | | | | |
The following candidates were elected:[26]
- Constituency seats - Áslaug Arna Sigurbjörnsdóttir (D), 7,040.50 vtes; Birgir Ármannsson (D), 5,690.00 votes; Birgitta Jónsdóttir (P), 6,464.17 votes; Björn Leví Gunnarsson (P), 5,570.50 votes; Björt Ólafsdóttir (A), 2,655.33 votes; Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson (D), 8,390.33 votes; Katrín Jakobsdóttir (V), 7,315.33 votes; Steinunn Þóra Árnadóttir (V), 6,092.33 votes; and Þorsteinn Víglundsson (C), 4,011.67 votes.
- Compensatory seats - Andrés Ingi Jónsson (V), 4,870.00 votes; and Halldóra Mogensen (P); 4,452.50 votes.
2013
Results of the 2013 parliamentary election held on 27 April 2013:[27] [28] [29] [30]
| Party | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | Votes ! | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | % ! | Seats |
|---|
| align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | |
|---|
| | D | 8,187 | 23.36% | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| | B | 5,759 | 16.43% | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | V | 5,493 | 15.67% | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | S | 4,996 | 14.25% | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | A | 3,576 | 10.20% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Þ | 2,407 | 6.87% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | L | 1,398 | 3.99% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | I | 1,289 | 3.68% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | T | 1,073 | 3.06% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | G | 556 | 1.59% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | J | 181 | 0.52% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | H | 71 | 0.20% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | R | 64 | 0.18% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Valid Votes | 35,050 | 100.00% | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Blank Votes | 767 | 2.13% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Rejected Votes – Other | 146 | 0.41% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Total Polled | 35,963 | 79.00% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered Electors | 45,523 | | | | | |
The following candidates were elected:[30]
- Constituency seats - Árni Þór Sigurðsson (V), 4,054.3 votes; Birgir Ármannsson (D), 5,439.0 votes; Björt Ólafsdóttir (A), 3,456.7 votes; Brynjar Níelsson (D), 6,719.5 votes; Frosti Sigurjónsson (B), 5,752.0 votes; Illugi Gunnarsson (D), 7,943.0 votes; Katrín Jakobsdóttir (V), 5,488.0 votes; Össur Skarphéðinsson (S), 4,888.0 votes; and Sigrún Magnúsdóttir (B), 4,234.5 votes.
- Compensatory seats - Helgi Hrafn Gunnarsson (Þ), 2,383.0 votes; and Valgerður Bjarnadóttir (S), 3,693.8 votes.
2000s
2009
Results of the 2009 parliamentary election held on 25 April 2009:[31] [32] [33]
| Party | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | Votes ! | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | % ! | Seats |
|---|
| align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | |
|---|
| | S | 11,568 | 32.94% | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| | V | 8,432 | 24.01% | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| | D | 7,508 | 21.38% | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | B | 3,375 | 9.61% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | O | 3,357 | 9.56% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | F | 556 | 1.58% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | P | 325 | 0.93% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Valid Votes | 35,121 | 100.00% | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Blank Votes | 1,145 | 3.14% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Rejected Votes – Other | 174 | 0.48% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Total Polled | 36,440 | 83.26% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered Electors | 43,767 | | | | | |
The following candidates were elected:[33]
- Constituency seats - Árni Þór Sigurðsson (V), 6,827.0 votes; Helgi Hjörvar (S), 9,535.0 votes; Illugi Gunnarsson (D), 7,285.5 votes; Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (S), 11,526.5 votes; Katrín Jakobsdóttir (V), 8,380.8 votes; Pétur Blöndal (D), 5,501.0 votes; Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson (B), 3,360.0 votes; Valgerður Bjarnadóttir (S), 8,645.5 votes; and Þráinn Bertelsson (O), 3,050.3 votes.
- Compensatory seats - Álfheiður Ingadóttir (V), 5,460.8 votes; and Steinunn Valdís Óskarsdóttir (S), 6,368.7 votes.
2007
Results of the 2007 parliamentary election held on 12 May 2007:[34] [35] [36]
| Party | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | Votes ! | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | % ! | Seats |
|---|
| align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | |
|---|
| | D | 12,760 | 36.41% | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| | S | 10,248 | 29.24% | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| | V | 5,928 | 16.92% | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | F | 2,216 | 6.32% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | B | 2,186 | 6.24% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | I | 1,706 | 4.87% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Valid Votes | 35,044 | 100.00% | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Blank Votes | 510 | 1.43% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Rejected Votes – Other | 71 | 0.20% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Total Polled | 35,625 | 81.42% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered Electors | 43,756 | | | | | |
The following candidates were elected:[36]
- Constituency seats - Árni Þór Sigurðsson (V), 4,405.5 votes; Guðfinna S. Bjarnadóttir (D), 11,121.7 votes; Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson (D), 12,575.4 votes; Helgi Hjörvar (S), 8,150.6 votes; Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (S), 9,205.6 votes; Katrín Jakobsdóttir (V), 5,911.5 votes; Össur Skarphéðinsson (S), 10,071.4 votes; Pétur Blöndal (D), 9,410.5 votes; and Sigurður Kári Kristjánsson (D), 7,940.9 votes.
- Compensatory seats - Ellert Schram (S), 6,162.6 votes; and Steinunn Valdís Óskarsdóttir (S), 7,119.1 votes.
2003
Results of the 2003 parliamentary election held on 10 May 2003:[37] [38] [39]
| Party | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | Votes ! | align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50" | % ! | Seats |
|---|
| align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | ! | align=center valign=bottom width="20" | |
|---|
| | S | 13,110 | 36.27% | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| | D | 12,833 | 35.50% | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| | B | 4,199 | 11.62% | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | U | 3,537 | 9.79% | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | F | 2,002 | 5.54% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| New Force | N | 464 | 1.28% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Valid Votes | 36,145 | 100.00% | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| align=left colspan=3 | Blank Votes | 339 | 0.93% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Rejected Votes – Other | 131 | 0.36% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Total Polled | 36,615 | 85.53% | | | |
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered Electors | 42,812 | | | | | |
The following candidates were elected:[39]
- Constituency seats - Björn Bjarnason (D), 11,097.2 votes; Bryndís Hlöðversdóttir (S), 11,454.6 votes; Davíð Oddsson (D), 12,704.7 votes; Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson (D), 9,519.5 votes; Guðrún Ögmundsdóttir (S), 9,820.2 votes; Halldór Ásgrímsson (B), 4,181.5 votes; Helgi Hjörvar (S), 7,998.5 votes; Kolbrún Halldórsdóttir (U), 3,328.0 votes; and Össur Skarphéðinsson (S), 12,653.2 votes.
- Compensatory seats - Árni Magnússon (B), 3,149.2 votes; and Sigurður Kári Kristjánsson (D), 7,982.1 votes.
Notes and References
- Web site: Alþingismenn - Þingmenn og embætti . . 26 November 2024 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
- Web site: Helgason . Thorkell . Apportionment of Seats to Althingi, the Icelandic Parliament . . 16 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201010063851/https://www.landskjor.is/media/frettir/AnalysisIcelandElection2013.pdf . 10 October 2020 . Reykjavík, Iceland . 3 . November 2013.
- Web site: Kjördæmaskipun á tímum ráðgjafarþinganna 1843–1874 . . 12 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320042608/https://www.althingi.is/thingmenn/althingiskosningar/kosningar-og-kosningaurslit/kjordaemaskipulagid/kjordaemaskipun-1843-1874/ . 20 March 2022 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
- Web site: Kjördæmaskipan á tímum Alþingis með takmarkað löggjafarvald 1874–1918 . . 12 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320013221/https://www.althingi.is/thingmenn/althingiskosningar/kosningar-og-kosningaurslit/kjordaemaskipulagid/kjordaemaskipan-1874-1918/ . 20 March 2022 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
- Web site: Kjördæmaskipan fullvalda konungsríkis 1918–1944 . . 12 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320013553/https://www.althingi.is/thingmenn/althingiskosningar/kosningar-og-kosningaurslit/kjordaemaskipulagid/kjordaemaskipan-1918-1944/ . 20 March 2022 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
- Web site: Kjördæmaskipan lýðveldisins frá 1944 . . 12 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320013513/https://www.althingi.is/thingmenn/althingiskosningar/kosningar-og-kosningaurslit/kjordaemaskipulagid/kjordaemaskipan-fra-1944/ . 20 March 2022 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
- Web site: Skýrsla forsætisráðherra um endurskoðun á kjördæmaskipun og tilhögun kosninga til Alþingis . . 27 November 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113100408/https://www.althingi.is/altext/123/s/0141.html . 13 November 2023 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
- Web site: Stjórnarskipunarlög um breytingu á stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands, nr. 33/1944, með síðari breytingum . . 27 November 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240916152139/https://www.althingi.is/altext/stjt/1999.077.html . 16 September 2024 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
- Web site: Lög um kosningar til Alþingis . . 27 November 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221001174434/https://www.althingi.is/altext/125/s/1364.html . 1 October 2022 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is.
- Web site: Election for Icelandic Parliament . Election Guide . . 10 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220127205550/https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3509/ . 27 January 2022 . Arlington, U.S.A..
- Web site: Electoral Assistance: ElecData, Compendium of Electoral Data - Iceland . . 10 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220622214734/https://www.coe.int/en/web/electoral-assistance/elecdata-iceland . 22 June 2022 . Strasbourg, France.
- Web site: Helgason . Thorkell . Apportionment of Seats to Althingi, the Icelandic Parliament . . 16 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201010063851/https://www.landskjor.is/media/frettir/AnalysisIcelandElection2013.pdf . 10 October 2020 . Reykjavík, Iceland . 11 . November 2013.
- Web site: Iceland: Althingi (Parliament) . PARLINE database on national parliaments . . 10 July 2022 . Geneva, Switzerland.
- Web site: Helgason . Thorkell . Apportionment of Seats to Althingi, the Icelandic Parliament . . 16 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201010063851/https://www.landskjor.is/media/frettir/AnalysisIcelandElection2013.pdf . 10 October 2020 . Reykjavík, Iceland . 13 . November 2013.
- Book: Bengtsson . Å. . Hansen . K. M. . Harðarson . Ó. Þ. . Narud . H. M. . Oscarsson . H. . The Nordic Voter: Myths of Exceptionalism . 2014 . . Colchester, U.K. . 978-1-907301-25-4 . 19 . 10 July 2022.
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