Same-sex union legislation explained

Same-sex marriage is legal in the following countries: Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands,[1] New Zealand,[2] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[3] the United States,[4] and Uruguay.

Same-sex marriage is recognized, but not performed, in Israel and Namibia. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed elsewhere in the Kingdom of the Netherlands are recognized in Sint Maarten. Whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. 32 countries and four jurisdictions worldwide have passed constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and sometimes other forms of legal unions as well. Sixteen countries and 34 jurisdictions worldwide have authorized civil unions or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage. The legal name of those unions as well as the number of rights that they provide can vary greatly.

Legislative efforts to recognise same-sex unions

National level

The first legislation of unregistered cohabitation was introduced in the Netherlands in June 1979. However, the first substantial recognition of same-sex couples did not occur before the introduction of a new legal form, that of registered partnerships, which was first enacted in Denmark in June 1989. Many countries have followed with similar legislation since then. Legislation of these forms of legal unions still occur with a variety of different names, even after the introduction of same sex marriage, although sometimes they are overwritten by subsequent legislation of same-sex marriage.

As of, certain alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage has been allowed on a national level in Bolivia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

As of, legislation to allow an alternative form of legal recognition of same-sex couples other than marriage is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Kosovo and Poland.

As of, same-sex marriage has been legal (nationwide or in some parts) in Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands,[1] New Zealand,[2] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[3] the United States,[4] and Uruguay.

As of, legislation to allow same-sex marriage is being considered in at least one legislative house on a national level in Italy and Japan.

CountryDateSame-sex unionUpper houseLower houseHead of stateLaw
enacted?
Yes No YesNo
NetherlandsJune 1979Unregistered cohabitationPassedPassedSigned Yes
NetherlandsDecember 1980Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
NetherlandsNovember 1984Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
DenmarkJune 1986Unregistered cohabitation[5] 7862Signed Yes
SwedenJune 1987Unregistered cohabitation[6] Passedalign=center [7]  Yes
DenmarkJune 1989Registered partnership7147Signed Yes[8]
NorwayJuly 1991Unregistered cohabitationPassedPassedSigned Yes
NorwayApril 1993Registered partnership18165840Signed Yes
SwedenJune 1994Registered partnership171 141align=center  Yes
SpainNovember 1994Unregistered cohabitationPassedPassedSigned Yes
HungaryMay 1996Unregistered cohabitation20773Signed Yes
IcelandJune 1996Confirmed cohabitation441Signed Yes
SlovakiaMay 1997Registered partnershipFailed— No
NetherlandsJuly 1997Registered partnershipPassedPassedSigned Yes
Czech RepublicJune 1998Registered partnership——Failed— No
FranceOctober 1998Civil solidarity pact——Failed— No
BelgiumJanuary 1999Legal cohabitation3989810Signed Yes
SwedenMarch 1999Registered partnership (expansion)Passedalign=center  Yes
DenmarkJune 1999Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)6148Signed Yes
FranceNovember 1999Civil Solidarity Pact and ConcubinagePassed315249Signed Yes
Czech RepublicDecember 1999Registered partnership——6991— No
SlovakiaFebruary 2000Registered partnershipFailed— No
CanadaApril 2000Common-law partnership[9] Passed17472Signed Yes
IcelandMay 2000Confirmed cohabitation (expansion: adoption and immigration rights)491Signed Yes
NetherlandsDecember 2000Marriage492610933Signed Yes
NorwayDecember 2000Registered partnership (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
GermanyFebruary 2001Registered life partnershipPassedPassedSigned Yes
PortugalMarch 2001De facto unionPassedSigned Yes
New ZealandApril 2001De facto relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Czech RepublicApril 2001Unregistered cohabitationPassedPassedSigned Yes
NorwayJune 2001Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)PassedPassedSigned Yes
FinlandSeptember 2001Registered partnership9984Signed Yes
Czech RepublicOctober 2001Registered partnership——Failed— No
SwedenJune 2002Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)Passedalign=center  Yes
BelgiumFebruary 2003Marriage46159122Signed Yes
DenmarkMay 2003Registered partnership (expansion)4960— No
DenmarkMay 2003Registered partnership (expansion)4560— No
DenmarkMay 2003Registered partnership (expansion)4361— No
DenmarkJune 2003Registered partnership (expansion)1194— No
CroatiaJuly 2003Unregistered cohabitationPassedSigned Yes
LuxembourgMay 2004Free unionFailed— No
LuxembourgMay 2004MarriageFailed— No
LuxembourgJuly 2004Partnership337Signed Yes
PanamaSeptember 2004Civil unionFailed— No
GermanyOctober 2004Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)PassedPassedSigned Yes
NorwayNovember 2004MarriageFailed — No
United KingdomNovember 2004Civil partnership25113642649Signed Yes
New ZealandNovember 2004De facto relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
New ZealandDecember 2004Civil union6555Signed Yes
Czech RepublicFebruary 2005Registered partnership ——Failed— No
AndorraMarch 2005Stable couple union Passed Signed [10]  Yes
SloveniaMarch 2005Registered partnership Failed — No
New ZealandMarch 2005Civil union and de facto relationship (expansion)7643Signed Yes
SwedenJune 2005Registered partnership (expansion)Passedalign=center  Yes
SwitzerlandRegistered partnershipPassedPassed Yes
Specific referendum (58.04%)
SpainJuly 2005MarriageVetoed [11] 183136Signed Yes
CanadaJuly 2005Marriage4721158133Signed Yes
SloveniaJuly 2005Partnership443Signed Yes
CroatiaOctober 2005Registered partnershipFailed— No
Czech RepublicMarch 2006Registered partnership65148654Vetoed [12]  Yes
BelgiumMay 2006Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)34337762Signed Yes
SpainMay 2006Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[13] PassedPassedSigned Yes
DenmarkJune 2006Registered partnership (expansion)[14] PassedSigned Yes
IcelandJune 2006Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)410Signed Yes
FranceJune 2006Civil Solidarity Pact (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
South AfricaNovember 2006Marriage and civil partnership361122941Signed Yes
PortugalDecember 2006De facto union (expansion: immigration rights)[15] PassedSigned Yes
FinlandDecember 2006Registered partnership (expansion)[16] [17] PassedSigned Yes
SpainMarch 2007Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)PassedPassedSigned Yes
ColombiaJune 2007Civil union29346243— No
HungaryDecember 2007Registered partnership185154Signed No[18]
UruguayDecember 2007Cohabitation union175PassedSigned Yes
IcelandMay 2008Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)540Signed Yes
NorwayJune 2008Marriage23178441Signed Yes
EcuadorSeptember 2008De facto unionGeneral constitutional referendum (69.46%) Yes
PortugalOctober 2008MarriageFailed— No
PortugalOctober 2008MarriageFailed— No
United KingdomNovember 2008Civil partnership (expansion)[19] PassedPassedSigned Yes
AustraliaNovember 2008De facto relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
SwedenApril 2009Marriage26122align=center  Yes
HungaryApril 2009Registered partnership199159Signed Yes
FranceMay 2009Recognition of unions performed abroad as PACSPassedPassedSigned Yes
FinlandMay 2009Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)10829Signed Yes
DenmarkJune 2009Registered partnership (expansion)1072Signed Yes
PortugalAugust 2009De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)PassedVetoed No
UruguaySeptember 2009Cohabitation union (expansion: adoption rights)1764013Signed Yes
AustriaDecember 2009Registered partnership44811064Signed Yes
PortugalJanuary 2010MarriageFailed— No
PortugalJanuary 2010MarriageFailed— No
PortugalJanuary 2010Registered civil unionFailed— No
AustraliaFebruary 2010Marriage545——— No
PortugalMay 2010MarriagePassedSigned Yes
DenmarkMay 2010Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)6054Signed Yes
DenmarkJune 2010Marriage5257— No
IcelandJune 2010Marriage490Signed Yes
IrelandJuly 2010Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation484PassedSigned Yes
ArgentinaJuly 2010Marriage3327126110Signed Yes
LuxembourgAugust 2010Partnership (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
PortugalAugust 2010De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)PassedSigned  Yes
GermanySeptember 2010MarriageFailed—— No
GermanyOctober 2010Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)—Failed— No
GermanyApril 2011Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law and adoption rights)Failed—— No
LiechtensteinRegistered partnershipPassedSigned Yes
Specific referendum (68.76%)
FranceJune 2011Marriage——222293— No
GermanyJune 2011Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)Failed—— No
PortugalFebruary 2012Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)Failed— No
PortugalFebruary 2012Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)Failed— No
SloveniaMarch 2012Partnership (expansion)Specific referendum (45.36%) No
IsraelMay 2012Marriage1139— No
DenmarkJune 2012Marriage8524Signed Yes
GermanyJune 2012Marriage——260309— No
San MarinoJune 2012Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)3320Signed Yes
AustraliaSeptember 2012Marriage——4298— No
AustraliaSeptember 2012Marriage2641——— No
GermanyOctober 2012Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)——253288— No
SlovakiaNovember 2012Registered partnership1494— No
PolandJanuary 2013Registered partnership——Failed— No
PolandJanuary 2013Registered partnership——Failed— No
PolandJanuary 2013Registered partnership——Failed— No
PolandJanuary 2013Registered partnership——Failed— No
PolandJanuary 2013Partnership agreement——Failed— No
GermanyMarch 2013Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)Passed——— No
GermanyMarch 2013MarriagePassed——— No
New ZealandApril 2013Marriage7744Signed Yes
ColombiaApril 2013Marriage1751——— No
UruguayMay 2013Marriage2387121Signed Yes
PortugalMay 2013Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)77104— No
PortugalMay 2013Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)Failed— No
PortugalMay 2013Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)Failed— No
FranceMay 2013Marriage171165331225Signed Yes
AustraliaJune 2013Recognition of marriage performed abroad2844——— No
GermanyJuly 2013Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)PassedPassedSigned Yes
United Kingdom
(England and Wales)		July 2013Passed366161Signed Yes
AustriaJuly 2013Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)458PassedSigned Yes
PhilippinesOctober 2013Registered partnershipFailed— No
NetherlandsDecember 2013Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[20] PassedPassedSigned Yes
PortugalMarch 2014Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)107 112— No
MaltaApril 2014Civil union370Signed Yes
BelgiumMay 2014Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)48211410Signed Yes
GermanyMay 2014Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)——111432— No
AndorraMay 2014Marriage 621— No
GermanyJune 2014Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)PassedPassedSigned Yes
RomaniaJune 2014Civil partnership21104298— No
LuxembourgJune 2014Marriage564align=center [21]  Yes
CroatiaJuly 2014Life partnership 8916align=center [22]  Yes
GermanyJuly 2014Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)PassedPassedSigned Yes
San MarinoSeptember 2014Recognition of marriage performed abroad1535— No
ArgentinaOctober 2014Cohabitation union[23] PassedPassedSigned Yes
AndorraDecember 2014Civil union203Signed Yes
PortugalJanuary 2015Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)89119— No
PortugalJanuary 2015Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)91119— No
PortugalJanuary 2015Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)91120— No
PortugalJanuary 2015Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)Failed— No
IrelandApril 2015Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: step-adoption rights)202PassedSigned Yes
ChileApril 2015Civil union agreement256789Signed  Yes
EcuadorJune 2015De facto union (expansion)891Signed  Yes
IsraelJuly 2015Civil union3950— No
IsraelJuly 2015Marriage3950— No
IrelandMarriage (constitutional amendment)293PassedSigned Yes
Specific constitutional referendum (62.07%)
October 2015Marriage (statutory legislation)PassedPassedSigned
GermanyNovember 2015Registered life partnership (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
CyprusDecember 2015Civil cohabitation[24] [25] 3912Signed Yes
RomaniaDecember 2015Civil partnership[26] 849Failed— No
SloveniaMarriage5128— No
Specific referendum (36.53%)
GreeceDecember 2015Cohabitation agreement[27] 19455Signed Yes
EstoniaOctober 2014Cohabitation agreement (framework law)4038Signed Yes
January 2016Cohabitation agreement (implementation law)[28] [29] Failed— No
PortugalFebruary 2016Marriage and de facto union (expansion: adoption rights)[30] PassedVetoed  Yes
IsraelFebruary 2016Civil union[31] 4047— No
SwitzerlandMarch 2016Registered partnership (expansion: immigration rights)[32] ——12262— No
LuxembourgApril 2016Recognition of marriage performed abroad before 1 January 2015503align=center  Yes
SloveniaApril 2016Partnership (expansion)[33] [34] 5415align=center  Yes
ItalyMay 2016Civil union and cohabitation agreement1737137251Signed Yes
PortugalJune 2016Marriage and de facto union (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[35] PassedSigned Yes
SwitzerlandJune 2016Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)251412568align=center  Yes
LiechtensteinNovember 2016Registered partnership (expansion)[36] 250Signed Yes
GreeceDecember 2016Cohabitation agreement (expansion)[37] [38] 20121Signed Yes
AustriaDecember 2016Registered partnership (expansion)[39] PassedPassedSigned Yes
FinlandFebruary 2015Marriage (framework law)10190Signed Yes
April 2016Marriage (implementation laws)10642Signed
January 201712828Signed
MaltaApril 2017CohabitationPassedSigned Yes
LithuaniaJune 2017Partnership[40] [41] 2959— No
IrelandJuly 2017Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[42] [43] PassedPassedSigned Yes
GermanyJuly 2017Marriage[44] [45] Passed393226Signed Yes
MaltaAugust 2017Marriage661Signed Yes
ChinaOctober 2017Legal GuardianshipPassedSigned Yes
PhilippinesOctober 2017Civil partnershipFailed— No
ChileNovember 2017Civil union agreement (expansion)150700Signed Yes
AustraliaDecember 2017Marriage43121314Signed Yes
FinlandApril 2018Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)12242Signed Yes
GreeceMay 2018Cohabitation agreement (expansion: foster care)[46] [47] PassedSigned Yes
IsraelJune 2018Marriage[48] 3942— No
MaltaJune 2018Marriage, civil union and cohabitation (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[49] [50] 3427Signed Yes
SlovakiaSeptember 2018Registered partnership[51] Failed— No
San MarinoNovember 2018Civil union[52] [53] 404Signed Yes
MexicoNovember 2018Marriage (codification of federal recognition)[54] 11004150Published Yes
CubaDecember 2018MarriageFailed— No
GermanyDecember 2018Marriage (codification)PassedPassedSigned Yes
RomaniaMarch 2019Civil partnership[55] [56] 268Failed— No
TaiwanMay 2019Marriage6627Signed Yes
PhilippinesJuly 2019Civil partnershipFailed— No
PhilippinesJuly 2019Registered partnershipFailed— No
AustriaJuly 2019Marriage (expansion)[57] [58] PassedPassedalign=center  Yes
United Kingdom
(Northern Ireland)		July 2019Marriage[59] [60] Passed32865Signed Yes
MontenegroJuly 2019Life partnership384— No
MonacoDecember 2019Cohabitation agreementPassedSigned Yes
MontenegroJuly 2020Life partnership425Signed Yes
LithuaniaMay 2021Partnership6358— No
San MarinoJune 2021Civil union (expansion)[61] 311Signed Yes
FranceAugust 2021Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[62] [63] 326115PassedSigned Yes
SwitzerlandSeptember 2021 Marriage221513252align=center  Yes
Specific referendum (64.10%)
ChileDecember 2021Marriage21 880 20Signed Yes
Costa RicaMay 2022De facto union[64] PassedSigned Yes
AndorraAugust 2022Marriage186Signed Yes
CubaJuly 2022Marriage and civil unionPassedSigned Yes
September 2022Specific Referendum (66.87%)
SloveniaOctober 2022Marriage and adoption rights (codification)17114829Suspensory Veto Yes
5124Published
SlovakiaOctober 2022Civil cohabitation3153— No
United StatesDecember 2022Marriage (codification of federal recognition; requiring states and territories to recognize)6136259168Signed Yes
LatviaDecember 2022Civil union—Failed No
PeruDecember 2022Marriage—Failed No
AndorraJanuary 2023Marriage (codification)231Signed Yes
TaiwanJune 2023Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[65] PassedSigned Yes
EstoniaJune 2023Marriage[66] [67] 5534Signed Yes
LatviaJanuary 2024Partnership5343Signed Yes
GreeceFebruary 2024 Marriage[68] 17577Signed Yes
Czech RepublicApril 2024Partnership (expansion) [69] Passed12336 Signed Yes
LiechtensteinMay 2024Marriage[70] 241 Signed Yes
ThailandJune 2024Marriage130440010Signed Yes
ItalyUnknownMarriage[71] [72] ProposedProposed
JapanUnknownMarriageProposed
KosovoUnknownCivil union[73] Proposed
PolandUnknownCivil partnershipProposedProposed
Notes:

Sub-national level

See also: Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States. In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions, although unitary states with a level of devolution, such as Spain or the United Kingdom, also offer such powers to local authorities. The first jurisdiction to enact unregistered cohabitation was British Columbia in Canada in July 1992. The first jurisdiction to legalize registered partnership was Greenland as part of the Kingdom of Denmark in April 1996. Finally, the first sub-national jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage was the Canadian province of Ontario in June 2003.

As of, there are 32 sub-national jurisdictions worldwide that have legalized some kind of alternative form of legal union of same-sex couples other than marriage. Those are:

For the time being, 63 sub-national jurisdictions worldwide have legalized same-sex marriage in nations where same-sex marriage is not legal throughout the nation's territory. Those are:

State/TerritoryCountryDateSame-sex unionUpper HouseLower houseHead of StateLaw
enacted?
Yes No YesNo
British Columbia CanadaJuly 1992Marriage-like relationship3017Signed Yes
British Columbia CanadaJuly 1993Marriage-like relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
British Columbia CanadaJuly 1993Marriage-like relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
British Columbia CanadaJuly 1993Marriage-like relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaMay 1994Domestic relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Ontario CanadaJune 1994Domestic partnership5869— No
British Columbia CanadaJune 1995Marriage-like relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
British Columbia CanadaJuly 1995Marriage-like relationship (expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
Greenland DenmarkMay 1993Inatsisartut

Registered partnership (resolution)[74]

150align=center  Yes
April 1996Folketing

Registered partnership (statutory law)

1041Signed
Ceuta SpainApril 1997De facto unionPassedSigned Yes
British Columbia CanadaJuly 1997Marriage-like relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Catalonia SpainJune 1998Stable couple unionPassedSigned Yes
Yukon CanadaDecember 1998Unregistered cohabitationPassedSigned Yes
Aragon SpainMarch 1999Stable non-married couplePassedSigned Yes
Yukon CanadaApril 1999Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Alberta CanadaMay 1999Unregistered cohabitationPassedSigned Yes
Quebec CanadaMay 1999De facto union800Signed Yes
New South Wales AustraliaJune 1999De facto relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
British Columbia CanadaJuly 1999Marriage-like relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Ontario CanadaOctober 1999Conjugal relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Navarre SpainJuly 2000Stable couplePassedSigned Yes
Castile-La Mancha SpainJuly 2000De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
British Columbia CanadaJuly 2000Marriage-like relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaAugust 2000Domestic relationship (expansion)[75] PassedSigned Yes
Nova Scotia CanadaNovember 2000Domestic partnershipPassedSigned Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador CanadaDecember 2000Conjugal relationshipPassedSigned Yes
New Brunswick CanadaDecember 2000Family relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Geneva SwitzerlandFebruary 2001Registered partnershipPassedSigned Yes
Valencia SpainApril 2001De facto unionPassedSigned Yes
Victoria AustraliaJune 2001Domestic relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
Manitoba CanadaJuly 2001Common-law relationshipsPassedSigned Yes
Saskatchewan CanadaJuly 2001Spousal relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Saskatchewan CanadaJuly 2001Spousal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
Victoria AustraliaNovember 2001Domestic relationship (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador CanadaDecember 2001Conjugal relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Balearic Islands SpainDecember 2001Stable couplePassedSigned Yes
Madrid SpainDecember 2001De facto unionPassedSigned Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador CanadaApril 2002Conjugal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[76] PassedSigned Yes
Western Australia AustraliaApril 2002De facto relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
Yukon CanadaMay 2002Unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[77] PassedSigned Yes
Asturias SpainMay 2002Stable couplePassedSigned Yes
Northwest Territories CanadaJune 2002Unregistered cohabitationPassedSigned Yes
Quebec CanadaJune 2002Civil union870Signed Yes
Manitoba CanadaAugust 2002Common-law relationship (expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
Manitoba CanadaAugust 2002Common-law relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Zürich SwitzerlandSeptember 2002Registered partnershipSpecific cantonal referendum (62.70%) Yes
New South Wales AustraliaOctober 2002De facto relationship (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Castile and León SpainOctober 2002De facto unionPassedSigned Yes
Alberta CanadaDecember 2002Adult interdependent relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Queensland AustraliaDecember 2002De facto relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Andalusia SpainDecember 2002De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
Prince Edward Island CanadaDecember 2002Unregistered cohabitationPassedSigned Yes
Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ArgentinaJanuary 2003Civil union2910Signed Yes
Canary Islands SpainMarch 2003De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
Extremadura SpainMarch 2003De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
Basque Country SpainMay 2003De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
Río Negro ArgentinaMay 2003Civil unionPassedSigned Yes
South Australia AustraliaJune 2003Unregistered cohabitationPassedPassedSigned Yes
Tasmania AustraliaSeptember 2003Significant relationship and caring relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaJanuary 2004Domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
Neuchâtel SwitzerlandJanuary 2004Registered partnership6538Signed Yes
Northern Territory AustraliaJanuary 2004De facto relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Aragon SpainMay 2004Stable non-married couple (expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
Fribourg SwitzerlandMay 2004Registered partnership[78] General cantonal referendum (58.03%) Yes
City of Sydney AustraliaJuly 2004Relationship declaration programPassedSigned Yes
Quebec CanadaNovember 2004Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
Ontario CanadaMarch 2005Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
Northwest Territories CanadaMarch 2005Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Catalonia SpainApril 2005Stable couple union (expansion: adoption rights)[79] PassedSigned Yes
Cantabria SpainMay 2005De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
Akrotiri and Dhekelia United KingdomNovember 2005Civil partnershipSigned Yes
Isle of Man United KingdomNovember 2005Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United KingdomPassedSigned Yes
Norfolk Island AustraliaFebruary 2006De facto relationshipPassedSigned Yes
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaJune 2006Civil unionPassedSigned No[80]
Mexico City MexicoNovember 2006Coexistence partnership4317Signed Yes
South Australia AustraliaDecember 2006Domestic partnership agreementPassedPassedSigned Yes
Coahuila MexicoJanuary 2007Civil pact of solidarity2013Signed Yes
Scotland United KingdomJanuary 2007Civil partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[81] 1016Signed Yes
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaFebruary 2007Civil partnershipPassedSigned No
Alberta CanadaFebruary 2007Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
New Brunswick CanadaMarch 2007Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
City of Melbourne AustraliaApril 2007Relationship declaration programPassedSigned Yes
City of Yarra AustraliaMay 2007Relationship declaration programPassedSigned Yes
Villa Carlos Paz ArgentinaNovember 2007Civil union126Signed Yes
New South Wales AustraliaNovember 2007De facto relationship (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Galicia SpainDecember 2007De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
Melilla SpainJanuary 2008De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
Victoria AustraliaApril 2008Registered domestic relationship29105424Signed Yes
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaMay 2008Civil partnershipPassedSigned Yes
Prince Edward Island CanadaMay 2008Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
New South Wales AustraliaJune 2008De facto relationship (expansion)Passed6411Signed Yes
Manitoba CanadaOctober 2008Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
Victoria AustraliaDecember 2008Registered domestic relationship (expansion)Passed4734Signed Yes
Municipality of Woollahra AustraliaDecember 2008Relationship declaration program[82] PassedSigned Yes
New Brunswick CanadaDecember 2008Marriage (codification) and family relationship (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Río Cuarto ArgentinaMay 2009Civil unionPassedSigned Yes
Greenland DenmarkMay 2009Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[83] PassedSigned Yes
New Caledonia FranceMay 2009Civil solidarity pact and concubinagePassedPassedSigned Yes
Wallis and Futuna FranceMay 2009Civil solidarity pact and concubinagePassedPassedSigned Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador CanadaMay 2009Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
Scotland United KingdomJune 2009Civil partnership (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Tasmania AustraliaSeptember 2009Significant relationship (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaNovember 2009Civil partnership (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador CanadaDecember 2009Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
Mexico City MexicoDecember 2009Marriage3920Signed Yes
Queensland AustraliaFebruary 2010De facto relationship (expansion)4536Signed Yes
City of Blue Mountains AustraliaMarch 2010Relationship declaration programPassedSigned Yes
New South Wales AustraliaMay 2010Registered relationship325629Signed Yes
La Rioja SpainMay 2010De facto couplePassedSigned Yes
Vienna AustriaJune 2010Registered partnership (expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Catalonia SpainJuly 2010Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
New South Wales AustraliaSeptember 2010Registered relationship (expansion: adoption rights)22154543Signed Yes
Tasmania AustraliaOctober 2010Out-of-state unions as significant relationshipPassed223Signed Yes
New South Wales AustraliaNovember 2010Registered relationship (expansion: surrogacy)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba NetherlandsDecember 2010Recognition of unions performed aboardPassedPassedSigned Yes
Isle of Man United KingdomMarch 2011Civil partnershipPassedPassedSigned Yes
South Australia AustraliaJune 2011Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)1452415Signed Yes
South Australia AustraliaJuly 2011Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Nunavut CanadaOctober 2011Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
British Columbia CanadaNovember 2011Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
Queensland AustraliaDecember 2011Civil partnership4740Signed Yes[84]
Guernsey United KingdomDecember 2011Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United KingdomPassedSigned Yes
Jersey United KingdomDecember 2011Civil partnership330Signed Yes
Queensland AustraliaJune 2012Registered relationship[85] 698Signed Yes[86]
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaSeptember 2012Civil union116 Signed Yes
Tasmania AustraliaSeptember 2012Marriage681311— No
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba NetherlandsOctober 2012MarriagePassedPassedSigned Yes
Tasmania AustraliaOctober 2012Significant relationship (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
City of Vincent AustraliaDecember 2012Relationship declaration programPassedSigned Yes
Macau ChinaMarch 2013Civil unionFailed— No
South Australia AustraliaJuly 2013Marriage——Failed — No
Tasmania AustraliaJuly 2013Significant relationship (expansion: adoption rights)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Colima MexicoJuly 2013Civil union172align=center  Yes[87]
August 2013PassedSigned
Tasmania AustraliaOctober 2013Marriage68——— No
Australian Capital Territory AustraliaOctober 2013Marriage98Signed No[88]
Jalisco MexicoOctober 2013Civil union2015Signed Yes
New South Wales AustraliaNovember 2013Marriage19 21——— No
Campeche MexicoDecember 2013Civil unionPassedSigned Yes
Coahuila MexicoFebruary 2014Civil pact of solidarity (expansion: adoption rights)232Signed Yes
Scotland United KingdomMarch 201410518Signed Yes
Faroe Islands DenmarkMarch 2014Marriage1120— No
Gibraltar United KingdomMarch 2014Civil partnership160Signed Yes
Durango MexicoApril 2014MarriageFailed— No
Akrotiri and Dhekelia United KingdomApril 2014MarriageSigned Yes
British Indian Ocean Territory United KingdomApril 2014MarriageSigned Yes
Alberta CanadaMay 2014Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
Coahuila MexicoSeptember 2014Marriage191Signed Yes
New South Wales AustraliaNovember 2014Out-of-state unions as registered relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
Yukon CanadaDecember 2014Marriage (codification)PassedSigned Yes
Pitcairn Islands United KingdomMay 2015MarriagePassedSigned Yes
Town of Port Hedland AustraliaAugust 2015Relationship declaration program62Signed Yes
Michoacán MexicoSeptember 2015Domestic partnership340Signed Yes
Alderney United KingdomNovember 2015Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad[89] [90] 100Signed Yes
Guernsey United KingdomDecember 2015Recognition of marriage performed abroad[91] [92] Passedaligncenter [93]  Yes
Victoria AustraliaDecember 2015Registered domestic relationship and domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[94] 31 8PassedSigned Yes
Queensland AustraliaDecember 2015Civil partnership[95] 6422Signed Yes
Nayarit MexicoDecember 2015Marriage and concubinage261Signed Yes
Greenland DenmarkMay 2015Inatsisartut

Marriage (resolution)

270align=center  Yes
February 2016Folketing

Marriage (statutory law)

1080Signed
Victoria AustraliaFebruary 2016Out-of-state union as registered domestic relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
Azuay EcuadorMarch 2016Registered symbolic marriagePassedSigned Yes
Campeche MexicoMay 2016Marriage[96] [97] [98] 341Signed Yes
Guernsey United KingdomMay 2016Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad (expansion)[99] PassedSigned Yes
Colima MexicoJune 2016Marriage[100] 240Signed Yes
Michoacán MexicoJune 2016Marriage and concubinage[101] 270Signed Yes
Ascension Island United KingdomJune 2016Marriage50Signed Yes
South Australia AustraliaJuly 2016Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[102] Passed2912Signed Yes
Morelos MexicoJuly 2016Marriage and concubinage206Signed Yes
Isle of Man United KingdomJuly 2016Marriage63173Signed Yes
Aruba NetherlandsSeptember 2016Registered partnership[103] 115Signed Yes
British Antarctic Territory United KingdomOctober 2016Marriage[104] Signed Yes
Gibraltar United KingdomNovember 2016Marriage[105] [106] 150Signed Yes
Queensland AustraliaNovember 2016Civil partnership and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[107] 4443Signed Yes
San Luis Potosí MexicoNovember 2016Marriage[108] [109] Failed— No
Ontario CanadaDecember 2016Marriage and conjugal relationship (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[110] 790Signed Yes
Victoria AustraliaDecember 2016Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[111] 19194535— No
South Australia AustraliaDecember 2016Registered relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
South Australia AustraliaDecember 2016Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: adoption rights)[112] [113] 1342716Signed Yes
South Australia AustraliaDecember 2016Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[114] PassedPassedSigned Yes
Tlaxcala MexicoJanuary 2017Domestic partnership[115] [116] [117] 184Signed Yes
Durango MexicoJanuary 2017Marriage[118] 415— No
Mexico City MexicoJanuary 2017Marriage (constitutional codification) Passedalign=center  Yes
Northwest Territories CanadaMarch 2017Marriage (codification)[119] PassedSigned Yes
South Australia AustraliaMarch 2017Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: surrogacy)PassedPassedSigned Yes
South Australia AustraliaApril 2017Registered relationship (expansion)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Falkland Islands United KingdomApril 2017Marriage and civil partnership71Signed Yes
Guernsey United KingdomDecember 2015Marriage (agreement in principle)377align=center  Yes
December 2016Marriage (primary legislation)[120] [121] 335 Signed
April 2017Marriage (secondary legislation)Passed align=center
Faroe Islands DenmarkApril 2016Løgting

Marriage (resolution)[122] [123] [124]

1914aligncenter  Yes
May 2017Folketing

Marriage (statutory law)[125]

1080Signed
Tristan da Cunha United KingdomAugust 2017Marriage[126] PassedSigned Yes
Nova Scotia CanadaOctober 2017Marriage (codification)[127] [128] PassedSigned Yes
Saint Helena United KingdomDecember 2017Marriage92Signed Yes
Bermuda United KingdomFebruary 2018Domestic partnership832410Signed Yes
Northern Territory AustraliaApril 2018Marriage and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)PassedSigned Yes
Jersey United KingdomSeptember 2015Marriage (agreement in principle)374align=center  Yes
May 2018Marriage (statutory legislation)421Signed
Victoria AustraliaMay 2018Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Alderney United KingdomDecember 2017Marriage (primary legislation)90Signed Yes
June 2018Marriage (secondary legislation)Passedalign=center
New South Wales AustraliaJune 2018Marriage (codification and expansion)[129] 342PassedSigned Yes
Queensland AustraliaJune 2018Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[130] [131] 864Signed Yes
Murcia SpainJuly 2018De facto couple[132] [133] PassedSigned Yes
Northern Territory AustraliaDecember 2018Marriage (codification and expansion)PassedSigned Yes
Western Australia AustraliaFebruary 2019Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)PassedPassedSigned Yes
Tasmania AustraliaMay 2019Marriage (codification and expansion)761211Signed Yes
San Luis Potosí MexicoMay 2019Marriage and concubinage[134] 1412Signed Yes
Hidalgo MexicoMay 2019Marriage and concubinage[135] 182Signed Yes
Sinaloa MexicoJune 2019Marriage and concubinage1820— No
Ibaraki Prefecture JapanJune 2019Partnership certificatePassedSigned Yes
Baja California Sur MexicoJune 2019Marriage[136] 145Signed Yes
Zacatecas MexicoAugust 2019Marriage[137] 1113— No
Oaxaca MexicoOctober 2019Marriage (codification)2510Signed Yes
Sark United KingdomOctober 2019Marriage (agreement in principle)Passedalign=center  Yes
March 2020Marriage (primary legislation)PassedSigned
April 2020Marriage (secondary legislation)Passed align=center
Cayman Islands United KingdomJuly 2020Domestic partnership89— No
Baja California MexicoJuly 2020Marriage (Constitutional codification)16 9— No
Curaçao NetherlandsSeptember 2020Marriage Withdrawn No
Cayman Islands United KingdomSeptember 2020Civil partnershipSigned  Yes
Puebla MexicoNovember 2020Marriage (codification)[138] 315Signed Yes
Gunma Prefecture JapanDecember 2020Partnership oathSigned Yes
Tlaxcala MexicoDecember 2020Marriage163Signed Yes
Western Australia Australia2020Marriage and de facto relationship (expansion: surrogacy)--Passed No
Sinaloa MexicoJune 2021Marriage230Signed Yes
Baja California MexicoJune 2021Marriage (Constitutional codification)184Ratified by municipalities Yes
Yucatán MexicoAugust 2021Marriage (Constitutional codification)205Published Yes
Saga Prefecture JapanAugust 2021Partnership certificatePassedSigned Yes
Mie Prefecture JapanSeptember 2021Partnership certificatePassedSigned Yes
Querétaro MexicoSeptember 2021Marriage, concubinage, adoption203Published Yes
Sonora MexicoSeptember 2021Marriage258Signed Yes
Zacatecas MexicoDecember 2021Marriage1810Published Yes
Aomori Prefecture JapanFebruary 2022Partnership certificatePassedSigned Yes
Yucatán MexicoMarch 2022Marriage250Published Yes
Akita Prefecture JapanApril 2022Partnership certificatePassedSigned Yes
Fukuoka Prefecture JapanApril 2022Partnership certificatePassedSigned Yes
Jalisco MexicoApril 2022Marriage (codification)258Published Yes
Tamaulipas MexicoMay 2022Marriage[139] Failed — No
Veracruz MexicoJune 2022Marriage (codification)384Published Yes
Aguascalientes MexicoAugust 2022Marriage[140] Failed — No
Quintana Roo MexicoAugust 2022Marriage expansion (adoption)PassedSigned Yes
Tochigi Prefecture JapanSeptember 2022Partnership certificatePassedSigned Yes
Durango MexicoSeptember 2022Marriage (codification)159Signed Yes
Tabasco MexicoOctober 2022Marriage235Signed Yes
Tokyo Metropolis JapanNovember 2022Partnership certificate[141] PassedSigned Yes
Edomex MexicoNovember 2022Marriage and concubinage5016Signed Yes
Tamaulipas MexicoNovember 2022Marriage2312Signed Yes
Guerrero MexicoDecember 2022Marriage and concubinage386Signed Yes
Nuevo León MexicoJune 2023Marriage (codification) and concubinage [142] 2310Signed Yes
Baja California Sur MexicoMarch 2024Marriage (expansion: adoption)[143] PassedVetoedPending
Aruba NetherlandsJune 2024Marriage [144] [145] 1010Failed No
Note:

Prohibition of same-sex unions

Legislative efforts

Various countries have passed (or tried to pass) legislation to prevent same-sex marriage or repeal the existing laws (in some cases including criminalization or fines). Sometimes approving explicit bans or defining marriage as solely the union between a man and a woman, excluding all others.

National level

CountryDateBan onUpper houseLower houseHead of stateFinal
outcome
Yes No YesNo
El SalvadorFebruary 1858Marriage PassedPassedSigned Yes
ColombiaMay 1873Marriage PassedPassedSigned Yes
Costa RicaJanuary 1888Marriage PassedPassedSigned Yes
Jamaica1897Marriage [146] PassedPassedSigned Yes
ItalyMarch 1942Marriage [147] PassedPassedSigned Yes
Eswatini1952Adoption [148] PassedSigned  Yes
United Kingdom (England and Walles)July 1973Marriage [149] PassedPassedSigned Yes [150]
May 1977Marriage [151] PassedSigned Yes [152]
VenezuelaJuly 1982Marriage [153] PassedPassedSigned Yes
PeruJuly 1984Marriage PassedPassedSigned Yes
EcuadorJuly 1984Marriage PassedPassedSigned Yes
HondurasAugust 1984Marriage [154] PassedPassedSigned Yes
ParaguayJanuary 1985Marriage and free union PassedPassedSigned Yes
Cuba1987Marriage PassedSigned  Yes
PhilippinesJuly 1987Marriage (explicit recognition of only heterosexual marriage)Signed Yes
Angola1988Marriage and de facto union [155] PassedSigned  Yes
China1992Adoption PassedSigned  Yes
United StatesSeptember 1996Marriage (federal recognition and allows states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states)8514 34267 Signed  Yes [156]
Philippines1998Marriage (explicit limitation of marriage to heterosexual cisgender couples)[157] Failed No
United StatesJuly 1999Adoption (federal law, ban only for District of Columbia)213215 No
KenyaJuly 2001Adoption (couples and single LGBT person) PassedPassedSigned Yes
October 2003Marriage [158] PassedSigned Yes [159]
PhilippinesJuly 2004Marriage (explicit non-recognition of unions performed abroad)Failed No
Philippines2004Marriage (explicit limitation of marriage to heterosexual cisgender couples)FailedFailed No
AustraliaAugust 2004Marriage 38 6PassedSigned  Yes [160]
New ZealandMay 2005Marriage 4773 No
CanadaDecember 2006Marriage 123175 No
ChinaMay 2007Adoption of Chinese children by LGBT couples and single people in foreign countries Signed  Yes
GreeceJuly 2008Civil Union PassedSigned  Yes [161]
EthiopiaJuly 2009Marriage [162] PassedSigned  Yes
PhilippinesDecember 2009Marriage (criminalization)Failed No
Lesotho2011Adoption [163] PassedSigned  Yes
MaliDecember 2011Adoption [164] PassedSigned  Yes
RussiaSeptember 2012MarriagePassedPassedSigned Yes
RussiaJune 2013Adoption of Russian children by LGBT couples and single people in foreign countries that recognise same-sex unionsPassed4004Signed Yes
UgandaDecember 2013All types of same-sex unions and adoption (criminalization)[165] PassedSigned No [166]
NigeriaJanuary 2014All types of same-sex unions and adoption(criminalization) 1090PassedSigned Yes
VietnamJune 2014Marriage and cohabitation [167] PassedPassedSigned Yes
MalawiApril 2015Marriage (criminalization)1930Signed Yes
NicaraguaApril 2015Marriage, free unions and adoption PassedSigned Yes
PanamaOctober 2015Marriage (recognition of foreign unions) PassedSigned Yes
HaitiAugust 2017Marriage (criminalization)141Failed No
EstoniaAugust 2017Civil Union 1947 No
BoliviaJune 2018Marriage and free union PassedSigned Yes
HondurasAugust 2018Adoption PassedSigned Yes
NepalAugust 2018Marriage PassedSigned Yes
ZimbabweMay 2019Marriage [168] PassedSigned Yes
MozambiqueDecember 2019Marriage and domestic unions [169] PassedSigned Yes
ChinaJanuary 2021Marriage 28792Signed Yes
PanamaMarch 2021Adoption PassedSigned Yes
GuatemalaMarch 2022Marriage (criminalization)1528 No [170]
LatviaApril 2023Adoption [171] PassedSigned Yes
UgandaJune 2023All types of same-sex unions and adoption (criminalization)[172] [173] 3841Signed Yes
HungaryJuly 2023Adoption (report same-sex couples which raise children to the state authorities)[174] PassedVetoed No
RussiaJuly 2023Marriage, adoption and foster care for trans people.[175] PassedPassedSigned Yes
GeorgiaSeptember 2024Marriage and adoption [176] 840Signed Yes
NamibiaUnknownMarriage (criminalization) and recognition of foreign unions[177] PassedPassed [178] Pending'
KenyaUnknownSame sex unions (criminalization) [179] Pending
Notes:

Constitutional efforts

Thirty-two countries have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights".

National level

Cuba was the first country to prohibit same-sex marriage in February 1976.[180] Paraguay, Honduras and Bolivia are the only cases that not only marriage is prohibited but also de facto unions.[181] Vietnam, Cuba, and Ecuador repealed their same-sex marriage bans in November 2013, April 2019, and June 2019, respectively.

As of, thirty-three countries prohibit same-sex marriage on a national level. Those are Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Croatia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Honduras, Hungary, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Palau, Paraguay, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.

CountryDateBan onUpper houseLower houseHead of stateFinal
outcome
Yes No YesNo
CubaFebruary 1976MarriageGeneral referendum (97.7%) Yes
Burkina FasoJune 1991Marriage[182] General referendum (92.83%) Yes
BulgariaJuly 1991MarriagePassedPassedSigned Yes
VietnamApril 1992MarriagePassedSigned Yes
ParaguayJune 1992Marriage and de facto union[183] PassedPassedSigned Yes
LithuaniaOctober 1992Marriage[184] General referendum (78.24) Yes
CambodiaSeptember 1993Marriage[185] [186] PassedPassedSigned Yes
BelarusMarch 1994Marriage[187] PassedPassedSigned Yes
MoldovaJuly 1994MarriagePassedSigned Yes
UkraineJune 1996MarriagePassedSigned Yes
May 1997Marriage[188] General referendum (52.71%)Signed Yes
VenezuelaDecember 1999Marriage and de facto unionGeneral referendum (71.78%) Yes
RwandaMay 2003MarriageGeneral referendum (93.42%)  Yes
United StatesJuly 2004Marriage4850227 186— No
BurundiFebruary 2005MarriageGeneral referendum (92.02%) Yes
HondurasMarch 2005Marriage and de facto union[189] 128 <-- http://www.globalgayz.com/country/Honduras/HND -->0Signed Yes
UgandaSeptember 2005Marriage11117Signed Yes
LatviaDecember 2005Marriage65 <-- http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-15972205.html -->5Signed Yes
DR CongoDecember 2005Marriage[190] General referendum (84.31%) Yes
United StatesJuly 2006Marriage4948236 187— No[191]
SerbiaOctober 2006MarriageGeneral referendum (53.04%) Yes
MontenegroOctober 2007 MarriagePassedSigned Yes
EcuadorSeptember 2008Marriage[192] General referendum (69.46%) Yes
PalauNovember 2008MarriageSpecific referendum (83.56%) Yes
BoliviaJanuary 2009Marriage and free unionGeneral referendum (61.43%) Yes
El SalvadorOctober 2009Marriage4638— No
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNovember 2009MarriageGeneral referendum (43.71%) No
Dominican RepublicJanuary 2010Marriage[193] PassedPassedSigned Yes
KenyaAugust 2010MarriageGeneral referendum (68.55%) Yes
ZambiaMarch 2011MarriageFailed— No
JamaicaApril 2011Marriage and any other similar relationshipPassedPassedSigned Yes
HungaryApril 2011Marriage26244Signed Yes
South SudanJuly 2011MarriagePassedPassedSigned Yes
LiberiaJune 2012MarriagePassedFailed— No
ZimbabweMarch 2013MarriageGeneral referendum (94.49%) Yes
North MacedoniaSeptember 2013MarriageFailed— No
CroatiaDecember 2013Marriage[194] Specific referendum (65.87%) Yes
El SalvadorFebruary 2014MarriageFailed— No
SlovakiaJune 2014Marriage 10218align=center  Yes
North MacedoniaJanuary 2015MarriageFailed— No
SlovakiaFebruary 2015MarriageSpecific referendum (94.50%) No
ArmeniaDecember 2015Marriage[195] [196] General referendum (63.37%) Yes
SwitzerlandFebruary 2016Marriage[197] Specific referendum (49.16%) No
Central African RepublicMarch 2016Marriage[198] [199] General referendum (93.00%)Signed Yes
KyrgyzstanDecember 2016MarriageGeneral referendum (79.59%) Yes
GeorgiaOctober 2017Marriage1172Vetoed[200]  Yes
Czech RepublicJune 2018MarriageFailed No
RomaniaOctober 2018Marriage[201] [202] [203] 1071323222align=center No[204]
Specific referendum (93.40%)
PanamaOctober 2019MarriageWithdrawn No
RussiaJuly 2020MarriagePassedPassedSigned Yes
General referendum (77.92%)
EstoniaJanuary 2021Marriage2949— No
HondurasJanuary 2021Marriage and de facto union (more explicit ban)9038Signed Yes
BelarusFebruary 2022Marriage (explicit ban)General referendum (65.2%) Yes
MaliJune 2023Marriage (explicit ban)[205] General referendum (97%)[206]  Yes
TuvaluNovember 2023Marriage [207] PassedSigned Yes
Notes:

Sub-national level

The first jurisdiction to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in its Constitution was the U.S. state of Alaska in November 1998, however, same-sex marriage was legalised in the state in October 2014. The first jurisdiction to enact such a ban was Yucatán, in July 2009, but since August 2010 the state recognizes same-sex marriages performed in Mexico and in August 2021 local congress removed the heterosexual definition of marriage from the state's constitution.

State/TerritoryCountryDateBan onUpper HouseLower houseHead of
state		Final
outcome
Yes No YesNo
Morelos MexicoNovember 1930MarriagePassedalign=center  Yes
Yucatán MexicoJuly 2009MarriagePassedalign=center  Yes[208]
Baja California MexicoMay 2011MarriagePassedSigned Yes
Colima MexicoJuly 2013Marriage[209] 172align=center  Yes
Zurich SwitzerlandNovember 2016Marriage[210] [211] 52110align=center  No
Specific referendum (19.09%)
Veracruz MexicoJuly 2018Marriage[212] 3210align=center  No[213]
Notes:

See also

References

  1. [Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|The Netherlands proper]
  2. [Same-sex marriage in New Zealand|New Zealand proper]
  3. [England and Wales|England, Wales]
  4. 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and multiple tribal nations
  5. Book: Newton, David E. . Same-Sex Marriage: A Reference Handbook . 2010-09-02 . Greenwood Publishing Group . 978-1-59884-708-6 . January 5, 2014.
  6. Book: Jänterä-Jareborg, Maarit . National Report: Sweden . Brattström, Margareta . Eriksson, LisaMarie . March 2015 . Commission of European Family Law . November 5, 2015 . October 30, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151030070112/http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Sweden-IR.pdf . live .
  7. According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
  8. Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
  9. Web site: 1999 . BILL C-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120150/http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2330468&File=25 . 22 December 2015 . Parliament of Canada.
  10. Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
  11. The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
  12. Veto overridden.
  13. Web site: 27 May 2006 . Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida . Noticias Jurídicas . es . 19 December 2022 . 19 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221219163806/https://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/l14-2006.html . live .
  14. Jeppesen de Boer . Christina G. . Kronborg . Annette . 2011 . National Report: Denmark . American Universal Journal of Gender Social Policy and Law . American University Washington College of Law . 19 . 1 . 113–121 . 2015-11-07 . 2013-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105200811/http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1466&context=jgspl . live .
  15. Web site: Healy . Claire . Reis Oliveira . Catarina . INTI Project: "Be Naturalized" - Report on Naturalization in Portugal . 19 December 2022 . Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e Diálogo Intercultural, I.P. . en . Lisabon . 26 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143729/https://www.om.acm.gov.pt/documents/58428/296070/b+naturalized_pt.pdf/9268c402-7b6e-4fce-b145-a543ebe716d8 . live .
  16. Web site: Horsey . Kirsty . 20 October 2006 . Finland passes new fertility legislation . 19 December 2022 . IVF.net . 19 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221219165751/https://ivf.net/ivf/finland-passes-new-fertility-legislation-o2315.html . live .
  17. Web site: 22 December 2006 . Laki hedelmöityshoidoista . 19 December 2022 . Finlex . Edita Publishing Oy . fi . 19 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221219165752/https://finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2006/20061237 . live .
  18. Ruled unconstitutional.
  19. HUMAN FERTILISATION AND EMBRYOLOGY ACT 2008 . The National Archives . legislation.gov.uk . October 1, 2019 . April 23, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100423151217/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/en/ukpgaen_20080022_en.pdf . live .
  20. Web site: Juridisch ouderschap vrouwelijke partner van moeder . Dutch . Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140514072052/http://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/33032_juridisch_ouderschap . May 14, 2014.
  21. Since the 2008 constitutional change, the assent of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg is not required for the enactment of laws adopted by the Parliament.
  22. The President merely promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament.
  23. Web site: 21 July 2015 . Código Civil y Comercial . https://web.archive.org/web/20150721173159/http://www.diputados.gov.ar/legislacion/codigoCivilyComercial.html . 21 July 2015 . Cámera de Diputados . es . Buenos Aires.
  24. Web site: Hazou . Elias . Chrysostomou . Annette . 26 November 2015 . House passes historic civil partnerships bill . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151126230707/http://cyprus-mail.com/2015/11/26/house-passes-htnerships-bill/ . 26 November 2015 . Cypurs Mail.
  25. News: 26 November 2015 . Civil unions become law . In-Cyprus . https://web.archive.org/web/20151127055351/http://in-cyprus.com/civil-unions-become-law/ . 27 November 2015.
  26. News: Nicolae . Andrei . 17 December 2015 . Parlamentul a RESPINS legea parteneriatelor homosexuale. Deputat PSD: Dacă s-ar fi adoptat inițiativa cu delfinul persoană non-umană, cineva ar fi propus legalizarea căsătoriei între o persoană și un delfin . ro . ActiveNews - Știri necenzurate . 18 December 2015 . 19 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151219233431/http://www.activenews.ro/stiri-politic/Parlamentul-a-RESPINS-legea-parteneriatelor-homosexuale.-Deputat-PSD-Daca-s-ar-fi-adoptat-initiativa-cu-delfinul-persoana-non-umana-cineva-ar-fi-propus-legalizarea-casatoriei-intre-o-persoana-si-un-delfin-127989 . live .
  27. News: Greek Parliament approves law on same-sex civil partnerships . ekathimerini . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223104954/http://www.ekathimerini.com/204577/article/ekathimerini/news/greek-parliament-approves-law-on-same-sex-civil-partnerships . 23 December 2015.
  28. News: 10 December 2015 . Cohabitation Act to enter force without implementing acts . en . ERR . 12 December 2015 . 15 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151215023518/http://news.err.ee/v/politics/society/cc21b2c8-335c-43d5-93ef-2a1d10fa6357/cohabitation-act-to-enter-force-without-implementing-acts . live .
  29. News: 10 December 2015 . Kooseluseaduse rakendusaktid jäävad sel aastal vastu võtmata . et . Postimees . Karin . Kangro . 12 December 2015 . 22 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095048/http://www.postimees.ee/3430817/kooseluseaduse-rakendusaktid-jaavad-sel-aastal-vastu-votmata?id=3430817.
  30. Web site: 31 May 2010 . Projeto de Lei 5/XIII/1 . Parlamento . Assembleia da República . pt-PT . 19 December 2022 . 8 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808062028/https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=39761.
  31. News: Newman . Marissa . 24 February 2016 . Day after marking LGBT rights, Knesset nixes 5 gender equality bills . The Times of Israel . 10 November 2016 . 14 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170714023932/http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-after-marking-lgbt-rights-knesset-nixes-5-gender-equality-bills/ . live .
  32. News: 26 September 2016 . Mariage gay et naturalisation traités en parallèle . fr . Le Matin . 17 July 2018 . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184936/https://www.lematin.ch/suisse/mariage-gay-naturalisation-traites-parallele/story/25999140 . dead .
  33. Web site: Zakon o partenerski zvezi . dead . Državni zbor . sl . 2015-12-23 . 2015-12-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223070737/http://www.dz-rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=66D54B6586E5EE63C1257F22004908EB&db=pre_zak&mandat=VII .
  34. News: Kos . David . 24 April 2016 . Državni zbor sprejel zakon o partnerski zvezi . sl . SiolNET. . 22 April 2016 . 22 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160422180244/http://www.siol.net/novice/slovenija/drzavni-zbor-sprejel-zakon-o-partnerski-zvezi-415603 . live .
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  86. Replaced with civil partnership in December 2015.
  87. Repealed in May 2016.
  88. Legislation overturned by the High Court on 12 December 2013.
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  135. Web site: Buscan aprobar matrimonio igualitario en Hidalgo. October 9, 2018. Excélsior.
  136. Web site: Histórico: Congreso aprueba los matrimonios gays en Baja California Sur. Erik. Murillo. June 28, 2019.
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  138. News: Conservative Mexican state of Puebla legalizes same-sex marriage . Reuters . November 4, 2020 . June 5, 2024.
  139. Web site: Rechazan diputados de Tamaulipas el matrimonio igualitario. Hoy Tamaulipas. 3 May 2023. es. 21 August 2023. Enrique. Jonguitud. Ciudad Victoria.
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  141. Web site: 31 October 2022 . 「東京都パートナーシップ宣誓制度」証明書の相互活用に向けて、都内16区市との連携協定等を締結 . 1 November 2022 . Tokyo Metropolis . ja.
  142. Web site: Recio . Kevin . 2023-06-14 . Aprueban Matrimonio Igualitario en Nuevo León . 2023-06-25 . Grupo Milenio . es-MX.
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  146. http://jafbase.fr/DocAmeriques/Jamaique/Marriage%20Act.pdf
  147. https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/legislation/details/16608
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  149. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/18/section/11
  150. Repealed in December 2013
  151. https://web.archive.org/web/20120918095332/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/15
  152. Repealed in February 2014
  153. https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/codigo_civil_venezuela.pdf
  154. https://www.tsc.gob.hn/web/leyes/codigo_de_familia.pdf
  155. https://recipp.ipp.pt/bitstream/10400.22/17107/1/DM_VictorMorais_MSOL_2020.pdf
  156. Repealed in December 2022
  157. Book: Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines Country Report . 2014 . United Nations Development Programme, United States Agency for International Development . Bangkok . 39 . 24 August 2022.
  158. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/2003/413/contents
  159. Repealed in July 2019
  160. Repealed in December 2017
  161. Repealed in December 2015.
  162. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2019669509/2019669509.pdf
  163. Web site: Lesotho. https://web.archive.org/web/20130215164927/http://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=lesotho. 15 February 2013. Intercountry Adoption. dead.
  164. Web site: LOI N 2011-087 . December 30, 2011 . Republique du Mali . French . May 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130512202950/http://www.justice.gouv.ml/documentation/Code_des_Personnes_et_de_la_Famille.pdf . 2013-05-12 .
  165. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28605400
  166. Struck down by Supreme Court in 2014 on technical grounds
  167. https://vbpl.vn/TW/Pages/vbpqen-toanvan.aspx?ItemID=11018
  168. https://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2019/05/same-sex-marriages-banned-in-zim.html?m=1
  169. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/moz208614.pdf
  170. Passed by Congress, archived after threat of presidential veto.
  171. Web site: Latvian Saeima dictates foreign child adopters have to be married in accordance to the Constitution - Baltic News Network. April 21, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230421183759/https://bnn-news.com/latvian-saeima-dictates-foreign-child-adopters-have-to-be-married-in-accordance-to-the-constitution-245081 . 2023-04-21 .
  172. News: Okiror . Samuel . 2023-03-21 . Ugandan MPs pass bill imposing death penalty for homosexuality . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-04-06 . 0261-3077.
  173. Web site: Activists Welcome Ugandan President Calling for Review of Anti-Gay Bill . 21 April 2023 .
  174. News: Hungary's president vetoes cruel bill letting people 'report' same-sex parents to authorities. PinkNews. Chantalle. Billson. 22 April 2023.
  175. Web site: Putin firma la ley que prohíbe la cirugía para el cambio de sexo en Rusia . 25 July 2023 .
  176. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/17/georgias-parliament-approves-law-curbing-lgbtq-rights
  177. News: Lawmakers divided on definition of 'spouse'. The Namibian. Andreas. Thomas. 17 July 2023.
  178. Web site: Namibia's Parliament votes to ban same-sex marriage. Roberto. Igual. September 29, 2023. MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online.
  179. News: LGBT rights in Africa: Will Kenya be the latest to pass anti-gay law? . 21 November 2023 . 18 July 2023 .
  180. Web site: The link between media repression and queer repression in Cuba . April 1, 2019 . University of Wisconsin-Madison . June 5, 2024.
  181. Web site: Latin America's road to legalizing same-sex marriage . Morland . Sarah . September 26, 2022 . Reuters . June 5, 2024.
  182. Web site: 27 July 2010 . Constitution du Burkina Faso . https://web.archive.org/web/20100727171252/http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afw/burkinafaso/Burkina_Faso_Const.doc . 27 July 2010 . Yale Law School . fr . DOC.
  183. Web site: Constitución Nacional del Paraguay . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20031004142929/http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/par_res3.htm . 4 October 2003 . Organization of American States . es.
  184. Web site: Lithuania's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2006 . ConstituteProject . Constitute . PDF . Article 38: Marriage shall be concluded upon the free mutual consent of man and woman.
  185. Web site: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA (Article 45) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090810/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/klc_pages/KLC_files/section_001/section_01_01_ENG.pdf . 4 March 2016 . OHCHR Cambodia.
  186. Web site: Cambodia's Rainbow Families: Marriage, Adoption and Gender Recognition Rights in the Kingdom . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090810/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/klc_pages/KLC_files/section_001/section_01_01_ENG.pdf . 4 March 2016 . OHCHR Cambodia.
  187. Web site: Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994 . Article 32: On reaching the age of consent women and men shall have the right to enter into marriage on a voluntary basis and start a family. A husband and wife shall be equal in family relationships..
  188. Web site: The Constitution of the Republic of Poland . June 5, 2024 . Republic of Poland . April 2, 1997 . Sejm . en . Article 18: Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland. .
    Web site: Dz.U. 1997 nr 78 poz. 483 . dead . 2017-11-25 . 2018-12-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181226211610/http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19970780483 .
  189. Web site: 17 August 2005 . Honduras: Constitución de 1982 con reformas hasta 2005 . 21 December 2022 . pdba.georgetown.edu . Base de Datos Políticos de las Américas . es.
  190. Web site: Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo . https://web.archive.org/web/20060812032926/http://www.presidentrdc.cd/constitution.html . 12 August 2006 . Présidence de la République Démocratique du Congo . fr.
  191. Failed to meet the required threshold.
  192. Web site: Constitución del Ecuador . https://web.archive.org/web/20130119223355/http://www.asambleanacional.gov.ec/documentos/constitucion_de_bolsillo.pdf . 19 January 2013 . Asamblea Nacional . es.
  193. Web site: Constitución De La República Dominicana . 21 August 2023 . Justia República Dominicana . es.
  194. News: 1 December 2013 . Croatians vote to ban gay marriage . en . . Associated Press in Zagreb . 21 December 2022.
  195. News: 16 January 2016 . Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms . ILGA Europe . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031535/http://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/referendum-armenia-brings-constitutional-reforms . 5 March 2016.
  196. News: 13 December 2015 . Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results . en . Armenia News - news.am . Yerevan . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106195342/https://news.am/eng/news/301746.html . 6 November 2022.
  197. News: Schäfer . Fabian . 6 January 2020 . Der kampflose Rückzug der CVP-Initiative ist ebenso peinlich wie aufschlussreich . de . Neue Züricher Zeitung (NZZ) . Bern . 21 December 2022.
  198. News: 17 December 2015 . Central African Republic Votes Yes on Constitutional Referendum . New York Times .
  199. Web site: Décret n° 160218 du 30 mars 2016 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République centrafricaine . fr.
  200. Veto overridden.
  201. News: 9 May 2017 . Initiative changing family definition in Romanian Constitution, voted by the deputies . en . Romania Insider . 21 December 2022.
  202. News: 11 September 2018 . Romania parliament votes in favor of man/woman marriage only . en . ABC News International . Associated Press . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195501/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/romania-parliament-votes-favor-manwoman-marriage-57749507 . 11 September 2018.
  203. News: Gurzu . Anca . 7 October 2018 . Romania's marriage referendum fails due to low turnout . en . POLITICO . Bistrița . 21 December 2022.
  204. Although the amendment received majority of the vote, turnout was only at 20.41%. For referendums in Romania to be valid, turnout has to surpass 30% of registered voters.
  205. Web site: 2023-06-17 . Malians participate in rallies ahead of Sunday's referendum . 2023-06-24 . Africanews . en.
  206. Web site: Malians approve amendments to constitution in referendum . June 23, 2023 . Aljazeera . en . June 5, 2024 .
  207. Web site: The Constitution of Tuvalu 2023 . Tuvalu . May 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026220406/https://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1986/1986-0001/ConstitutionofTuvalu_2.pdf . October 26, 2023.
  208. Repealed in September 2021
  209. Web site: 22 July 2013 . Aprueban reforma para celebrar matrimonios civiles gay en Colima . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019205128/http://www.elindependiente.mx/noticias/?idNota=20543 . 19 October 2013 . El Independiente del Sureste . es.
  210. Web site: Touzain . François . 1 November 2016 . Zurich s'apprête à revoter sur l'interdiction du marriage pour tous . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061102/https://360.ch/blog/magazine/2016/11/zurich-sapprete-a-revoter-sur-linterdiction-du-mariage-pour-tous/ . 11 November 2016 . 360.ch . fr.
  211. News: 27 November 2016 . Zürcher Nein zu "Schutz der Ehe"-Initiative . de . Wirtschaftregional . Vaduzer Medienhaus .
  212. News: 13 July 2018 . ¡Aplausos! Fracasa iniciativa de homófobos en Veracruz contra Matrimonio Igualitario . es . Ulisex!Mgzn . Xalapa .
  213. Failed to meet the required threshold.
  1. [Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|The Netherlands proper]
  2. [Same-sex marriage in New Zealand|New Zealand proper]
  3. [England and Wales|England, Wales]
  4. 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and multiple tribal nations
  5. Book: Newton, David E. . Same-Sex Marriage: A Reference Handbook . 2010-09-02 . Greenwood Publishing Group . 978-1-59884-708-6 . January 5, 2014.
  6. Book: Jänterä-Jareborg, Maarit . National Report: Sweden . Brattström, Margareta . Eriksson, LisaMarie . March 2015 . Commission of European Family Law . November 5, 2015 . October 30, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151030070112/http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Sweden-IR.pdf . live .
  7. According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
  8. Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
  9. Web site: 1999 . BILL C-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120150/http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2330468&File=25 . 22 December 2015 . Parliament of Canada.
  10. Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
  11. The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
  12. Veto overridden.
  13. Web site: 27 May 2006 . Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida . Noticias Jurídicas . es . 19 December 2022 . 19 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221219163806/https://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/l14-2006.html . live .
  14. Jeppesen de Boer . Christina G. . Kronborg . Annette . 2011 . National Report: Denmark . American Universal Journal of Gender Social Policy and Law . American University Washington College of Law . 19 . 1 . 113–121 . 2015-11-07 . 2013-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105200811/http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1466&context=jgspl . live .
  15. Web site: Healy . Claire . Reis Oliveira . Catarina . INTI Project: "Be Naturalized" - Report on Naturalization in Portugal . 19 December 2022 . Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e Diálogo Intercultural, I.P. . en . Lisabon . 26 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143729/https://www.om.acm.gov.pt/documents/58428/296070/b+naturalized_pt.pdf/9268c402-7b6e-4fce-b145-a543ebe716d8 . live .
  16. Web site: Horsey . Kirsty . 20 October 2006 . Finland passes new fertility legislation . 19 December 2022 . IVF.net . 19 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221219165751/https://ivf.net/ivf/finland-passes-new-fertility-legislation-o2315.html . live .
  17. Web site: 22 December 2006 . Laki hedelmöityshoidoista . 19 December 2022 . Finlex . Edita Publishing Oy . fi . 19 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221219165752/https://finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2006/20061237 . live .
  18. Ruled unconstitutional.
  19. HUMAN FERTILISATION AND EMBRYOLOGY ACT 2008 . The National Archives . legislation.gov.uk . October 1, 2019 . April 23, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100423151217/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/en/ukpgaen_20080022_en.pdf . live .
  20. Web site: Juridisch ouderschap vrouwelijke partner van moeder . Dutch . Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140514072052/http://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/33032_juridisch_ouderschap . May 14, 2014.
  21. Since the 2008 constitutional change, the assent of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg is not required for the enactment of laws adopted by the Parliament.
  22. The President merely promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament.
  23. Web site: 21 July 2015 . Código Civil y Comercial . https://web.archive.org/web/20150721173159/http://www.diputados.gov.ar/legislacion/codigoCivilyComercial.html . 21 July 2015 . Cámera de Diputados . es . Buenos Aires.
  24. Web site: Hazou . Elias . Chrysostomou . Annette . 26 November 2015 . House passes historic civil partnerships bill . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151126230707/http://cyprus-mail.com/2015/11/26/house-passes-htnerships-bill/ . 26 November 2015 . Cypurs Mail.
  25. News: 26 November 2015 . Civil unions become law . In-Cyprus . https://web.archive.org/web/20151127055351/http://in-cyprus.com/civil-unions-become-law/ . 27 November 2015.
  26. News: Nicolae . Andrei . 17 December 2015 . Parlamentul a RESPINS legea parteneriatelor homosexuale. Deputat PSD: Dacă s-ar fi adoptat inițiativa cu delfinul persoană non-umană, cineva ar fi propus legalizarea căsătoriei între o persoană și un delfin . ro . ActiveNews - Știri necenzurate . 18 December 2015 . 19 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151219233431/http://www.activenews.ro/stiri-politic/Parlamentul-a-RESPINS-legea-parteneriatelor-homosexuale.-Deputat-PSD-Daca-s-ar-fi-adoptat-initiativa-cu-delfinul-persoana-non-umana-cineva-ar-fi-propus-legalizarea-casatoriei-intre-o-persoana-si-un-delfin-127989 . live .
  27. News: Greek Parliament approves law on same-sex civil partnerships . ekathimerini . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223104954/http://www.ekathimerini.com/204577/article/ekathimerini/news/greek-parliament-approves-law-on-same-sex-civil-partnerships . 23 December 2015.
  28. News: 10 December 2015 . Cohabitation Act to enter force without implementing acts . en . ERR . 12 December 2015 . 15 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151215023518/http://news.err.ee/v/politics/society/cc21b2c8-335c-43d5-93ef-2a1d10fa6357/cohabitation-act-to-enter-force-without-implementing-acts . live .
  29. News: 10 December 2015 . Kooseluseaduse rakendusaktid jäävad sel aastal vastu võtmata . et . Postimees . Karin . Kangro . 12 December 2015 . 22 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095048/http://www.postimees.ee/3430817/kooseluseaduse-rakendusaktid-jaavad-sel-aastal-vastu-votmata?id=3430817.
  30. Web site: 31 May 2010 . Projeto de Lei 5/XIII/1 . Parlamento . Assembleia da República . pt-PT . 19 December 2022 . 8 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808062028/https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=39761.
  31. News: Newman . Marissa . 24 February 2016 . Day after marking LGBT rights, Knesset nixes 5 gender equality bills . The Times of Israel . 10 November 2016 . 14 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170714023932/http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-after-marking-lgbt-rights-knesset-nixes-5-gender-equality-bills/ . live .
  32. News: 26 September 2016 . Mariage gay et naturalisation traités en parallèle . fr . Le Matin . 17 July 2018 . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184936/https://www.lematin.ch/suisse/mariage-gay-naturalisation-traites-parallele/story/25999140 . dead .
  33. Web site: Zakon o partenerski zvezi . dead . Državni zbor . sl . 2015-12-23 . 2015-12-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223070737/http://www.dz-rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=66D54B6586E5EE63C1257F22004908EB&db=pre_zak&mandat=VII .
  34. News: Kos . David . 24 April 2016 . Državni zbor sprejel zakon o partnerski zvezi . sl . SiolNET. . 22 April 2016 . 22 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160422180244/http://www.siol.net/novice/slovenija/drzavni-zbor-sprejel-zakon-o-partnerski-zvezi-415603 . live .
  35. Web site: Projeto de Lei 36/XIII . Parlamento . Assembleia da República . pt-PT . 2015-12-08 . 2015-12-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151209045145/http://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=39815 . live .
  36. Web site: 31 August 2016 . Gesetz vom 31. August 2016 über die Änderung des Partnerschaftsgesetzes . dead . Gesetze.li . Landesverwaltung Fürstentum Liechtenstein . de . 6 November 2016 . 6 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161106123140/https://www.gesetze.li/lilexprod/ifshowpdf.jsp?lgblid=2016348000&version=0&signed=j&tablesel=0 .
  37. Web site: ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ' ΑΡΙΘΜ. 4443 . el . 2016-12-12 . 2017-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170122102717/http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFHp_31M9ESQXdtvSoClrL8noyF6ARJ3CN5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQ3nbkBCEPywVlvhGvSNl91LE_vq03KD6K8AIw9U2mQRQ. . live .
  38. News: 2 December 2016 . Same-sex couples' law passes through House, despite absentee MPs . en . eKathimerini . 3 December 2016 . 18 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175318/http://www.ekathimerini.com/214252/article/ekathimerini/news/same-sex-couples-law-passes-through-house-despite-absentee-mps . live .
  39. Web site: 2016 . 1345 d.B. (XXV. GP) - Deregulierungs- und Anpassungsgesetz 2016 - Inneres . Parlamento . de . 2017-01-11 . 2016-12-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220134707/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXV/I/I_01345/index.shtml . live .
  40. Web site: Civilinio kodekso 2.18, 2.19, 3.3, 3.16, 3.140, 3.141, 3.143, 3.146, 3.147, 3.150, 3.155 straipsn.... e-seimas.lrs.lt. 2017-06-11. 2017-08-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20170805102840/https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAP/30c639a0451011e7b465dc41e35792b9?positionInSearchResults=3&searchModelUUID=26f829cf-cecd-4807-9e2e-7dd2a4f7c415. live.
  41. News: 15 June 2017 . Seime žlugo bandymas įteisinti vyro ir moters bei homoseksualų partnerystę . lt . DELFI . 15 June 2017 . 15 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190415151748/https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/seime-zlugo-bandymas-iteisinti-vyro-ir-moters-bei-homoseksualu-partneryste.d?id=74950844 . live .
  42. Web site: An Bille Uchtála (Leasú), 2016 ; Adoption (Amendment) Bill 2016 . 2018-02-19 . 2017-11-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171117051703/https://www.dcya.gov.ie/documents/legislation/20160505AdoptionABill2016.pdf . dead .
  43. News: 19 July 2017 . Adoption reform bill is signed into law by President Higgins . en . Newstalk . 19 February 2018 . 8 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025800/https://www.newstalk.com/Adoption-reform-bill-is-signed-into-law-by-President-Higgins . live .
  44. News: 7 July 2017 . Same-sex marriage bill clears German upper house . en . Deutsche Welle . dpa . 9 July 2017 . 9 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170709132154/http://www.dw.com/en/same-sex-marriage-bill-clears-german-upper-house/a-39593290 . live .
  45. News: 21 July 2017 . Germany's first same-sex marriages expected in October . en . The Local Germany . dpa . 22 July 2017 . 21 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170721180146/https://www.thelocal.de/20170721/germanys-first-same-sex-marriages-expected-in-october . live .
  46. News: 9 May 2018 . Greece passes law to end 'regime of grief' on adoption red tape . en . Reuters . Athens . 9 May 2018 . 17 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165718/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-parliament-adoptions/greece-passes-law-to-end-regime-of-grief-on-adoption-red-tape-idUSKBN1IA2HL . live .
  47. Web site: Μέτρα για την προώθηση των Θεσμών της Αναδοχής και Υιοθεσίας και άλλες διατάξεις . Hellenic Parliament . el . 2018-05-17 . 2019-07-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190709170449/https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/Nomothetiko-Ergo/Anazitisi-Nomothetikou-Ergou?law_id=25e4cfc9-aaa3-4845-81f4-a8c500d35402 . live .
  48. News: Hay . Shahar . Lukash . Alexandra . Cohen . Nir . 11 June 2018 . PM brags about gay community, but Knesset rejects same-sex civil union bill . en . Ynetnews . 11 June 2018 . 6 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190406074507/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5284391,00.html . live .
  49. Web site: 13 April 2018 . Embryo Protection (Amendment) Bill . Parliament of Malta . en . 14 April 2018 . 14 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180614172003/https://www.parlament.mt/en/13th-leg/bills/bill-no-037-embryo-protection-amendment-bill/ . dead .
  50. News: Costa . Massimo . 19 June 2018 . [WATCH] Parliament votes in favour of 'historic' IVF law changes amid pro-life groups' demonstration ]. en . MaltaToday.com.mt . 19 June 2018 . 11 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180711143237/https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/87681/watch_ivf_bill_to_be_passed_tonight_as_prolife_groups_demonstrate_outside_parliament#.WylhKoowigo . live .
  51. News: 23 July 2018 . Nový návrh zákona od SaS: Kompromis pre heterosexuálne aj homosexuálne páry!? . sk . Nový Čas . 23 July 2018 . 24 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180724120010/https://www.cas.sk/clanok/720683/novy-navrh-zakona-od-sas-kompromis-pre-heterosexualne-aj-homosexualne-pary/ . live .
  52. Web site: Progetto di legge di iniziativa popolare "Regolamentazione delle Unioni Civili" . Consiglio Grande e Generale . it . San Marino . 2018-07-02 . 2018-07-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180702041159/https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/lavori-consiliari/consultazione-archivi/scheda17156338.html . live .
  53. News: San Marino passes civil union law for same-sex couples . Gay Star News . 2018-11-16 . 2019-05-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190515045903/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/san-marino/ . dead .
  54. Web site: Gacenta Parlamentaria Anexo V . Camara de Diputados . Spanish . November 28, 2018 . May 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143828/http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/64/2018/nov/20181128-V.pdf . September 26, 2021.
  55. Web site: Pl-x nr. 498/2016 . Camera Deputatilor . ro . Bucarest . 2017-03-02 . 2017-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043241/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/proiecte/upl_pck2015.proiect?cam=2&idp=16017 . dead .
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  57. Web site: 195/BNR (XXVI. GP) - Bundesgesetz vom 15. Juni 1978 über das internationale Privatrecht . Republik Osterreich Parlament . de . Vienna . June 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155641/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXVI/BNR/BNR_00195/index.shtml . December 7, 2019.
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  75. News: McGregor . Lisa . 15 August 2000 . PM - ACT approves surrogacy bill . ABC Local Radio . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 30 December 2022.
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  78. Web site: Constitution du 16 mai 2004 . Etat de Fribourg saat Freiburg . French . June 5, 2024.
  79. Web site: CATALONIA OKs GAY ADOPTION. January 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160128181757/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/16885487/catalonia-oks-gay-adoption . 2016-01-28 .
  80. Legislation overturned by the Australian Federal Government.
  81. News: MSPs vote for same-sex adoption. December 7, 2006. news.bbc.co.uk.
  82. Web site: Woollahra to get same-sex register. December 10, 2008.
  83. Web site: Anordning om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab m.v.. 2015-11-07. 2016-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024933/http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Familie/DK/Anordning%20nr%20375.pdf. dead.
  84. Replaced with registered relationship on 27 June 2012.
  85. Web site: Gays face surrogacy ban as LNP pushes civil union changes. Daniel. Hurst. June 21, 2012. Brisbane Times.
  86. Replaced with civil partnership in December 2015.
  87. Repealed in May 2016.
  88. Legislation overturned by the High Court on 12 December 2013.
  89. Web site: Hansard Report from States Meeting on 17th June 2015. 10 April 2019 .
  90. Web site: Recent Changes - Guernsey Legal Resources. February 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160204221454/http://www.guernseylegalresources.gg/article/90619/Recent-Changes . 2016-02-04 .
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  93. Ordinances and regulations do not require royal assent.
  94. Web site: Victorian same-sex couples allowed to adopt children. Benjamin. Preiss. December 9, 2015. The Age.
  95. Web site: Queensland brings back civil unions for same-sex couples. December 3, 2015. the Guardian.
  96. Web site: Gobernador de Campeche envía iniciativa al Congreso sobre bodas gay. 2016-04-06. 2017-12-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20171201054526/http://www.proceso.com.mx/435831/gobernador-campeche-envia-iniciativa-al-congreso-bodas-gay. dead.
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  98. Web site: Demanda tiene prioridad en el Congreso . May 4, 2016 . Le Jornada Maya . Spanish . June 5, 2024.
  99. Web site: Recent Changes - Guernsey Legal Resources. May 25, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160525204953/http://www.guernseylegalresources.gg/article/90619/Recent-Changes . 2016-05-25 .
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  101. Web site: Ahora sí, Michoacán entre los 8 estados que permiten matrimonios igualitarios. 2016-06-23. 2016-08-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20160816220456/http://michoacantrespuntocero.com/ahora-si-michoacan-entre-los-8-estados-que-permiten-matrimonios-igualitarios/. dead.
  102. Web site: Family Relationships (Parentage Presumptions) Amendment Act 2016 . 22 November 2021 . Government of South Australia . 21 August 2023.
  103. Web site: LANDSVERORDENING van 23 september 2016 tot wijziging van het Burger-lijk Wetboek van Aruba (AB 1989 no. GT 100) in verband met een aantal on-derwerpen die nog een regeling of aanpassing in het Burgerlijk Wetboek van Aruba behoeven (aanvulling Burgerlijk Wetboek van Aruba) . Dutch . A.L. Dowers . October 10, 2016 . Afkondigingsblad van Aruba . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041842/http://www.gobierno.aw/document.php?m=13&fileid=24208&f=8508fb91c33670d65704480b61c0fda4&attachment=0&c=29149 . February 2, 2017.
  104. Web site: The Marriage Ordinance 2016 – Reasons and Occasion . British Antarctic Territory . June 5, 2024.
  105. Web site: Equal marriage bill passed by Parliament . October 27, 2016 . GBC . June 5, 2024.
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  107. Web site: Laws to allow same-sex couples to adopt pass Queensland Parliament. SBS News.
  108. Web site: Votan diputados contra matrimonios gay en San Luis Potosí . Espinosa . Veronica . November 24, 2016 . Proceso . Spanish . June 5, 2024.
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  110. Web site: New Ontario law says same-sex parents don't have to adopt their own kids. November 29, 2016. CTVNews.
  111. Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was debated.
  112. Web site: South Australia Moves To Allow Same-Sex Couples To Adopt. qnews. 6 February 2023. 21 December 2016. https://archive.today/20161221084247/http://www.qnews.com.au/south-australia-moves-to-allow-same-sex-couples-to-adopt/. dead. 16 November 2016. Roy. Gardiner.
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  114. Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was passed.
  115. Web site: Aprueba Congreso de Tlaxcala Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia . 29 December 2016. e-consulta . Lucía . Pérez . 20 June 2023 . es.
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  117. Web site: Periódico Oficial No. 2 Primera Sección, Enero 11 del 2017.
  118. Web site: Rechazan ley de matrimonio igualitario en Durango. https://web.archive.org/web/20170207161649/http://japii.mx/rechazan-ley-de-matrimonio-igualitario-en-durango/. dead. February 7, 2017.
  119. Web site: BILL 13 MARRIAGE ACT.
  120. Web site: States Meeting on 21st September (XXIII) . 2016 . Guernsey Government . June 5, 2024.
  121. Web site: This Tiny Island Has Just Voted To Introduce Same-Sex Marriage . Patrick . Strudwick . BuzzFeed . 21 September 2016 .
  122. Web site: 19/2015 Uppskot til rikislógartilmæli um at seta í gildi fyri Føroyar partar av broytingum í hjúnabandslógini og rættarvirknaðarlógini. 2015-11-18. 2015-11-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20151119094804/http://www.logting.fo/casenormal/view.gebs?menuChanged=16&type=4&committeeId=0&caseNormal.id=2603. dead.
  123. Web site: Løgtingsmál nr. 19/2015: Uppskot til ríkislógartilmæli um at seta í gildi fyri Føroyar partar av broytingum í hjúnabandslógini og rættarvirknaðarlógini.
  124. Web site: Faroe Islands Approves Same-sex Marriage and Adoption. The Perchy. Bird. April 29, 2016.
  125. Web site: . January 9, 2017. Folketinget.
  126. 893474155089285122 . lisahonan07 . Ascension Marriage Ordinance now extended to Tristan da Cunha. This means same sex marriage in both islands is ensh... . 4 August 2017 . 4 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170804203136/https://twitter.com/lisaphillips07/status/893474155089285122 . 4 August 2017.
  127. Web site: An Act to Amend Chapter 436 of the Revised Statutes, 1989, the Solemnization of Marriage Act.
  128. Web site: Bill 17 - Solemnization of Marriage Act (amended). October 30, 2017. Nova Scotia Legislature.
  129. Web site: Miscellaneous Acts Amendment (Marriages) Bill 2018. 2018. Parliament of New South Wales. 21 August 2023.
  130. Web site: Births, deaths and marriages registration amendment bill 2018 . March 7, 2018 . Queensland Government . June 5, 2024.
  131. Web site: Queensland delivers marriage equality for transgender people. Human Rights Law Centre. 13 June 2018 .
  132. Web site: 9L/PPL-0018 | Asamblea Regional de Murcia . www.asambleamurcia.es.
  133. Web site: Ley 7/2018, de 3 de julio, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia. 21 August 2023. es. Región de Murcia.
  134. Web site: Congreso de San Luis Potosí aprueba el matrimonio igualitario. La Razón. 16 May 2019 .
  135. Web site: Buscan aprobar matrimonio igualitario en Hidalgo. October 9, 2018. Excélsior.
  136. Web site: Histórico: Congreso aprueba los matrimonios gays en Baja California Sur. Erik. Murillo. June 28, 2019.
  137. Web site: Congreso de Zacatecas rechaza el matrimonio igualitario. El Sol de. Zacatecas. El Sol de México | Noticias, Deportes, Gossip, Columnas.
  138. News: Conservative Mexican state of Puebla legalizes same-sex marriage . Reuters . November 4, 2020 . June 5, 2024.
  139. Web site: Rechazan diputados de Tamaulipas el matrimonio igualitario. Hoy Tamaulipas. 3 May 2023. es. 21 August 2023. Enrique. Jonguitud. Ciudad Victoria.
  140. Web site: Votan contra la unión igualitaria en Aguascalientes. El Sol de México | Noticias, Deportes, Gossip, Columnas.
  141. Web site: 31 October 2022 . 「東京都パートナーシップ宣誓制度」証明書の相互活用に向けて、都内16区市との連携協定等を締結 . 1 November 2022 . Tokyo Metropolis . ja.
  142. Web site: Recio . Kevin . 2023-06-14 . Aprueban Matrimonio Igualitario en Nuevo León . 2023-06-25 . Grupo Milenio . es-MX.
  143. Web site: No hay claridad en iniciativa de adoption homoparental, por eso se veto, aclara Gobernador BCS . March 25, 2024 . BCS Noticias . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240402221106/https://www.bcsnoticias.mx/no-hay-claridad-en-iniciativa-de-adopcion-homoparental-por-eso-se-veto-aclara-gobernador-bcs/ . April 2, 2024.
  144. Web site: Aruba continues court fight against same-sex marriage | NL Times. nltimes.nl.
  145. Web site: Stamper . 21 juni 2024 Melissa . 2024-06-21 . Arubaans parlement wijst wetvoorstel openstellen homohuwelijk af Caribisch Netwerk . 2024-06-26 . caribischnetwerk.ntr.nl . nl-NL.
  146. http://jafbase.fr/DocAmeriques/Jamaique/Marriage%20Act.pdf
  147. https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/legislation/details/16608
  148. Web site: SWAZILAND | Intercountry Adoption . https://web.archive.org/web/20130215120131/http://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=swaziland . 2013-02-15 .
  149. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/18/section/11
  150. Repealed in December 2013
  151. https://web.archive.org/web/20120918095332/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/15
  152. Repealed in February 2014
  153. https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/codigo_civil_venezuela.pdf
  154. https://www.tsc.gob.hn/web/leyes/codigo_de_familia.pdf
  155. https://recipp.ipp.pt/bitstream/10400.22/17107/1/DM_VictorMorais_MSOL_2020.pdf
  156. Repealed in December 2022
  157. Book: Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines Country Report . 2014 . United Nations Development Programme, United States Agency for International Development . Bangkok . 39 . 24 August 2022.
  158. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/2003/413/contents
  159. Repealed in July 2019
  160. Repealed in December 2017
  161. Repealed in December 2015.
  162. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2019669509/2019669509.pdf
  163. Web site: Lesotho. https://web.archive.org/web/20130215164927/http://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=lesotho. 15 February 2013. Intercountry Adoption. dead.
  164. Web site: LOI N 2011-087 . December 30, 2011 . Republique du Mali . French . May 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130512202950/http://www.justice.gouv.ml/documentation/Code_des_Personnes_et_de_la_Famille.pdf . 2013-05-12 .
  165. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28605400
  166. Struck down by Supreme Court in 2014 on technical grounds
  167. https://vbpl.vn/TW/Pages/vbpqen-toanvan.aspx?ItemID=11018
  168. https://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2019/05/same-sex-marriages-banned-in-zim.html?m=1
  169. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/moz208614.pdf
  170. Passed by Congress, archived after threat of presidential veto.
  171. Web site: Latvian Saeima dictates foreign child adopters have to be married in accordance to the Constitution - Baltic News Network. April 21, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230421183759/https://bnn-news.com/latvian-saeima-dictates-foreign-child-adopters-have-to-be-married-in-accordance-to-the-constitution-245081 . 2023-04-21 .
  172. News: Okiror . Samuel . 2023-03-21 . Ugandan MPs pass bill imposing death penalty for homosexuality . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-04-06 . 0261-3077.
  173. Web site: Activists Welcome Ugandan President Calling for Review of Anti-Gay Bill . 21 April 2023 .
  174. News: Hungary's president vetoes cruel bill letting people 'report' same-sex parents to authorities. PinkNews. Chantalle. Billson. 22 April 2023.
  175. Web site: Putin firma la ley que prohíbe la cirugía para el cambio de sexo en Rusia . 25 July 2023 .
  176. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/17/georgias-parliament-approves-law-curbing-lgbtq-rights
  177. News: Lawmakers divided on definition of 'spouse'. The Namibian. Andreas. Thomas. 17 July 2023.
  178. Web site: Namibia's Parliament votes to ban same-sex marriage. Roberto. Igual. September 29, 2023. MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online.
  179. News: LGBT rights in Africa: Will Kenya be the latest to pass anti-gay law? . 21 November 2023 . 18 July 2023 .
  180. Web site: The link between media repression and queer repression in Cuba . April 1, 2019 . University of Wisconsin-Madison . June 5, 2024.
  181. Web site: Latin America's road to legalizing same-sex marriage . Morland . Sarah . September 26, 2022 . Reuters . June 5, 2024.
  182. Web site: 27 July 2010 . Constitution du Burkina Faso . https://web.archive.org/web/20100727171252/http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afw/burkinafaso/Burkina_Faso_Const.doc . 27 July 2010 . Yale Law School . fr . DOC.
  183. Web site: Constitución Nacional del Paraguay . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20031004142929/http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/par_res3.htm . 4 October 2003 . Organization of American States . es.
  184. Web site: Lithuania's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2006 . ConstituteProject . Constitute . PDF . Article 38: Marriage shall be concluded upon the free mutual consent of man and woman.
  185. Web site: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA (Article 45) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090810/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/klc_pages/KLC_files/section_001/section_01_01_ENG.pdf . 4 March 2016 . OHCHR Cambodia.
  186. Web site: Cambodia's Rainbow Families: Marriage, Adoption and Gender Recognition Rights in the Kingdom . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090810/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/klc_pages/KLC_files/section_001/section_01_01_ENG.pdf . 4 March 2016 . OHCHR Cambodia.
  187. Web site: Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994 . Article 32: On reaching the age of consent women and men shall have the right to enter into marriage on a voluntary basis and start a family. A husband and wife shall be equal in family relationships..
  188. Web site: The Constitution of the Republic of Poland . June 5, 2024 . Republic of Poland . April 2, 1997 . Sejm . en . Article 18: Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland. .
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  189. Web site: 17 August 2005 . Honduras: Constitución de 1982 con reformas hasta 2005 . 21 December 2022 . pdba.georgetown.edu . Base de Datos Políticos de las Américas . es.
  190. Web site: Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo . https://web.archive.org/web/20060812032926/http://www.presidentrdc.cd/constitution.html . 12 August 2006 . Présidence de la République Démocratique du Congo . fr.
  191. Failed to meet the required threshold.
  192. Web site: Constitución del Ecuador . https://web.archive.org/web/20130119223355/http://www.asambleanacional.gov.ec/documentos/constitucion_de_bolsillo.pdf . 19 January 2013 . Asamblea Nacional . es.
  193. Web site: Constitución De La República Dominicana . 21 August 2023 . Justia República Dominicana . es.
  194. News: 1 December 2013 . Croatians vote to ban gay marriage . en . . Associated Press in Zagreb . 21 December 2022.
  195. News: 16 January 2016 . Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms . ILGA Europe . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031535/http://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/referendum-armenia-brings-constitutional-reforms . 5 March 2016.
  196. News: 13 December 2015 . Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results . en . Armenia News - news.am . Yerevan . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106195342/https://news.am/eng/news/301746.html . 6 November 2022.
  197. News: Schäfer . Fabian . 6 January 2020 . Der kampflose Rückzug der CVP-Initiative ist ebenso peinlich wie aufschlussreich . de . Neue Züricher Zeitung (NZZ) . Bern . 21 December 2022.
  198. News: 17 December 2015 . Central African Republic Votes Yes on Constitutional Referendum . New York Times .
  199. Web site: Décret n° 160218 du 30 mars 2016 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République centrafricaine . fr.
  200. Veto overridden.
  201. News: 9 May 2017 . Initiative changing family definition in Romanian Constitution, voted by the deputies . en . Romania Insider . 21 December 2022.
  202. News: 11 September 2018 . Romania parliament votes in favor of man/woman marriage only . en . ABC News International . Associated Press . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195501/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/romania-parliament-votes-favor-manwoman-marriage-57749507 . 11 September 2018.
  203. News: Gurzu . Anca . 7 October 2018 . Romania's marriage referendum fails due to low turnout . en . POLITICO . Bistrița . 21 December 2022.
  204. Although the amendment received majority of the vote, turnout was only at 20.41%. For referendums in Romania to be valid, turnout has to surpass 30% of registered voters.
  205. Web site: 2023-06-17 . Malians participate in rallies ahead of Sunday's referendum . 2023-06-24 . Africanews . en.
  206. Web site: Malians approve amendments to constitution in referendum . June 23, 2023 . Aljazeera . en . June 5, 2024 .
  207. Web site: The Constitution of Tuvalu 2023 . Tuvalu . May 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026220406/https://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1986/1986-0001/ConstitutionofTuvalu_2.pdf . October 26, 2023.
  208. Repealed in September 2021
  209. Web site: 22 July 2013 . Aprueban reforma para celebrar matrimonios civiles gay en Colima . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019205128/http://www.elindependiente.mx/noticias/?idNota=20543 . 19 October 2013 . El Independiente del Sureste . es.
  210. Web site: Touzain . François . 1 November 2016 . Zurich s'apprête à revoter sur l'interdiction du marriage pour tous . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061102/https://360.ch/blog/magazine/2016/11/zurich-sapprete-a-revoter-sur-linterdiction-du-mariage-pour-tous/ . 11 November 2016 . 360.ch . fr.
  211. News: 27 November 2016 . Zürcher Nein zu "Schutz der Ehe"-Initiative . de . Wirtschaftregional . Vaduzer Medienhaus .
  212. News: 13 July 2018 . ¡Aplausos! Fracasa iniciativa de homófobos en Veracruz contra Matrimonio Igualitario . es . Ulisex!Mgzn . Xalapa .
  213. Failed to meet the required threshold.

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