Prostatic calculi explained
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| Synonyms: | prostatic stones, prostatic calcification, prostatic lithiasis |
| Cause: | --> |
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| Management: | --> |
| Incidence: | or |
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Prostatic calculi (PC), prostatic stones, prostatic calcification or prostatic lithiasis, are hyper-echoic mineral deposits in the prostate that are frequently detected incidentally during transabdominal ultrasonography, transrectal ultrasonography, or computed tomography.[1] [2] [3]
Formation
There are two main types of prostatic calculi:
- Endogenous stones: These are small stones formed within the acini of the prostate. They have a higher correlation with age.[3]
- Extrinsic stones: These stones are usually larger and formed due to the reflux of urine into the prostate.[3]
The exact mechanism of the development of prostatic calculi is still unclear.[3]
Prevalence
In a study of young adults in Greece (aged 21–50, mean age 40.9 years), the prevalence was found to be 7.35%.[4] While among urologic patients in South Korea (aged 29–89, mean age 61.9 years), the prevalence was 40.7%.[5]
The prevalence is notably higher in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, ranging from 68.8% to 70%.[3] Additionally, a study conducted in Cleveland reported that 46.8% of patients with chronic pelvic pain had stones larger than 3mm.[6]
Composition
Calcium phosphate is the most common component of prostatic calculi, accounting for more than 80% of cases.[1]
Clinical significance
Most cases of prostatic calculi are asymptomatic.[3] It's clinical significance is debated. While some studies report no significant association between PC and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), others suggest it can aggravate LUTS, chronic prostatitis, and sexual dysfunction.[1]
Notes and References
- Cao . Jun-Jie . Huang . Wei . Wu . Hong-Shen . Cao . Min . Zhang . Yan . Jin . Xiao-Dong . July 2018 . Prostatic Calculi: Do They Matter? . Sexual Medicine Reviews . en . 6 . 3 . 482–491 . 10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.10.003 . 29157875 . 2162594.
- Wang . Hao . Ma . Ming . Qin . Feng . Yuan . Jiuhong . February 2021 . The influence of prostatic calculi on lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction: a narrative review . Translational Andrology and Urology . 10 . 2 . 929–938 . 10.21037/tau-20-1046 . 7947430 . 33718093 . 232231107 . free.
- Hyun . Jae Seog . 2018 . Clinical Significance of Prostatic Calculi: A Review . The World Journal of Men's Health . en . 36 . 1 . 15–21 . 10.5534/wjmh.17018 . 2287-4208 . 5756803 . 29076299 . 19198319.
- Geramoutsos . Ioannis . Gyftopoulos . Kostis . Perimenis . Petros . Thanou . Vasiliki . Liagka . Dimitra . Siamblis . Dimitrios . Barbalias . George . 2004 . Clinical Correlation of Prostatic Lithiasis with Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes in Young Adults . European Urology . en . 45 . 3 . 333–338 . 10.1016/j.eururo.2003.09.020. 15036679 .
- Lee . Sang Eun . Ku . J.A. Hyeon . Park . Hyoung Keun . Jeong . Cheol Kwak Hyeon . Kim . Seung Hyup . 2003 . Prostatic Calculi Do Not Influence The Level of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen in Men Without Clinically Detectable Prostate Cancer or Prostatitis . Journal of Urology . en . 170 . 3 . 745–748 . 10.1097/01.ju.0000081650.23715.4c . 12913688 . 0022-5347.
- Shoskes . Daniel A. . Lee . Chun-Te . Murphy . Donel . Kefer . John . Wood . Hadley M. . 2007 . Incidence and Significance of Prostatic Stones in Men with Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome . Urology . en . 70 . 2 . 235–238 . 10.1016/j.urology.2007.04.008. 17826477 .
