2010 Philippine presidential election explained

Election Name:2010 Philippine presidential election
Country:Philippines
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2004 Philippine presidential election
Previous Year:2004
Next Election:2016 Philippine presidential election
Next Year:2016
Turnout:74.34% 2.0%
Election Date:May 10, 2010
Candidate1:
Party1:Liberal Party (Philippines)
Running Mate1:Mar Roxas
Popular Vote1:15,208,678
Percentage1:42.08%
Candidate2:Joseph Estrada
Party2:Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino
Running Mate2:Jejomar Binay
Popular Vote2:9,487,837
Percentage2:26.25%
Candidate4:Manny Villar
Party4:Nacionalista Party
Running Mate4:Loren Legarda
Popular Vote4:5,573,835
Percentage4:15.42%
Candidate5:Gilbert Teodoro
Party5:Lakas-Kampi-CMD
Running Mate5:Edu Manzano
Popular Vote5:4,095,839
Percentage5:11.33%
Map Size:300px
President
Before Election:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
After Election:Benigno Aquino III
Before Party:Lakas-Kampi-CMD
After Party:Liberal Party (Philippines)
Module:
Embed:yes
Election Name:2010 Philippine vice presidential election
Country:Philippines
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2004 Philippine presidential election
Previous Year:2004
Election Date:May 10, 2010
Next Election:2016 Philippine presidential election
Next Year:2016
Candidate1:Jejomar Binay
Party1:PDP–Laban
Popular Vote1:14,645,574
Percentage1:41.65%
Candidate2:Mar Roxas
Party2:Liberal Party (Philippines)
Popular Vote2:13,918,490
Percentage2:39.58%
Candidate3:Loren Legarda
Party3:Nationalist People's Coalition
Popular Vote3:4,294,664
Percentage3:12.21%
Map Size:300px
Vice President
Before Election:Noli de Castro
Before Party:Independent
After Election:Jejomar Binay
After Party:PDP–Laban

The 2010 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on Monday, May 10, 2010. The incumbent President of the Philippines, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, was ineligible to seek re-election as per the 1987 Constitution.

Incumbent Vice-President Noli de Castro was allowed to seek re-election, though he could have possibly sought the presidency. As he didn't offer himself in any manner of candidacy at the election, his successor was determined as the 13th Vice President of the Philippines. Although most presidential candidates have running mates, the president and vice president are elected separately, and the winning candidates may be of different political parties.

This election was also the first time that the Commission of Elections (COMELEC) implemented full automation of elections, pursuant to Republic Act 9369, "An Act Authorizing The Commission on Elections To Use An Automated Election System In The May 11, 1998 National or Local Elections and In Subsequent National And Local Electoral Exercises".[1]

The results of the congressional canvassing showed that Senator Benigno Aquino III of the Liberal Party won by a plurality, although he had won with the highest percentage of votes since 1986, but not enough to have the largest margin of victory, even in elections held after 1986.

Meanwhile, in the election for the vice-presidency, Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban) defeated Senator Mar Roxas of the Liberal Party in the third-narrowest margin in the history of vice presidential elections. Aquino and Binay were proclaimed in a joint session of Congress on June 9, and took their oaths on June 30, 2010. Roxas filed an electoral protest to the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET; the Supreme Court) on July 10, 2010.[2]

Electoral system

The election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. As Joseph Estrada, who was elected in 1998, was able to run in 2010, it is undetermined if the term limit is for life, or is only limited to the incumbent.

The plurality voting system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency. The vice presidential election is a separate election, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing on the noon of June 30, 2010, and ending on the same day six years later.

The candidates are determined via political conventions of the different political parties. As most political parties in the Philippines are loosely structured, with most politicians switching parties from time to time, a person not nominated by a party may either run as an independent, get drafted by another party, or form their own party. The candidacy process is supervised by the Commission on Elections (usually referred by its abbreviation "COMELEC") which also regulates and holds the elections. It is not uncommon for the commission to disqualify certain candidates as "nuisance candidates" or those candidates who have no capacity to mount a nationwide campaign. This usually limits the candidates to a small number. The campaign will run for three months, beginning in early February 2010 and ending on the eve of the election.

The counting of votes is initially held in the individual voting precincts, which are all then tabulated for the different municipalities and cities, then to the provinces, and finally to Congress, which is the final canvasser of the votes. Election protests are handled by the Supreme Court, when it sits as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.

Timeline

The COMELEC-mandated election period for this election was from January 10 to June 9

2008

2009

2010

Election period

Post-election period

Candidates

In the Philippines, the multi-party system is implemented. Sometimes a coalition of different parties are made. Notable this year is the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino–PDP–Laban and Nacionalista Party–NPC coalitions. Each party hosts candidates who go through a process to determine the presidential nominee for that party.

The Commission on Elections released its list of 16 approved candidates for president and vice-president on December 15.[83] One disqualified candidate, Perlas, was reinstated.[84]

This is arranged by the presidential candidates' surname.

Presidential candidateVice presidential candidateCampaign
ImageCandidate name and partyMost recent political positionImageCandidate name and partyMost recent political position
Benigno Aquino III
Liberal		Senator
(Incumbent since 2007)		Mar Roxas
Liberal		Senator
(Incumbent since 2004)		(Campaign)
John Carlos de los Reyes
Ang Kapatiran		Member of the Olongapo City Council
(Incumbent since 2007; 1995–1998) 		Dominador Chipeco Jr.
Ang Kapatiran
Joseph Estrada
PMP		Former President
(1998 – 2001)		Jejomar Binay
PDP–Laban		Mayor of Makati
(Incumbent since 2001)		(Campaign)
Dick Gordon
Bagumbayan–VNP		Senator
(Incumbent since 2004)		Bayani Fernando
Bagumbayan–VNP		Chairperson of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(2002 – 2009)
Jamby Madrigal
Independent		Senator
(Incumbent since 2004)
Nicanor Perlas
Independent
Gilberto Teodoro
Lakas–CMD		Secretary of National Defense
(2004 – 2010)		Edu Manzano
Lakas–CMD		Chairman of the Optical Media Board (2004 – 2009)(Campaign)
Eddie Villanueva
Bangon Pilipinas		Perfecto Yasay Jr.
Bangon Pilipinas		Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission
(1995 – 2000)
Manny Villar
Nacionalista		Senate President (2006 – 2008)Loren Legarda
NPC		Senator
(Incumbent since 2007)		(Campaign)
Jay Sonza
KBL

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2010 Philippine presidential election. The Philippines has two primary opinion polling companies: Social Weather Stations (SWS) and Pulse Asia.

For president

Plotted as a 3-period moving average of the surveys.

For vice president

Plotted as a 3-period moving average of the surveys.

Exit poll

SWS conducted an exit poll. SWS's 2004 exit poll missed by a large margin the result.[85]

According to the SWS exit poll, 45% of Muslims voted for Binay, while only 17% chose Roxas and 28% for Legarda. About 75% of the members of the Iglesia ni Cristo voted for Roxas. Despite having the endorsement of several Catholic bishops, de los Reyes only got 0.2% of the Catholic vote, while Aquino, despite being branded by some Catholic organizations as not pro-life, got 44%.[86]

President

Poll source Date(s) conducted Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		width=6%Aquino !width=6%De los Reyes!width=6%Estrada !width=6%Gordon !width=6%Madrigal !width=6%Perlas !width=6%Teodoro !width=6%Villanueva !width=6%Villar
SWS[87] May 10 52,573 ±1% 43.34 0.15 26.38 1.40 0.23 0.13 10.25 3.40 14.73

Vice President

Poll source Date(s) conducted Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		width=7%Binay !width=7%Chipeco !width=7%Fernando !width=7%Legarda !width=7%Manzano !width=7%Roxas !width=7%Sonza !width=7%Yasay
SWSMay 10 52,573 ±1% 42.52 0.43 2.92 11.51 1.81 39.17 0.20 1.43

Results

The candidate in each position with the highest number of votes is declared the winner; there is no runoff. Congress shall canvass the votes in joint public session.

When there are two or more candidates who have the highest and an equal number of votes, Congress, voting separately via majority vote will choose from these candidates, who have the highest and equal number of votes, who is to be the president.

The Supreme Court shall "be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice President".

There are several parallel tallies, with the congressional canvass the official tally. The COMELEC used the election returns from the polling precincts; the Congress as the national board of canvassers will base their official tally from the certificates of canvass from the provinces and cities, which were derived from the election returns. The accredited citizen's arm, the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) also used the election returns from the polling precincts. In theory, all tallies must be identical.

For president

See main article: Congressional canvass for the 2010 Philippine presidential election. Congress in joint session as the National Board of Canvassers convened in the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Only a committee canvassed the votes, with the same number of members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives.

On June 8, Congress finished canvassing all of the votes, with the final canvass showing that Aquino and Binay had won. Aquino and Binay were proclaimed as president-elect and vice president-elect in a joint session on June 9. The president-elect and vice president-elect were inaugurated on June 30, 2010.[88] Aquino, son of the 11th president Corazon Aquino, became the second child of a former president to become president themselves after his immediate predecessor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, whose father was the 9th president Diosdado Macapagal.

In case a president has not been determined by June 30, the vice president-elect shall act as president until a president has been determined. If both positions have not yet been determined, the President of the Senate, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives if the former is unable to do so, shall act as president. Congress shall enact a law on who acts as president if neither of the officials already stated are unable to do so.

By region

For vice president

The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the vice presidency. In case when two or more candidates have the highest number of votes, one of them shall be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.

By region

Close provinces/cities

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election:

0.08% (Nacionalista win)

0.31% (Liberal win)

1.20% (PMP win)

1.53% (Liberal win)

1.99% (PMP win)

3.33% (Liberal win)

3.35% (PMP win)

3.78% (PMP win)

4.85% (Liberal win)

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election:

0.48% (Liberal win)

2.07% (Liberal win)

3.36% (PDP-Laban win)

3.82% (Liberal win)

4.07% (Liberal win)

4.44% (Liberal win)

4.54% (PDP-Laban win)

4.62% (PDP-Laban win)

4.72% (PDP-Laban win)

Unofficial tallies

COMELEC

The COMELEC originally released results for president and vice president based from election returns but stopped in order not to preempt Congress. The COMELEC held their tally at the Philippine International Convention Center in Pasay.

2010 Philippine presidential election, COMELEC tally
CandidatePartyResults
Votes%
Benigno Aquino IIILiberal12,233,00242.16%
Joseph EstradaPMP7,749,59726.71%
Manuel VillarNacionalista4,329,21514.92%
Gilbert TeodoroLakas Kampi CMD3,243,68811.18%
Eddie VillanuevaBangon Pilipinas916,5433.16%
Richard J. GordonBagumbayan-VNP431,9541.49%
Nicanor PerlasIndependent42,2050.15%
Jamby MadrigalIndependent37,1190.13%
John Carlos de los ReyesAng Kapatiran34,8330.12%
Total valid votes cast29,018,15656.57%
Registered voters51,292,465100.00%
Clustered precincts reporting59,96578.41%
2010 Philippine vice presidential election, COMELEC tally
CandidatePartyResults
Votes%
Jejomar BinayPDP-Laban12,025,42942.45%
Mar RoxasLiberal11,213,56339.59%
Loren LegardaNPC3,808,94411.51%
Bayani FernandoBagumbayan-VNP847,1002.99%
Edu ManzanoLakas Kampi CMD593,6532.10%
Perfecto YasayBangon Pilipinas295,5581.04%
Jay SonzaKBL50,7220.18%
Dominador Chipeco Jr.Ang Kapatiran40,3350.14%
Total valid votes cast28,326,32355.23%
Registered voters51,292,46555.84%
Clustered precincts reporting59,96578.41%

PPCRV

The PPCRV held their tally at the Pope Pius Center in Manila.

2010 Philippine presidential election, PPCRV-KBP count
CandidatePartyResults
Votes%
Noynoy AquinoLiberal14,012,76142.10%
Joseph EstradaPMP8,860,07626.62%
Manuel VillarNacionalista5,073,82415.24%
Gilbert TeodoroLakas Kampi CMD3,709,68111.14%
Eddie VillanuevaBangon Pilipinas1,029,4063.09%
Richard J. GordonBagumbayan-VNP470,1311.41%
Nicanor PerlasIndependent49,3620.15%
Jamby MadrigalIndependent42,6570.13%
John Carlos de los ReyesAng Kapatiran40,4300.12%
Total valid votes cast33,288,32864.90%
Registered voters51,292,465100.00%
Clustered precincts reporting69,00190.23%
2010 Philippine vice presidential election, PPCRV-KBP count
CandidatePartyResults
Votes%
Jejomar BinayPDP-Laban13,653,87342.11%
Mar RoxasLiberal12,823,404 39.55%
Loren LegardaNPC3,856,98911.89%
Bayani FernandoBagumbayan-VNP944,5842.91%
Edu ManzanoLakas Kampi CMD712,9962.20%
Perfecto YasayBangon Pilipinas327,5011.01%
Jay SonzaKBL58,202 0.18%
Dominador Chipeco Jr.Ang Kapatiran47,7990.15%
Total valid votes cast32,455,34863.28%
Registered voters51,292,465100.00%
Clustered precincts reporting69,00190.23%

Voter demographics

President

2010 presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroupAquinoEstradaVillarOther% of
total vote
Total vote41291614100
Location
NCR4331101610
Balance Luzon4331161044
Visayas5310191820
Mindanao3340161127
Community
Urban4428131544
Rural3930181356
Socio-economic class
ABC521713188
D4327151560
E3535181232
Gender
Male3932151446
Female4327171354
Age
18-243730181512
25-344030171324
35-444130161323
45-544229151420
55-644526161312
65 & up432814169
Education
Some elementary/elementary graduate3832181230
Some high school3536181114
High school graduate4131161225
Vocational452913136
Some college4524141712
College graduate/post-college graduate5015132212
Working status
Employed4129151556
Unemployed4129171344
Religion
Roman Catholic4131161280
Islam481230105
Iglesia ni Cristo8510144
Aglipayan382722131
Others2434162610
Ethnic groups
Tagalog4334111235
Cebuano3931141626
Ilocano283326138
Ilonggo482017158
Source: Exit polls conducted by Pulse Asia[89]

Vice President

2010 vice presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroupBinayRoxasLegardaOther% of
total vote
Total vote4337146100
Location
NCR54335810
Balance Luzon463415544
Visayas255513720
Mindanao473115727
Community
Urban48389547
Rural393717756
Socio-economic class
ABC4145778
D433912660
E423318732
Gender
Male453613646
Female413914654
Age
18-24463315612
25-34453416624
35-44443714623
45-54444011520
55-64384312712
65 & up33451489
Education
Some elementary/elementary graduate383519830
Some high school433516614
High school graduate453812525
Vocational5040736
Some college463911412
College graduate/post-college graduate42437812
Working status
Employed433714656
Unemployed423814644
Religion
Roman Catholic453713580
Islam40193655
Iglesia ni Cristo986324
Aglipayan29441981
Others4430151110
Ethnic groups
Tagalog52349535
Cebuano414111726
Ilocano41302458
Ilonggo2956968
Source: Exit polls conducted by Pulse Asia[89]

Campaign expenses

According to the Fair Elections Act, the COMELEC's cap on spending is 10 pesos per voter for each candidate and another 5 pesos per voter for one's political party; since there are about 50 million voters, a candidate can spend up to 500 million pesos and a party can spend an additional 250 million pesos.

The following is a list of published campaign expenses; the COMELEC has no ability to confirm if these were true.[90] [91] [92] [93]

Candidate (Party) Amount raised (PHP) Amount spent (PHP) Votes Spent per vote (PHP) Spent per voter (PHP)
Benigno Aquino III (LP) 440,050,000 (approx.) 403,119,981.81 15,208,678 26.51 7.86
Joseph Estrada (PMP) 8,000,000 (approx.) 227,500,0009,487,837 23.98 4.44
Manny Villar (NP) 431,557,816 431,557,816 5,573,835 77.43 8.41
Gilbert Teodoro (Lakas-Kampi) 64,688.88 3,463,307.21 4,095,839 0.85 0.07
Jamby Madrigal (I) 55,182,264 55,182,264 46,489 1,187.00 1.08
Jejomar Binay (PDP-Laban) 231,480,000 (approx.) 217,938,289 14,645,574 14.88 4.25
Mar Roxas (LP) 246,000,000 (approx.) 279,351,224 13,918,490 20.07 5.45
Loren Legarda (NPC) N/A 210,280,000 4,294,664 48.96 4.10
Bayani Fernando (B-VNP) 61,000,000 (approx.) 80,081,865.61 1,017,631 78.69 1.56

See also

External links

Official Congressional Results
Partial and Unofficial Results
NGOs
Media websites

Notes and References

  1. Web site: A moment in history: Understanding poll automation for the 2010 national and local elections . . Sarmiento . Rene . August 10, 2009 . August 31, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091023070134/http://businessmirror.com.ph/home/perspective/14399-a-moment-in-history-understanding-poll-automation-for-the-2010-national-and-local-elections.html . October 23, 2009 .
  2. Web site: 'Automated mystery' case: Roxas files protest. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Bordadora. Norman. July 10, 2010. July 11, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100711070951/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100710-280198/Automated-mystery-case-Roxas-files-protest. July 11, 2010.
  3. Web site: August 26, 2008. MMDA chief will run in 2010 to be next 'no-nonsense president'. May 12, 2009. GMA News and Public Affairs.
  4. Web site: Philippine Senate head confirms joining 2010 presidential election. https://web.archive.org/web/20080913213639/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/04/content_9769905.htm. dead. September 13, 2008. xinhuanet.com.
  5. Web site: Fabella. Ferdinand. November 12, 2008. Binay likens self to Obama, seeks presidency. September 9, 2009. Manila Standard Today. May 11, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100511122335/http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/2008/nov/12/news2.htm. dead.
  6. Web site: November 27, 2007. Roxas is new LP President. February 16, 2010. Manila Bulletin.
  7. Web site: Pilapil. Jaime. March 12, 2009. Defense chief joining 2010 race. September 9, 2009. Manila Standard Today.
  8. Web site: Salaverria. Leila. April 25, 2009. Party formed to push for Gordon candidacy. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090428133027/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20090425-201428/Party-formed-to-push-for-Gordon-candidacy. April 28, 2009. August 31, 2009. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  9. Web site: Lim Ubac. Michael. May 13, 2009. Lacson declares bid for presidency in 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090515024929/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090513-204672/Lacson-declares-bid-for-presidency-in-2010. May 15, 2009. July 14, 2009. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  10. Web site: June 6, 2009. Lacson quits 2010 race. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090610091528/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20090606-209065/Lacson-quits-2010-race. June 10, 2009. September 9, 2009. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  11. Web site: June 15, 2009. Official Website | Philippines | Formal Announcement | 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100609205959/http://www.nicanor-perlas.com/2010/formal-announcement.html. June 9, 2010. June 9, 2010. Nicanor Perlas.
  12. Web site: Avendaño. Christine. July 14, 2009. Legarda says she's ready to run for president. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090717015126/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090714-215338/Legarda-says-shes-ready-to-run-for-president. July 17, 2009. July 14, 2009. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  13. Web site: Jamby running for president in 2010. ABS-CBN News.com.
  14. Web site: Maragay. Dino. August 21, 2009. Villanueva to join 2010 presidential derby. dead. https://archive.today/20120910053010/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=498041&publicationSubCategoryId=200. September 10, 2012. August 22, 2009. Philippine Star.
  15. Web site: June 26, 2009. Ang Kapatiran Party names youngest ever presidential candidate for 2010. August 30, 2009. Political Arena.
  16. Web site: September 1, 2009. Mar Roxas withdraws from 2010 race. September 1, 2009. ABS-CBN News.
  17. Web site: Clapano. Jose Rodel. September 2, 2009. Binay drops out of 2010 race, wants to be Erap's vice president. dead. https://archive.today/20130104104055/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleid=501501. January 4, 2013. September 7, 2009. Philippine Star.
  18. Web site: September 4, 2009. Panlilio, Padaca offer full support for Noynoy in 2010. September 4, 2009. GMA News.
  19. News: Legaspi. Amita. September 9, 2009. Noynoy Aquino announces bid for presidency. GMA News. September 9, 2009.
  20. Web site: September 21, 2009. Mar to fight with Noynoy for decency in gov't, real change. Liberal Party.
  21. Web site: September 26, 2009. Erap gives up on opposition unity, decides to run himself. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090928090254/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090926-226941/Erap-gives-up-on-opposition-unity-decides-to-run-himself. September 28, 2009. September 26, 2009. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  22. Web site: October 23, 2009. (UPDATE 3) Puno withdraws VP bid. ABS-CBN.
  23. Web site: Legaspi. Amita. October 23, 2009. Legarda says she will run as veep under NPC in 2010. October 24, 2009. GMA News.
  24. Web site: October 28, 2009. (UPDATE 2) Escudero leaves NPC.
  25. Web site: November 13, 2009. Lakas forges Gibo-Edu tandem. dead. https://archive.today/20120912175240/http://www.philstar.com/article.aspx?articleid=523019&publicationsubcategoryid=63. September 12, 2012. The Philippine Star.
  26. Web site: Romero. Purple. November 16, 2009. Villar to announce tandem with Loren. ABS-CBN News.com.
  27. Web site: November 19, 2009. Lakas-Kampi proclaims Gibo, Edu. ABS-CBN News.com.
  28. Web site: 'JC,' Ang Kapatiran bets file COCs. ABS-CBN News.com.
  29. Maila Ager. November 24, 2009. Escudero no longer running for president. dead. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://web.archive.org/web/20091127074900/http://politics.inquirer.net/view.php?db=1&article=20091124-238025. November 27, 2009. November 24, 2009.
  30. Web site: Supreme Court extends early campaigning. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091129123636/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20091126-238448/Supreme-Court-extends-early-campaigning. November 29, 2009. December 2, 2009. Inquirer.net.
  31. Web site: Noy-Mar ticket files COCs. ABS-CBN News.com.
  32. Web site: Perlas, 'authentic choice for 2010,' files COC. ABS-CBN News.com.
  33. Web site: Proud of diverse slate, Villar, NP file COCs. ABS-CBN News.com.
  34. Web site: Estrada files 2nd presidential bid. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091203122152/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091130-239348/Estrada-files-2nd-presidential-bid. December 3, 2009. November 30, 2009. Inquirer.net.
  35. Web site: Magnificent 7. ABS-CBN News.com.
  36. Web site: Ebdane withdraws from presidential race. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120612051857/http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/archives/6877-ebdane-withdraws-from-presidential-race. June 12, 2012. February 25, 2010. Manila Times.
  37. Web site: (UPDATE) Gibo, Edu file COCs at Comelec. ABS-CBN News.com.
  38. Web site: (UPDATE) Jamby files COC for president, plans solo campaign. GMA News.tv.
  39. Web site: (UPDATE 2) Gordon, BF team up for 2010 polls. ABS-CBN News.com.
  40. Web site: Sonza, Papin file for VP and senatorial positions. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091203203829/http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/entertainment/entertainment/view/20091201-239589/Sonza-Papin-file-for-VP-and-senatorial-positions. December 3, 2009. December 1, 2009. Inquirer Entertainment.
  41. Web site: 4 bets shine in ANC's Harapan: analysts. abs-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak.
  42. News: December 11, 2009. Noli picks Mar Roxas over Edu. ABS-CBN News.
  43. Web site: Comelec approves 16 presidential, VP bets. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  44. Web site: December 22, 2009. Salamat mga KaPERLAS! Ibalik si Nick!. June 9, 2010. Kaperlas.com.
  45. Web site: December 29, 2009. The News Around Us: Nicanor Perlas Disqualification Hearing at COMELEC; Melo, No Show. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110714175257/http://www.newzaroundus.com/2009/12/nicanor-perlas-disqualification-hearing.html. July 14, 2011. June 9, 2010. Newzaroundus.com.
  46. News: Pulse Asia's December 2009 Pre-election Survey. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100616215456/http://pulseasia.com.ph/pulseasia/story.asp?id=702. June 16, 2010.
  47. News: BusinessWorld-SWS December 5–10, 2009 Pre-Election Survey. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100707045922/http://www.sws.org.ph/pr091222.htm. July 7, 2010.
  48. Web site: Villar cuts Noynoy's lead to 11%. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  49. Web site: Comelec reinstates Perlas, Lim as 2010 candidates. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  50. Web site: Perlas back in Palace race; Danny Lim also reinstated. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100118122343/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100115-247401/Perlas-back-in-Palace-race-Danny-Lim-also-reinstated. January 18, 2010. February 16, 2010. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  51. Web site: Isang Tanong VP forum simulcast on DZBB Sunday night RP time. GMA News.
  52. Web site: Comelec allows Erap to run. Manila Bulletin.
  53. Web site: 8 presidential bets engage youth in ANC forum. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  54. Web site: 8 presidential bets show up for Inquirer debate. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100211180223/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100208-251963/8-presidential-bets-show-up-for-Inquirer-debate. February 11, 2010. February 16, 2010. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  55. Web site: Comelec sets rules as campaign period starts. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  56. Web site: Comelec disqualifies KBL presidential bet. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  57. Web site: Acosta out but name stays on ballot but votes will be stray votes. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100307094415/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100306-256932/Acosta-out-but-name-stays-on-ballot. March 7, 2010. March 6, 2010. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  58. Web site: VP bets renew rivalries in TV debate. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  59. Web site: Analysts on VP debate: Don't belittle survey underdogs. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  60. Web site: Villar-Arroyo alliance seen in Chavit's defection from Lakas. GMANews.TV.
  61. Web site: Gibo quits as Lakas-Kampi chair to focus on campaign. GMANews.TV.
  62. Web site: Lakas-Kampi-CMD in limbo as party president quits post. GMANews.TV.
  63. News: Pulse Asia's Ulat ng Bayan March 2010 Survey for National Elective Positions. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100707181215/http://pulseasia.com.ph/pulseasia/story.asp?id=712. July 7, 2010.
  64. Web site: Stop 'Villarroyo' talk, Arroyo orders party. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100408053512/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100406-262585/Stop-Villarroyo-talk-Arroyo-orders-party. April 8, 2010. April 6, 2010. Inquirer.net.
  65. Web site: Glitch mars absentee vote in 2 HK precincts. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  66. Web site: Local absentee voting starts today. Sun Star.
  67. Web site: Local absentee voting starts today. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100502173843/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100429-267119/Comelec-junks-parallel-manual-count. May 2, 2010. April 29, 2010. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  68. Web site: Quiboloy endorses Gibo, says admin bet chosen by 'Father'. GMA News.
  69. Web site: Estrada overtakes Villar; negative attacks take toll. Manila Standard Today.
  70. Web site: Iglesia Ni Cristo endorses Noynoy Aquino, Mar Roxas. GMA News.
  71. Web site: Pazzibugan. Dona. May 8, 2010. SC: It's all systems go; Court junks petitions to postpone polls. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100510082042/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100508-268697/SC-Its-all-systems-go. May 10, 2010. May 8, 2010. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  72. Web site: Comelec extends voting hours until 7 p.m.. GMA News.
  73. Web site: Fernandez. Lira D.. May 11, 2010. 4 presidential bets concede defeat. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100513081534/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100511-269384/4-presidential-bets-concede-defeat. May 13, 2010. May 11, 2010. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  74. Web site: May 11, 2010. Bro. Eddie, Edu Manzano concede defeat. May 11, 2010. ABS-CBN.
  75. Web site: May 11, 2010. Erap won't concede, waits for official canvass. May 11, 2010. ABS-CBN.
  76. Web site: May 11, 2010. Ang Kapatiran's Chipeco concedes to Binay. May 11, 2010. GMA News.
  77. News: Dalangin-Fernandez. Lira. May 25, 2010. Congress okays canvassing rules. Inquirer.net. dead. May 27, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100525101657/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100525-272003/Congress-okays-canvassing-rules. May 25, 2010.
  78. News: Ager. Maila. Dalangin-Fernandez. Lira. May 26, 2010. Computer error, '2 sets' of CoCs bared. Philippine Daily Inquirer. dead. May 27, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100528004338/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100526-272182/Computer-error-2-sets-of-CoCs-bared. May 28, 2010.
  79. News: Lopez. JP. Canvass finally gets going. Malaya-Business Insight. dead. May 28, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100531061516/http://www.malaya.com.ph/05282010/news1.html. May 31, 2010.
  80. News: Dalangin-Fernandez. Lira. Now it's final: Aquino, Binay win in May 10 polls. INQUIRER.net. dead. June 8, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20130630222031/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100608-274546/Now-its-final-Aquino-Binay-win-in-May-10-polls. June 30, 2013.
  81. News: Sisante. Jam. Congress proclaims Aquino as president, Binay as VP. GMAnews.tv. June 9, 2010.
  82. Web site: Bordadora. Norman. July 12, 2010. Roxas poll protest sufficient in form and substance. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121002070713/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100712-280687/Roxas-poll-protest-sufficient-in-form-and-substance. October 2, 2012. July 12, 2010. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  83. Web site: Comelec approves 16 presidential, VP bets . abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  84. Web site: Comelec reinstates Perlas, Lim as 2010 candidates. abs-cbnNEWS.com.
  85. News: The time SWS missed by a mile . Alvin . Capino . April 30, 2010 . . December 18, 2010.
  86. News: Binay, Roxas dead heat in SWS exit poll . May 11, 2010 . ABS-CBNNews.com . December 18, 2010.
  87. News: Only 0.4% separates the TV5-SWS Exit Poll from the final official tally . December 18, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100707041314/http://www.sws.org.ph/pr20100608.htm . July 7, 2010 . dead .
  88. News: Now it's final: Aquino, Binay win in May 10 polls . Lira . Dalangin-Fernandez . INQUIRER.net . June 8, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130630222031/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100608-274546/Now-its-final-Aquino-Binay-win-in-May-10-polls . June 30, 2013 .
  89. News: ABS-CBN Pulse Asia May 2010 Exit Polls. May 3, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160127134323/http://www.pulseasia.ph/files/Download/May%202010%20Exit%20Polls.pdf. January 27, 2016. dead.
  90. News: Noynoy spent P403M during campaign — Comelec data . Kimberly Jane . Tan . June 9, 2010 . December 19, 2010 . GMANews.TV.
  91. News: MVP, Razon donated P15M each to Erap campaign . Ryan . Chua . June 24, 2010 . December 19, 2010 . GMANews.TV.
  92. News: Businessmen, Arroyo allies bankrolled Estrada presidential bid . Kristine . Alave . June 23, 2010 . December 19, 2010 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20100626105034/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100623-277196/Businessmen-Arroyo-allies-bankrolled-Estrada-presidential-bid . June 26, 2010 . dead .
  93. News: Roxas spent P279M for campaign — Comelec data . Kimberly Jane . Tan . June 10, 2010 . December 19, 2010 . GMANews.TV.

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