Stuyvesant High School Explained

Stuyvesant High School ^[7] is a co-ed, public, college-preparatory, specialized high school in Manhattan, New York City, United States. The school, commonly referred to among its students, faculty and alumni as "Stuy",^{[8] [9]} specializes in developing talent in math, science and technology. Operated by the New York City Department of Education, specialized schools offer tuition-free, advanced classes to New York City high school students.

Stuyvesant High School was established in 1904 initially as an all-boys school in the East Village of lower Manhattan. Starting in 1934, admission for all applicants was contingent on passing an entrance examination. In 1969, after 65 years with an all-male student body, the high school started permanently accepting female students. In 1992, Stuyvesant High School moved to its current location at Battery Park City to accommodate more students. The old campus houses several smaller high schools and charter schools.

Admission to Stuyvesant involves passing the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test, required for the New York City Public Schools system. Every March, approximately 800 to 850 applicants with the highest SHSAT scores are accepted, out of about 30,000 students who apply to Stuyvesant.^[10]

Extracurricular activities at the school include a Math Team, Speech and Debate Team, a yearly theater competition and various student publications including a newspaper, a yearbook, and literary magazines.^[11] Stuyvesant has educated four Nobel laureates. Notable alumni include former United States Attorney General Eric Holder, physicists Brian Greene and Lisa Randall, economist Thomas Sowell, mathematician Paul Cohen, chemist Roald Hoffmann, biologist Eric Lander, Oscar-winning actor James Cagney, comedian Billy Eichner, young adult fiction author Jordan Sonnenblick, and chess grandmaster Robert Hess.

History

Planning

The then independent city of Brooklyn's Superintendent of Schools, William Henry Maxwell, had first written in a report about the need to construct technical / scientific oriented secondary schools in Brooklyn and throughout New York state in 1887. This would follow other examples of specialized high schools such as the Baltimore Manual Training School, now the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute.^[12] The municipal architect and engineer C. B. J. Snyder, who designed many of the city's public school buildings, had repeatedly mentioned the need for more basic mathematical and scientific preparation in New York's growing numbers of public secondary schools in the late 19th century. The first such school in the city was Manual Training High School in Brooklyn, which opened in 1893. By 1899, now positioned as the newly-formed City of Greater New York's Superintendent of Public Schools, Maxwell was advocating for another specialized high school across the river in the newly established borough of Manhattan.^[12]

In January 1903 Maxwell and Snyder submitted a report to the New York City Board of Education in which they suggested the creation of a school in Manhattan.^[13] The Board of Education approved the plans in April 1904. They suggested that the school occupy a plot on East 15th Street, west of First Avenue. However, that plot did not yet contain a school building, and so the new school was initially housed within Public School #47's former building at 225 East 23rd Street. The Board of Education also wrote that the new school would be "designated as the Stuyvesant High School, as being reminiscent of the locality." Stuyvesant Square, Stuyvesant Street, and later Stuyvesant Town (which was built subsequently in 1947) are all located near the proposed 15th Street school building. All of these locations were named after Peter Stuyvesant (1610–1672),^[14] the last Dutch Director (governor) of New Netherland (and its major port town of New Amsterdam), 1647–1665, and owner of the area's Stuyvesant Farm. The appellation of a specific historical name was selected to avoid confusion with Brooklyn's earlier Manual Training High School.

Opening

Stuyvesant High School opened in September 1904 as Manhattan's first specialized high school.^[15] At the time of its opening, the school consisted of 155 male students and 12 teachers.

At first, the school provided a core curriculum of "English, Latin, modern languages, history, mathematics, physics, chemistry, [and] music," as well as a physical education program and a more specialized track of "woodworking, metalworking, mechanical drawing, [and] freehand drawing."^[15] However, in June 1908, Maxwell announced that the school's core curriculum would be separated for the rest, and that a discrete trade school would operate in the Stuyvesant building during the evening.^{[15] [16]} Thereafter, Stuyvesant became renowned for excellence in math and science. In 1909, eighty percent of the school's alumni went to college, compared to other schools, which only sent 25% to 50% of their graduates to college.^{[15] [17]}

By 1919 officials started restricting admission based on academic achievement.^[18] Stuyvesant implemented a double session plan in 1919 to accommodate the rising number of students: some students would attend in the morning, while others would take classes in the afternoon and early evening. All students studied a full set of courses. These double sessions ran until Spring 1957.^{[18] [19]} The school implemented a system of entrance examinations in 1934. The examination program, developed with the assistance of Columbia University, was expanded in 1938 to include the newly founded Bronx High School of Science.^{[15] [20]}

Co-educational school

In 1967 Alice de Rivera filed a lawsuit against the Board of Education, alleging that she had been banned from taking Stuyvesant's entrance exam because of her gender.^[21] The lawsuit was decided in the student's favor, and Stuyvesant was required to accept female students.^[15] The first female students were accepted in September 1969, when Stuyvesant offered admission to 14 girls and enrolled 12 of them. The next year, 223 female students were accepted to Stuyvesant.^[15] By 2015, young women represented 43% of the total student body.^[22]

In 1972, the New York State Legislature in the state capital of Albany passed the Hecht–Calandra Act, which designated four city-wide selective specialized public high schools in New York City of: Brooklyn Technical High School, Bronx High School of Science, Stuyvesant High School, and the High School of Music & Art (now renamed Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School) as specialized high schools of New York City. The act called for a uniform exam to be administered for admission to Brooklyn Tech, Bronx Science, and Stuyvesant High.^[23] The exam, named the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test (SHSAT), tested the mathematical and verbal abilities of students who were applying to any of the specialized high schools. The only exception was for applicants to the music and arts program at LaGuardia High School, who were accepted by audition rather than examination.^[23]

September 11 attacks (World Trade Center, 2001)

The current school building in Battery Park City of lower Manhattan since 1992, is about a half-mile / 0.5miles away from the site of the World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The school was evacuated during the attack. Although the smoke cloud from the World Trade Center temporarily covered the building, there was no structural damage, and there were no reports of physical injuries. Less than an hour after the collapse of the second World Trade Center tower, concern over a bomb threat at the school prompted an evacuation of the surrounding area, as reported live on the Today show.^[24] When classes resumed on September 21, 2001,^[25] students were moved to Brooklyn Technical High School while the Stuyvesant building served as a base of operations for rescue and recovery workers. This required the students to attend in two shifts, with the Stuyvesant students attending the evening shift.^[26] Normal classes resumed nearly a month after the attack, on October 9.^[27]

Nine alumni were killed in the World Trade Center attack.^[28] On October 2, 2001, the school newspaper, The Spectator, added a 24-page section with student photos, reflections and stories. On November 20, 2001, the magazine was distributed for free to the greater metropolitan area, enclosed within 830,000 copies of The New York Times.^[29] In the months after the attacks, Annie Thoms, an English teacher at Stuyvesant and the theater adviser at the time, suggested that the students take accounts of staff and students' reactions during and after September 11, 2001, and complile them into a collection of monologues. Thoms then published these monologues as With Their Eyes: September 11—The View from a High School at Ground Zero.^[30]

Later history

During the 2003–2004 school year, Stuyvesant celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founding with a full year of activities. Events included a procession from the 15th Street building to the Chambers Street one, a meeting of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology, an all-class reunion, and visits and speeches from notable alumni.^[31]

In the 21st century, keynote graduation speakers have included Attorney General Eric Holder (2001),^[32], United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan (2004),^[33] comedian Conan O'Brien (2006),^[34] actor George Takei (2016), and astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson (2018).

Buildings

15th Street building

In August 1904, the Board of Education authorized municipal architect and engineer Snyder to design a new building for Stuyvesant High School at 15th Street.^[35] The new high school structure was designed in the then popular Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical / Classical Revival architecture for its grand imposing style. It would be shaped like the letter "H", with two interior light courts; the shape also allowed natural light to illuminate more inside windows and parts of the building.^[15] The cornerstone for the new building was laid in September 1905.^[36] Approximately $1.5 million was spent on constructing the school, including $600,000 for the monumental stone exterior alone. It was considered one of the most expensive public buildings or school structures ever built up to that time in New York. In 1907, the Stuyvesant High School moved to the new building on 15th Street. The new building had a capacity of 2,600 students, more than double that of the existing previous temporary school building of the last few years at 23rd Street.^[36] It contained 25 classrooms devoted to skilled trades, as well as 53 regular classrooms and a 1,600-seat auditorium.^[37] A half-century later, uring the 1950s, the building underwent a $2 million renovation to update its classrooms, shops, libraries, and cafeterias.^[20]

Through the 1970s and 1980s, when New York City municipal government and especially the public schools system, in general, were marked by violence, vandalism and graffiti, and low academic grades among their students, Stuyvesant High still had an excellent academic reputation for being a top-notch public high school, and was still graduating well-prepared and accomplished alumni, (judging from their track record now four decades later). However, the 1905–1907 school building was deteriorating due to overuse. A New York Times daily newspaper expose report stated that the building had "held out into old age with minimal maintenance..." The five-story building could not cater adequately to the several thousand students, leading the New York City Board of Education to make plans to move the school to a new building in Battery Park City, near lower Manhattan's Financial District. The 15th Street building remains in use over 32 years later as the "Old Stuyvesant Campus," housing three smaller schools: the Institute for Collaborative Education,^[38] the High School for Health Professions and Human Services,^[39] and lower grades of PS 226.^[40]

Current building

In the 83rd year of its history of 1987, the 105th Mayor of New York City, Ed Koch (1924–2013, served 1978–1989), and 52nd Governor of New York State Mario Cuomo (1932–2015, served 1983–1994), jointly announced the coming construction project of a third new Stuyvesant High School building to be situated in Battery Park City of lower Manhattan. The Battery Park City Authority donated 1.5acres of land for the new building.^[41] The building was designed by the architectural firms of Gruzen Samton Steinglass and Cooper, Robertson & Partners.^[42] The structure's main architect, Alexander Cooper of Cooper, Robertson & Partners, had also designed much of the surrounding development of Battery Park City.

Stuyvesant's principal at the time, Abraham Baumel, visited the country's most advanced laboratories to gather ideas about what to include in the new Stuyvesant building's 12 laboratory rooms. The new 10-story building also included banks of escalators, glass-walled studios on the roof, and a shorter four-story northern wing with a swimming pool, five gymnasiums, and an auditorium. Construction began in 1989. When it opened five years later in 1992, the building was New York City's first new high school building in ten years. The new downtown Stuyvesant Campus cost $150 million.^[43] The S.H.S. Library has a capacity of 40,000 volumes and overlooks Battery Park City.^[44]

Shortly after the third S.H.S. building was completed, the $10 million Tribeca Bridge was built to allow students to enter the building without having to cross the busy West Street. The building was designed to be fully compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (A.D.A.) and is listed as such by the New York City Department of Education. As a result, the building is one of the 5 additional sites of P721M, a school for students with multiple disabilities who are between the ages of 15 and 21.^[45]

In 1997, the eastern end of the mathematics floor was dedicated to Richard Rothenberg, the S.H.S. mathematics department chairman who had died earlier that year. Sculptor Madeleine Segall-Marx was commissioned to create the Rothenberg Memorial in his honor. She created a mathematics wall entitled "Celebration", consisting of 50 wooden boxes—one for each year of his life—behind a glass wall, featuring mathematical concepts and reflections on Rothenberg.^[46]

In 2006, Robert Ira Lewy of the class of 1960 made a gift worth $1 million to found the Dr. Robert Ira Lewy M.D. Multimedia Center.^[47] and donated his personal library in 2007.^[48] In late 2010, the high school's library merged with the New York Public Library (NYPL) network in a four-year pilot program, in which all students of the school received a S.H.S. / N.Y.P.L. student library card so they could check books out of the school library or any other public library in the NYPL system.^[49]

Mnemonics

During construction, the Battery Park City Authority, the Percent for Art Program of the City of New York, the Department of Cultural Affairs, and the New York City Board of Education commissioned Mnemonics, an artwork by public artists Kristin Jones and Andrew Ginzel. Four hundred hollow glass blocks were dispersed from the basement to the tenth floor of the new Stuyvesant High School building. Each block contains relics providing evidence of geographical, historical, natural, cultural, and social worlds, from antiquity to the present time.The blocks are set into the hallway walls and scattered throughout the building. Each block is inscribed with a brief description of its contents or context. The items displayed include pieces of the 15th Street Stuyvesant building, fragments of monuments from around the world, memorabilia from each of the 88 years' history of the old building, a Revolutionary War button, water from the Nile River, fragments of the Mayan pyramids, and various chemical compounds. Empty blocks were also installed to be filled with items chosen by each of the graduating classes up through 2080.^[50] The S.H.S. installation later received the Award for Excellence in Design from the Art Commission of the City of New York.^[51]

Transportation

The New York City Subway's Chambers Street station, served by the, is located nearby, as well as the Chambers Street–World Trade Center station served by the . Additionally, New York City Bus's and routes stop near Stuyvesant. Students residing a certain distance from the school are provided full-fare or half-fare student MetroCards for public transportation at the start of each term, based on how far away the student resides from the school.^[52] As of 2024, students are provided with OMNY cards that offer four free rides throughout the day, as well as public transportation access over the weekend.^[53]

Enrollment

Student body composition as of 2022^[54]

Race and ethnicity	Total
Asian
White
Hispanic
Two or more Races
Black
American Indian/Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Sex	Total
Male
Female
Income	Total
Economically disadvantaged

Entrance examination

Stuyvesant has a total enrollment of over 3,000 students^[55] and is open to residents of New York City entering ninth or tenth grade. Enrollment is based solely on performance on the three-hour Specialized High Schools Admissions Test, which is administered annually. Approximately 28,000 students took the test in 2017.^[56] The list of schools using the SHSAT has since grown to include eight of New York's nine specialized high schools. The test score necessary for admission to Stuyvesant has consistently been higher than that needed for admission to the other schools using the test.^[57] Admission is currently based on an individual's score on the examination and the pre-submitted ranking of Stuyvesant among the other specialized schools. Ninth- and rising tenth–grade students are also eligible to take the test for enrollment, but far fewer students are admitted that way.^[58] The test covers math (word problems and computation) and verbal (reading comprehension) skills.

Demographics and SHSAT controversy

For most of the 20th century, the student body at Stuyvesant High was only all-male (1904–1969), mostly white. A significant influx of Asian students began in the 1970s.^[59] In 1971, then 103rd New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay (1921–2000, served 1966–1973), argued that the test was culturally biased and sought to implement an affirmative action program. However, protests by parents forced the plan to be scrapped and led to the passage of the Hecht-Calandra Act, in the New York State Legislature which preserved admissions by examination only.^[60]

Along with then New York Schools Chancellor Rudy Crew (born 1950, N.Y.C. public schools chancellor, 1995–1999), a community activist group began an initiative for more diversity in the city's gifted and specialized schools, in particular demanding the SHSAT be suspended altogether until the city's Board of Education was able to show all children have had access to appropriate materials to prepare themselves. Students published several editorials in response to the claims, stating the admissions system at the school was based on student merit alone.^{[61] [62]}

To boost minority admissions, the Board of Education started the Math Science Institute in 1995,^[63] a free program to prepare students for the admissions test.^[64] Students attend preparatory classes through the program, now known as the Specialized High School Institute (also known as DREAM),^[65] at several schools around the city from the summer after sixth grade until the eighth-grade exam. Despite the implementation of these free programs for improving underprivileged children's enrollment, black and Hispanic enrollment continued to decline.^[66] After further expansion of free test prep programs, there was still no increase in percentages to the attendance of black and Hispanic children.

The New York City Department of Education reported in 2003 that public per student spending at Stuyvesant High School is slightly lower than the city average.^[67] Stuyvesant also receives private contributions from alumni, retired faculty, charitable foundations and educational grants to build up a school endowment.^[68]

Academics

The college-preparatory curriculum at Stuyvesant mostly includes four years of English, history, and laboratory-based sciences. The sciences courses include requisite biology, chemistry, and physics classes. Students also take four years of mathematics. Students also take three years of a single foreign language; a semester each of introductory art, music, health, and technical drawing; one semester of computer science; and two lab-based technology courses.^[69] Several exemptions from technology education exist for seniors.^{[70] [71]} Stuyvesant offers students a selection of elective courses, uncluding astronomy, New York City history, and Computer Graphics Design in the Computer Science Area.^[72] Most students complete the New York City Regents courses by junior year and take calculus during their senior year. However, the school offers math courses through differential equations for the more advanced students. A year of technical drawing was formerly required; students learned how to draft by hand in its first semester and how to draft using a computer in the second. Now, students take a one-semester compacted version of the former drafting course, as well as a semester of introductory computer science. For the class of 2015, the one-semester computer science course was replaced with a two-semester course.^[69]

As a specialized high school, Stuyvesant offers a range of Advanced Placement (AP) courses.^[73] These courses focus on math, science, history, English, or foreign languages. This gives students various opportunities to earn college credit. AP computer science students can also take three additional computer programming courses after the completion of the AP course: systems level programming, computer graphics, and software development.^[74] In addition, there is a one-year computer networking class which can earn students Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification.^[75]

Stuyvesant's foreign language offerings include Spanish, French, German, Latin, Chinese and Japanese.^[76] In 2005, the school also started offering courses in Arabic.^[77] Stuyvesant's biology and geo-science department offers courses in molecular biology, human physiology, medical ethics, medical and veterinary diagnosis, human disease, anthropology and sociobiology, vertebrate zoology, laboratory techniques, medical human genetics, botany, the molecular basis of cancer, nutrition science, and psychology.^[78] The chemistry and physics departments include classes in organic chemistry, physical chemistry, astronomy, engineering mechanics, and electronics.^[79]

The English Department offers students courses in classical literature, Shakespearean literature, science fiction, philosophy, existentialism, debate, acting, journalism, creative writing, and poetry.^[80] The Social Studies core requires two years of global history (or one year of global followed by one year of European history), one year of American history, as well as a semester each of economics and government. Humanities electives include American foreign policy; civil and criminal law, prejudice and persecution.^[81]

In 2004, Stuyvesant High entered into an agreement with the City College of New York (C.C.N.Y. – part of the larger City University of New York), which the college funds advanced after-school courses that are taken for college credit but taught by S.H.S. faculty. Some of these courses include linear algebra, advanced Euclidean geometry, and women's history.^{[82] [83]}

Prior to the 2005 revision of the SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test), Stuyvesant graduates had an average score of 1408 out of 1600 (685 in the verbal section of the test, 723 in the math section).^[67] In 2010, the average score on the SAT for Stuyvesant students was 2087 out of 2400,^[84] while the class of 2013 had an average SAT score of 2096.^[85], Stuyvesant students' average SAT score was 1510 of 1600 points.^[86] Stuyvesant also administers more Advanced Placement exams than supposedly any other high school in the world, as well as the highest number of students who reach the AP courses' "mastery level".^[87], there are 31 AP classes offered, with a little more than half of all students taking at least one AP class, and about 98% of students pass their AP tests.^[86]

Extracurricular activities

Sports

Stuyvesant fields 32 athletics varsity teams, including the swimming, golf, bowling, volleyball, soccer, basketball, gymnastics, wrestling, fencing, baseball/softball, tennis, track/cross country, cricket, football, and lacrosse teams.^[88] In addition, Stuyvesant has ultimate teams for the boys' varsity, boys' junior varsity, and girls' varsity divisions.^[89]

Fifteen years after moving to Chambers Street in Battery Park City, in September 2007, the Stuyvesant High football team was given a home field at Pier 40, on the Hudson River waterfront of the westside of Manhattan situated north of the school at Houston Street and West Street. In 2008, the baseball team was granted use of the pier after construction and delivery of an artificial turf pitching mound that met Public Schools Athletic League specifications.^[90] Stuyvesant also has its own swimming pool, but it does not contain its own running track or tennis court.^[91]

Student government

The student body of Stuyvesant High School is represented by the Stuyvesant Student Union,^[92] a student government. It comprises a group of students (elected each year for each grade) who promote and manage extracurricular activities (clubs and publications), by organizing out-of-school activity such as city excursions or fundraisers, and provide a voice to the student body in all discussion of school policy with the administration.^[93]

Clubs and publications

Stuyvesant allows students to join clubs, publications, and teams under a system similar to that of many colleges.^[94], the school had 150 student clubs.^[95]

The Spectator

See main article: The Spectator (Stuyvesant High School). The Spectator is Stuyvesant's official in-school newspaper, which is published biweekly and is independent from the school administration and faculty.^[96] There are over 250 students who help with its publication.^[96] At the beginning of the fall and spring terms, there are recruitments, but interested students may join at any time.^[97]

Founded in 1915 (and now 109 years old), The Spectator is one of Stuyvesant's oldest publications.^[98] It has a long-standing connection with its older namesake; the Columbia University's Columbia Daily Spectator, and has been recognized by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism's well-known nation-wide Columbia Scholastic Press Association.^[99] founded 1925.

The Voice

The Voice was founded in the 1973–1974 academic year as an independent publication only loosely sanctioned by school officials.^[98] It had the appearance of a magazine and gained a large readership. The Voice attracted a considerable amount of controversy and a First Amendment Constitutional lawsuit, after which the administration forced it to go off-campus and to turn commercial in 1975–1976.^[98]

At the beginning of the 1975–1976 academic year, The Voice decided to publish the results of a confidential random survey on social issues. The administration refused to permit The Voice to distribute the questionnaire, and the Board of Education refused to intervene. The then editor-in-chief of The Voice, brought a First Amendment challenge to this decision to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in front of Judge Constance Baker Motley.^[100]

Relying on the 1969 U.S. Supreme Court holding in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District that "undifferentiated fear or apprehension of disturbance is not enough to overcome the right to freedom of expression",^[101] Motley ordered the New York City Board of Education to permit the distribution of the survey to the juniors and seniors.^[100] However, Judge Motley's ruling was overturned on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.^[102] There Judge J. Edward Lumbard, joined by Judge Murray Gurfein and over dissent by third Judge Walter R. Mansfield, held that the distribution of the questionnaires was properly disallowed by the administration. The higher level U.S. Supreme Court denied certiorari review.^[103]

SING!

The annual theater competition known as SING! pits seniors, juniors, and freshmen/sophomores against each other in a contest to put on the best performance. SING! started in 1947 at Midwood High School in Brooklyn^{[104] [105]} and has expanded to many New York City high schools since then.^[106] SING! at Stuyvesant started as a small event in 1973,^[107] and since then, has grown to a school-wide event; in 2005, nearly 1,000 students participated. The entire production is written, directed, produced, and funded by students.^[107] Their involvement ranges from being members of the production's casts, choruses, or costume and tech crews to Step, Hip-Hop, Swing, Modern, Bolly, Flow, Tap or Latin dance groups. SING! begins in late January to February and ends in final performances on three nights in March/April.^[107] Scoring is done on each night's performances and the winner is determined by the overall total.^[107]

Reputation

The Stuyvesant High School has produced many notable alumni, including four Nobel laureates.^{[108] [109]} As of 2024, U.S. News & World Report magazine ranked Stuyvesant as 2nd among New York City high schools and 21st among STEM high schools.^[110] In December 2007, The Wall Street Journal studied the freshman classes at eight selective colleges in the U.S. and reported that Stuyvesant sent 67 students to these schools, comprising 9.9% of its 674 seniors.^[111] In recent years, Stuyvesant High’s student newspaper has reported on college admissions of the graduating classes, with the class of 2021 having 133 students offered admission to Ivy League institutions.^[112]

U.S. News & World Report included Stuyvesant on its list of "Best High Schools" published in December 2009, ranking 31st.^[113] In its 2010 progress report, the New York City Department of Education assigned S.H.S. an "A", the highest possible grade.^[114]

Stuyvesant has had the second highest number of National Merit Scholarship semi-finalists, behind Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Alexandria, Virginia.^[115] From 2002 to 2010, Stuyvesant has produced 103 semi-finalists and 13 finalists on the Intel Science Talent Search, the second most of any secondary school in the United States behind the Bronx High School of Science.^[116] In 2014, Stuyvesant had 11 semi-finalists for the Intel Search, the highest number of any school in the U.S.

In the 2010s, exam schools, including Stuyvesant, have been the subject of studies questioning their academic effectiveness.^[117] A study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Massachusetts) and Duke University (Durham, North Carolina) economists compared high school outcomes for Stuyvesant students who barely passed the SHSAT score required for admission, to those of applicants just below that score, using the latter as a natural control group of peers who attended other schools. The study found no discernible average difference in the two groups' later performance on New York state exams.^[118]

Notable people

See main article: List of Stuyvesant High School people.

Notable scientists among Stuyvesant alumni include mathematicians Bertram Kostant (1945)^[119] and Paul Cohen (1950),^[120] string theorist Brian Greene (1980),^[121] physicist Lisa Randall (1980),^[122] and genomic researcher Eric Lander (1974).^[123] Other prominent alumni include civil rights leader Bob Moses,^[124] entertainers such as Thelonious Monk (1935),^[125] and actors Lucy Liu (1986),^[126] Tim Robbins (1976),^[127] and James Cagney (1918),^[128] comedian Paul Reiser (1973),^[129] playwright Arthur M. Jolly (1987),^[130] sports anchor Mike Greenberg (1985), and Columbia University, early NBA and minor league pro basketball player and bookmaker Jack Molinas (1949).^[131] In business, government and politics, former United States Attorney General Eric Holder in the Obama presidential administration (1969) is a Stuyvesant alumnus,^[132] as are 2008 presidential election campaign manager and later presidential administration Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama David Axelrod (1972)^[133] and former adviser to earlier President Bill Clinton, of Dick Morris (1964).^[134]

Pulitzer Prize-winning author Frank McCourt was an S.H.S. faculty member and taught English at Stuyvesant before the publication of his memoirs Angela's Ashes, 'Tis, and Teacher Man. Teacher Man third section, titled Coming Alive in Room 205, concerns McCourt's time at Stuyvesant, and mentions a number of students and fellow faculty.^[135] Former New York City Council member Eva Moskowitz (1982) graduated from the high school,^[136] as did the creator of the BitTorrent protocol, Bram Cohen (1993).^[137] A notable Olympic Games medalist from the school was foil fencer Albert Axelrod.^[138] Economist Thomas Sowell was also a student of Stuyvesant High School, but dropped out early at age 17 because of financial difficulties and problems in his home.^[139] Russian (and former Soviet Union) journalist / propagandist Vladimir Pozner Jr., known in the West for his numerous appearances during the 1980s and 1990s on the ABC News late evening program Nightline, with Ted Koppel, on the topic: U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge and influential longtime daytime talk show host / moderator Phil Donahue, was also a student of Stuyvesant High School.

Four Nobel laureates are Stuyvesant alumni (plus one who shares a Nobel Prize with a coalition):^[108]

• Joshua Lederberg (1941) – Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1958^[140]
• Robert Fogel (1944) – Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 1993^[141]
• Roald Hoffmann (1954) – Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1981^[142]
• Richard Axel (1963) – Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004^[143]

See also

• Education in New York City
• Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks
• List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
• History of New York City

Further reading

• Book: Epstein, Alexander . Out of the Blue . At Ground Zero: Young Reporters Who Were There Tell Their Stories . Erman . Sam . Bull . Chris . New York . Thunder's Mouth Press . 2002 . 232ff . 978-1-56025-427-0 . https://archive.org/details/atgroundzeroyoun00bull . limited .
• Web site: Abacus Guide to Stuyvesant High School . Emily . Glickman . Abacus Guide Educational Consulting . 2002 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050407041310/http://www.abacusguide.com/stuyvesant_high_school.htm . April 7, 2005 . March 9, 2006.
• Fallout: The Hidden Environmental Consequences of 9/11 . Juan . Gonzalez . In These Times . September 10, 2002 . March 9, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081019213444/http://www.alternet.org/story/14073/fallout%3A_the_hidden_environmental_consequences_of_9_11/ . October 19, 2008 . dead .
• Book: Klein, Alec . A Class Apart: Prodigies, Pressure, and Passion Inside One of America's Best High Schools . New York . Simon & Schuster . 2007 . 978-0-7432-9944-2 .
• Book: McCourt, Frank . Teacher Man . Frank McCourt . New York . Scribner . 2005 . 978-0-7432-4377-3. Teacher Man .
• Book: Meyer, Susann E. . Stuyvesant High School: The First 100 Years . New York . The Campaign for Stuyvesant . 2005.
• Web site: Monitoring Data: Stuyvesant High (North Side) . https://web.archive.org/web/20070529025841/http://oaspub.epa.gov/nyr/asbestos_monitoring?p_addr_id=0360610406 . May 29, 2007 . United States Environmental Protection Agency . March 9, 2006.
• Web site: Monitoring Data: Stuyvesant High School . https://web.archive.org/web/20040125082038/http://oaspub.epa.gov/nyr/bulk_dust_monitoring?p_addr_id=0360610308 . January 25, 2004 . United States Environmental Protection Agency . March 9, 2006.
• Book: Thoms, Annie . With Their Eyes: September 11 – The View from a High School at Ground Zero . New York . HarperCollins . 2002 . 978-0-06-051718-2 .

External links

• • • Stuyvesant High School's Official Newspaper—The Spectator
• The Campaign for Stuyvesant Endowment Fund

Notes and References

1. retired.
2. https://nypost.com/2020/08/01/nycs-elite-stuyvesant-high-school-names-new-principal/ NYC's elite Stuyvesant High School names new principal
3. Web site: High School Directory . July 27, 2014.
4. Web site: Stuyvesant High School in New York, NY – US News Best High Schools. June 4, 2024. April 4, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131256/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/new-york/districts/new-york-city-public-schools/stuyvesant-high-school-13092. live.
5. Web site: Stuyvesant High School. June 10, 2015. K-12 School Rankings and· Reviews at Niche.com. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150324180814/https://k12.niche.com/stuyvesant-high-school-new-york-city-ny/educational-outcomes/. March 24, 2015.
6. The Face of Stuyvesant, Divided? . 106 . 8 . . . January 14, 2016 . December 23, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171230195926/https://issuu.com/stuyspectator/docs/the_spectator_issue_8__1_/4 . December 30, 2017 . mdy-all .
7. Web site: the definition of Stuyvesant . Dictionary.com . June 27, 2014 . December 18, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160413102906/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/stuyvesant . April 13, 2016 . mdy-all .
8. Book: Van der Sijs, Nicoline . Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages . Amsterdam University Press . 2009 . 978-90-8964-124-3 . Amsterdam . 142 . limited.
9. Book: Caperton . Gaston . Gaston Caperton . The Achievable Dream: College Board Lessons on Creating Great Schools . Whitmire . Richard . College Board . 2012 . 978-0-87447-999-7 . New York . 152.
10. Web site: Stuyvesant High School – District 2 – InsideSchools. insideschools.org. June 19, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170630144010/http://insideschools.org/school/02M475. June 30, 2017.
11. Book: Goldman, Victoria . 2016 . The Manhattan Family Guide to Private Schools and Selective Public Schools . 7th . New York . Teachers College Press . 471 . 978-0-8077-5656-0.
12. Book: Maxwell, W.H. . A Quarter Century of Public School Development . American book Company . 1912 . December 17, 2017 .
13. Web site: New School Buildings . The New York Times . January 1, 1903 . December 17, 2017 . September 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230924065314/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/01/01/101963395.pdf . live .
14. Web site: Schulz . Dana . Peter Stuyvesant's NYC: From the Bouwerie Farm to That Famous Pear Tree . 6sqft . November 21, 2014 . December 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171223215728/https://www.6sqft.com/peter-stuyvesants-nyc-from-the-bouwerie-farm-to-that-famous-pear-tree/ . December 23, 2017 . mdy-all .
15. (Former) Stuyvesant High School . . May 20, 1997 . May 28, 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20080524023413/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/stuyvesanths.pdf . May 24, 2008 .
16. Web site: President Seelye Resigns – Head of Smith College Is 70 Years Old and Wishes to Retire. . The New York Times . June 18, 1908 . December 17, 2017 . March 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327041055/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/06/18/104733875.pdf . live .
17. Robert W.. Selvidge. A Study of Some Manual Training High Schools. Manual Training Magazine. June 1909.
18. Web site: Stuyvesant High School Timeline by Class Year . The Campaign for Stuyvesant . March 27, 2007 . June 4, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090221154110/http://www.ourstrongband.org/history/timeline.html . February 21, 2009 .
19. Web site: Interview with George Segal . Paul . Cummings . . November 26, 1973 . June 4, 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204448/http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-george-segal-12613 . May 25, 2011 .
20. Web site: History of Stuyvesant High School . Eugene . Blaufarb . Stuyvesant High School Parent Handbook . Stuyvesant Parents Association . 2005 . May 28, 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060623044426/http://www.stuy-pa.org/files/documents/04-05ParentHandbook.pdf . June 23, 2006 .
21. Web site: Girl Challenges Stuyvesant High's All-Boy Policy; She Seeks to Take Exam at School Thursday Bid to Advance in Grade Is Factor in Rejection . The New York Times . January 21, 1969 . December 17, 2017 . September 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230924065315/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/01/21/77320657.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false . live .
22. Web site: 2015–2016 Annual Report, Stuyvesant High School . Manhattan Superintendency . . 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070628195704/http://schools.nyc.gov/daa/SchoolReports/03asr/171475.pdf . June 28, 2007 . March 8, 2006.
23. How Gotham's Elite High Schools Escaped the Leveller's Ax . Heather . Mac Donald . . 9 . 2 . 68–79 . 1999 . May 28, 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060614135346/http://www.city-journal.org/html/9_2_how_gothams_elite.html . June 14, 2006 .
24. News: Pat Dawson on 9/11 . Dawson . Pat . September 11, 2001 . . . December 16, 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160417162141/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UalzbIX5_Ag . April 17, 2016 .
25. Web site: DNAinfo.com Stuyvesant High School Students Sick 10 Years After 9/11 . January 19, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004844/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110908/downtown/stuyvesant-high-school-students-sick-10-years-after-911 . February 2, 2017 . dead .
26. News: After the Attacks: The Schools – Stuyvesant High Students To Attend Brooklyn Tech. Goodnough. Abby. September 15, 2001. The New York Times. December 17, 2017. 0362-4331. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105956/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/us/after-the-attacks-the-schools-stuyvesant-high-students-to-attend-brooklyn-tech.html. December 22, 2017.
27. News: Stuyvesant High School Grads Sick 10 Years After 9/11. Green. Jonah. September 8, 2011. Huffington Post. December 17, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150821035152/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/08/stuyvesant-high-school-gr_n_954112.html. August 21, 2015.
28. • Web site: Daniel D. Bergstein . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181229/http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=519 . September 30, 2007 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
    • Web site: Alan Wayne Friedlander . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181320/http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=1113 . September 30, 2007 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
    • Web site: Marina R. Gertsberg . https://web.archive.org/web/20080208194259/http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=1173 . February 8, 2008 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
    • Web site: Aaron J. Horwitz . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181206/http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=1383 . September 30, 2007 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
    • Web site: David S. Lee . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181451/http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=3515 . September 30, 2007 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
    • Web site: Arnold A. Lim . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181250/http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=1650 . September 30, 2007 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
    • Web site: Gregory D. Richards . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181432/http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=2275 . September 30, 2007 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
    • Web site: Maurita Tam . https://web.archive.org/web/20071117060900/http://www.september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=2602 . November 17, 2007 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
    • Web site: Michael Warchola . https://web.archive.org/web/20071018210917/http://september11victims.com/september11victims/VictimInfo.asp?ID=2747 . October 18, 2007 . September 11, 2001, Victims . March 8, 2006.
29. News: September 11th 2001 Special Edition . The Spectator . . Fall 2001 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131204123945/http://events.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/terrorism/stuy.pdf . December 4, 2013 .
30. Book: Thoms, Annie. with their eyes: September 11th: The View from a High School at Ground Zero. registration. August 20, 2002. Harper Collins. 9780060517182.
31. November 2003. Stuyvesant HS Celebrates 100 Years of Excellence. Stuyvesant-CCNY Scholarship News. 9. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160812095707/http://citycollegefund.org/pdf/Stuyvesant/Nov_2003.pdf. August 12, 2016.
32. News: Eric Holder: Stuy Grad, Basketball Player and the New Attorney General . . Andrew . Chow . February 9, 2009 . Stuyvesant High School . September 8, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101224194912/http://stuyspectator.com/2009/02/09/eric-holder-stuy-grad-basketball-player-and-the-new-attorney-general/ . December 24, 2010 .
33. Stuyvesant High School's 'Multicultural Tapestry' Eloquest Response to Terrorist Message of Hatred, Says Secretary-General in Graduation Address . June 23, 2004 . United Nations . September 8, 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120908052027/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9380.doc.htm . September 8, 2012 .
34. Book: Eggers, Dave . The Best American Nonrequired Reading . registration . 2007 . 978-0618902811.
35. Web site: Schools Under New Bridges . The New York Times . August 18, 1904 . December 17, 2017 . March 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327040358/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/08/18/117946649.pdf . live .
36. Web site: Manual Training School – Cornerstone Laid for New Building in East Fifteenth Street. . The New York Times . September 22, 1905 . December 17, 2017 . March 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327041937/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/09/22/101419629.pdf . live .
37. Web site: A Million and a Half to Teach Boys Trades – Stuyvesant High School Marks a Unique Phase in the Development of Industrial Education. What Is Done in New England. Course in Industrial Training. How Various Trades Are Studied. Developing Resources of Students. . The New York Times . October 27, 1907 . December 17, 2017 . March 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327041733/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/10/27/104711602.pdf . live .
38. Web site: Institute for Collaborative Education . New York City Department of Education . March 17, 2020 . August 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807211253/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M407 . live .
39. Web site: High School for Health Professions and Human Services . New York City Department of Education . March 17, 2020 . August 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807174050/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M420 . live .
40. Web site: P.S. M226 . New York City Department of Education . March 17, 2020 . August 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807185847/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M226 . live .
41. News: A New School For Stuyvesant To Be Speeded. Perlez. Jane. October 2, 1987. The New York Times. December 17, 2017. 0362-4331. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102852/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/02/nyregion/a-new-school-for-stuyvesant-to-be-speeded.html. December 23, 2017.
42. http://schools.nyc.gov/community/facilities/PublicArt/Architecture/Recent/Mnemonics.htm NYC Schools webpage
43. Web site: Robert D. . McFadden . Eben . Shapiro . Finally, a Facade to Fit Stuyvesant; A High School of High Achievers Gets a High-Priced Home . The New York Times . September 8, 1992 . August 24, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150526053208/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/08/nyregion/finally-facade-fit-stuyvesant-high-school-high-achievers-gets-high-priced-home.html . May 26, 2015 . mdy-all .
44. News: Architecture View; On the Hudson, Launching Minds Instead of Ships . Herbert . Muschamp . June 6, 1993 . The New York Times . May 28, 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141210061622/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/arts/architecture-view-on-the-hudson-launching-minds-instead-of-ships.html . December 10, 2014 .
45. Web site: Current List of Accessible Schools. June 2007. New York City Department of Education. 23. March 28, 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20080410110452/http://schools.nyc.gov/NR/rdonlyres/41ACD8D4-DDD2-4F1A-AEF0-AF3A9D132EBB/0/ListofAccessibleSchools2007.pdf. April 10, 2008.
46. Web site: Celebration (Richard Rothenberg Memorial), 1999 . March 17, 2009 . CultureNOW . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213529/http://www.culturenow.org/ManhattanArtNOW/index.php?page=display_entry&work_num=1652 . July 25, 2011 .
47. News: . 97 . 6 . November 2006 . 2 . Dedication Ceremony for Lewy Multimedia Center Held.
48. News: . Gavin . Huang . December 2, 2007 . Stuy Alum Donates Library Books.
49. Web site: Whelan . Debra Lau . NYPL, NYC DOE Partner to Deliver Books Directly to Schools . School Library Journal . December 31, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111115185925/http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/slj/home/892774-312/nypl_nyc_doe_partner_to.html.csp . November 15, 2011 .
50. Web site: Stuy³: A site about Mnemonics . https://web.archive.org/web/20080123071112/http://www.stuy.edu/stuycube/%23 . January 23, 2008 . Stuyvesant High School . January 26, 2008 . dead .
51. Web site: Kristin Jones — Andrew Ginzel . Kristin Jones and Andrew Ginzel . April 20, 2007 . February 28, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122005/http://www.andrewginzel.com/JONESGINZEL/PROJECTS/ALL/mnemonics/mnemonicstxt.html . April 2, 2015 .
52. Web site: Student MetroCards . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160924163301/http://www.optnyc.org/schools/metrocards.htm . September 24, 2016 . September 12, 2016 . Office of Pupil Transportation.
53. Web site: July 25, 2024 . Eligible NYC students to receive OMNY cards valid 24 hours a day, year-round instead of MetroCards . 2024-09-25 . ABC7 New York . en.
54. Web site: Stuyvesant High School . U.S. News & World Report . August 21, 2022 . April 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131256/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/new-york/districts/new-york-city-public-schools/stuyvesant-high-school-13092#students_teachers_section . live .
55. Web site: High School Directory Entry: Stuyvesant High School . . 2007 . March 27, 2008 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20080930150439/http://schools.nyc.gov/ChoicesEnrollment/High/Directory/school/?sid=1508 . September 30, 2008 .
56. Web site: Specialized High Schools Student Handbook . . December 17, 2017 . 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101335/http://schools.nyc.gov/NR/rdonlyres/39E5EC65-FA08-4A2A-91AD-9F7334670B3D/0/20172018SpecializedHighSchoolsStudentHandbookENGLISH.pdf . December 24, 2017 . mdy-all .
57. Web site: Specialized Admissions Round . . 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070825003245/http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/StudentEnroll/HSAdmissions/hsProcess/Specialadm/special.htm . August 25, 2007 . March 8, 2006.
58. Web site: Admissions . https://web.archive.org/web/20080319122114/http://www.stuy.edu/about/admissions.php . March 19, 2008 . Stuyvesant High School . April 29, 2008.
59. Web site: March 18, 2019 . Only 7 Black Students Got Into N.Y.'s Most Selective High School, Out of 895 Spots . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190318234146/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/nyregion/black-students-nyc-high-schools.html . March 18, 2019 . March 19, 2019 . The New York Times.
60. Web site: The History of New York City's Special High Schools . Katrina . Shakarian . October 23, 2014 . Gotham Gazette . August 22, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023334/http://www.gothamgazette.com/index.php/government/5392-the-history-of-new-york-citys-special-high-schools-timeline . September 24, 2015 .
61. Web site: Stuyvesant 100 Year Timeline . https://web.archive.org/web/20050221111322/http://www.stuy100.org/stuy-timeline.html . February 21, 2005 . June 27, 2006 . Stuyvesant Centennial Committee.
62. Destroying Excellence . May 28, 1997 . Jeffrey . Hart . Dartmouth Review. https://web.archive.org/web/20041030110521/http://www.dartreview.com/archives/1997/05/28/destroying_excellence.php . October 30, 2004 . June 27, 2006.
63. News: PUTTING DREAMS TO THE TEST: A special report; Elite High School Is a Grueling Exam Away . The New York Times . Elisabeth . Bumiller . April 2, 1998 . May 2, 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130213183258/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/02/nyregion/putting-dreams-test-special-report-elite-high-school-grueling-exam-away.html . February 13, 2013 .
64. Web site: Specialized High Schools Institute . https://web.archive.org/web/20100305200201/http://schools.nyc.gov/ChoicesEnrollment/Middle/SHSI/default.htm . March 5, 2010 . . March 11, 2009 . May 2, 2009.
65. Web site: What is DREAM – The Specialized High Schools Institute (DREAM – SHSI)? . . May 29, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170403133643/http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/SHSI/default.htm . April 3, 2017 .
66. News: In Elite N.Y. Schools, a Dip in Blacks and Hispanics — New York Times . May 2, 2009 . August 18, 2006 . Elissa . Gootman . The New York Times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090424074002/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/18/education/18schools.html . April 24, 2009 .
67. Web site: 2002–2003 Annual Report, Stuyvesant High School . Manhattan Superintendency . . 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070628195704/http://schools.nyc.gov/daa/SchoolReports/03asr/171475.pdf . June 28, 2007 . March 8, 2006.
68. Web site: Stuyvesant promotional video. The Campaign for Stuyvesant. video (WMV). https://web.archive.org/web/20080228195504/http://www.ourstrongband.org/Videos/CampaignForStuyvesant_Broadband.wmv. February 28, 2008. March 8, 2006.
69. Web site: Graduation Requirements . Stuyvesant High School . 2012 . January 5, 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202351/http://www.stuy.edu/academics/grad_require1.jsp . February 29, 2012 .
70. Web site: Graduation Requirements . Stuyvesant High School Parent Handbook . Stuyvesant Parents Association . 2004 . May 28, 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060623044426/http://www.stuy-pa.org/files/documents/04-05ParentHandbook.pdf . June 23, 2006 .
71. Web site: Graduation Requirements . https://web.archive.org/web/20060415001829/http://register.stuy.edu/program_office/grad_reqs.html . April 15, 2006 . Stuyvesant High School . May 28, 2006.
72. Web site: Online Course Guide . https://web.archive.org/web/20060214025850/http://register.stuy.edu/program_office/course_descriptions.html . February 14, 2006 . Stuyvesant High School . May 28, 2006.
73. Web site: Stuyvesant Handbook . Stuyvesant High School . April 30, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050305222753/http://www.stuy100.org/about.html . March 5, 2005 .
74. Web site: Online Course Guide: Computer Science. Stuyvesant High School. December 19, 2017. June 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170629171443/http://stuy.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126659&type=d&pREC_ID=253269#computer_science_courses. live.
75. Web site: Advanced Computer Technology, Networking & Internetworking — Cisco Networking Academy . Stuyvesant High School . August 8, 2012 . live . https://archive.today/20130414151628/http://stuy.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=128232&type=d&pREC_ID=254127 . April 14, 2013 .
76. Web site: Online Course Guide: World Languages. Stuyvesant High School. December 19, 2017. June 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170630024232/http://stuy.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126658&type=d&termREC_ID=&pREC_ID=253719. live.
77. News: Stuyvesant Muslim students now able to study Arabic . Village Voice . September 7, 2005 . April 29, 2008 . Sara G. . Levin . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100207114103/http://thevillager.com/villager_123/stuyvensantmuslimstudents.html . February 7, 2010 .
78. Web site: Online Course Guide: Biology and Geo-Science. Stuyvesant High School. December 19, 2017. May 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200522024725/https://stuy.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126967&type=d&termREC_ID=&pREC_ID=655528. live.
79. The two departments are housed in the same room at Stuyvesant. See:
    • Web site: Online Course Guide: Chemistry. Stuyvesant High School. December 19, 2017. April 18, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170127/https://stuy.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=127870&type=d&termREC_ID=&pREC_ID=627676. live.
    • Web site: Online Course Guide: Physics. Stuyvesant High School. December 19, 2017. March 27, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220327071448/https://stuy.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=128035&type=d&termREC_ID=&pREC_ID=654321. live.
80. Web site: Online Course Guide: English. Stuyvesant High School. December 19, 2017. June 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170630002955/http://stuy.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126657&type=d&pREC_ID=253626. live.
81. Web site: Online Course Guide: Social Studies. Stuyvesant High School. December 19, 2017. June 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170629232806/http://stuy.enschool.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=126662&type=d&pREC_ID=253947. live.
82. Stuyvesant Students Get a Taste of College After School . October 18, 2004 . Jin-ji . Kim . The Spectator . https://web.archive.org/web/20050223090251/http://spectator.stuy.edu/display.cgi?id=1361 . February 23, 2005 . June 27, 2006.
83. Staff Editorial . The Spectator . https://web.archive.org/web/20050223084654/http://spectator.stuy.edu/display.cgi?id=1360 . February 23, 2005 . June 27, 2006.
84. Web site: 2010 College-Bound Seniors SAT Summary . . . 2010 . August 8, 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130122033946/http://schools.nyc.gov/Accountability/Reports/Data/TestResults/2010_CBS_School%20Summary%20SAT%20Data.xlsx . January 22, 2013 .
85. News: NYS high school SAT scores: Look up any public high school in the state. Doran. Elizabeth. June 27, 2014. syracuse.com. December 17, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171224042410/http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2014/06/the_upstate_ny_high_schools_with_the_best_sat_scores_how_did_yours_do.html?appSession=23810313694460625216221026762750874671725049447233511509541402243030667342877835987952840361559220115157664715043947786717763616. December 24, 2017. live.
86. Web site: Stuyvesant High School Test Scores and Academics . Niche . October 11, 2018 . October 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214612/https://www.niche.com/k12/stuyvesant-high-school-new-york-ny/academics/ . live .
87. News: New York Tops Advanced Placement Tests . Susan . Saulny . . January 26, 2006 . March 8, 2006 . October 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211019171133/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/26/education/new-york-tops-advanced-placement-tests.html . live .
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108. Book: Klein, Alec . A Class Apart . registration . 26 . . 2007 . 978-1416545538 . June 11, 2013 . Perhaps the truest measure of Stuyvesant's greatness is what its students do after they leave school. Four alumni have gone on to win the Nobel prize: Joshua Lederberg, in 1958 for physiology or medicine... Roald Hoffmann, in 1981 for chemistry... Robert W. Fogel, in 1993 for economics... and Richard Axel, in 2004 for physiology or medicine... .
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114. Web site: 2009–2010 Annual Progress Report, Stuyvesant High School . NYC Department of Education . . 2010 . October 2, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110112204300/http://schools.nyc.gov/OA/SchoolReports/2009-10/Progress_Report_2010_HS_M475.pdf . January 12, 2011 .
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140. Web site: Joshua Lederberg — The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 – Biography . 1958 . October 31, 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121336/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/lederberg-bio.html . October 24, 2007 .
141. The human equation . Lydialyle . Gibson . The University of Chicago Magazine . May–June 2007 . 99 . 5 . October 31, 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071013070351/http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0726/features/human.shtml . October 13, 2007 .
142. Web site: Roald Hoffmann's land between chemistry, poetry and philosophy . https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031913/http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/pn/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=11&page=1 . January 19, 2008 . October 31, 2007.
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