Pasteuria Explained

Pasteuria is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans.[1] The genus of Pasteuria was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae,[2] but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae.[3]

Steps of infection

Animals that are susceptible to Pasteuria become infected when they are exposed to endospores in soil or water. Therefore, Pasteuria are transmitted horizontally between hosts and when an infected host dies, it releases spores to the soil or sediment. The likelihood of infections is related to the endospore density in the environment[4] and can be affected by temperature.[5] However, the ability of an endospore to attach to and infect a host is highly specific and following contact with a compatible host, the Pasteuria endospores are activated, penetrate the host's cuticle, proliferate within the host thereby restricting it from reproducing and ultimately the host dies.[6] In water fleas, the ability of the endospore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the host and the parasite.[7] However, in phytonematodes there was no direct relationship between cuticle heterogeneity as exhibited by endospore attachment and the phylogeny of the nematode.[8] Furthermore, in phytonematodes the cues which initiate germination differ between different endospore isolates. For example, in Pasteuria penetrans that infects root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) endospore germination usually occurs sometime between the nematode entering the root, setting up the feeding site and the first molt as currently there are no reports of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. containing either developmental stages or endospores of P. penetrans. However, developmental stages and endospores of a field population of Pasteuria have been observed in J2s of Heterodera avenae[9] . An infected root-knot female can contain up to two million endpsores, while an infected J2 of H. avenae will contain less than a thousand endospores. Interestingly, endopores that do not infect water fleas and pass through a resistant host can still remain viable and infectious.[10] This suggests that different species or strains of the bacterium have evolved different life-cycle strategies.

Effects of parasite

The life-cycles of the bacteria that infect cladoceran parasites and phytonematodes have been shown to be similar in that during infection they both exhibit morphological stages that are in common with the original description by Metchinkoff.[11] Following infection with Pasteuria, the parasite interferes with the reproduction of their female hosts. Hosts can live with the parasite for a prolonged period of time after infection.[12] In Daphnia, P. ramosa induces gigantism.[13] P. penetrans parasitized females of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica, on the other hand, were smaller than healthy individuals, although there is a direct relationship between the numbers of endospores produced by an individual female and its volume.

Potential as biocontrol

Due to the effect of Pasteuria on reproduction, especially on nematode pests of important crops, there is an interest to develop Pasteuria as a biological control agent.[14] In 2012, Syngenta acquired a company named Pateuria Bioscience to commercialize Pasteuria as a biological control.[15] In 2013, Syngenta launched CLARIVA™ pn, which has the active ingredient of Pasteuria nishizawae to combat the soybean cyst nematode.[16] The effectiveness of Pasteuria as a biocontrol may depend on the biotypes of the nematode host that are present since they can vary in their susceptibility to Pasteuria.[17]

Species of Pasteuria and their hosts

Currently, four species of Pasteuria and two candidate species are described, all of which are obligate parasites with specific hosts. The described species and their hosts include:

Candidate species and their hosts include:

Additional species of Pasteuria have been named but are yet to be formally described, including:

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Stackebrandt, Erko. 2014. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 9783642301193. Rosenberg. Eugene. 281–284. en. 10.1007/978-3-642-30120-9_347. DeLong. Edward F.. Lory. Stephen. Stackebrandt. Erko. Thompson. Fabiano. The Prokaryotes. The Family Pasteuriaceae.
  2. Preston. J. F.. Dickson. D. W.. Maruniak. J. E.. Nong. G.. Brito. J. A.. Schmidt. L. M.. Giblin-Davis. R. M.. 2003. Pasteuria spp.: Systematics and Phylogeny of These Bacterial Parasites of Phytopathogenic Nematodes. Journal of Nematology. 35. 2. 198–207. 0022-300X. 2620627. 19265995.
  3. Book: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology - Springer. Vos. P. Garrity. G. Jones. D. Krieg. N.R.. Ludwig. W. Rainey. F.A.. Schleifer. K.-H.. Whitman. W.B.. The Firmicutes. 10.1007/978-0-387-68489-5. 2009. 978-0-387-95041-9.
  4. Davies . K. G. . Kerry . B. R. . Flynn . C. A. . 1988 . Observations on the pathogenicity of Pasteuria penetrans, a parasite of root-knot nematodes . Annals of Applied Biology . 112 . 491-501.
  5. Hatz. B.. Dickson. D. W.. 1992. Effect of Temperature on Attachment, Development, and Interactions of Pasteuria penetrans on Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology. 24. 4. 512–521. 0022-300X. 2619314. 19283029.
  6. Duneau. David. Luijckx. Pepijn. Ben-Ami. Frida. Laforsch. Christian. Ebert. Dieter. 2011. Resolving the infection process reveals striking differences in the contribution of environment, genetics and phylogeny to host-parasite interactions. BMC Biology. En. 9. 1. 10.1186/1741-7007-9-11. 3052238. 21342515. 11 . free .
  7. Luijckx. Pepijn. Duneau. David. Andras. Jason P.. Ebert. Dieter. 2014. Cross-Species Infection Trials Reveal Cryptic Parasite Varieties and a Putative Polymorphism Shared Among Host Species. Evolution. en. 68. 2. 577–586. 10.1111/evo.12289. 1558-5646. 24116675. 6083589. free.
  8. Davies . K.G. . Fargette . M. . Balla . G. . Daudi . A. . Duponnois . R. . Gowen . S.R. . Mateille . T. . Phillips . M.S. . Sawadogo . A. . Trivino . C. . Vouyoukalou . E. . Trudgill . D.L. . 2001 . Cuticle heterogeneity as exhibited by Pasteuria spore attachment is not linked to the phylogeny of parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) . Parasitology . 122 . 111-120 . 10.1017/s0031182000006958.
  9. Davies . K G . Flynn . C A . Laird . V . Kerry . B R . The life-cycle, population dynamics and host specificity of a parasite of Heterodera avenae, similar to Pasteuria penetrans. . Revue de Nématologie . 13 . 303 - 309.
  10. King . Kayla C . Auld . Stuart K J R . Wilson . Philip J . James . Janna . Little . Tom J . 2013 . The bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa is not killed if it fails to infect: implications for coevolution . Ecology and Evolution . 3 . 2 . 197–203 . 10.1002/ece3.438 . 2045-7758 . 3586630 . 23467806.
  11. Sayre . R M . Gherna . R L . Wergin . W P . 1983 . Morphological and taxonomic reevaluation of Pasteuria ramosa Metchnikoff 1888 and "Bacillus penetrans" Mankau 1975. . International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . 33 . 636 - 649.
  12. Book: Ebert, D.. Ecology, epidemiology and evolution of parasitism in Daphnia. National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda (MD). 2005. 978-1-932811-06-3.
  13. Cressler. Clayton E.. Nelson. William A.. Day. Troy. McCauley. Edward. 2014. Starvation reveals the cause of infection-induced castration and gigantism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. en. 281. 1792. 20141087. 10.1098/rspb.2014.1087. 0962-8452. 4150321. 25143034.
  14. Davies. K. G.. Rowe. J. A.. Williamson. V. M.. 2008. Inter- and intra-specific cuticle variation between amphimictic and parthenogenetic species of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) as revealed by a bacterial parasite (Pasteuria penetrans). International Journal for Parasitology. 38. 7. 851–859. 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.007. 18171577.
  15. Web site: Syngenta to acquire Pasteuria Bioscience. www.syngenta.com. 2016-04-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20160424161450/https://www.syngenta.com/global/corporate/en/news-center/news-releases/Pages/120919.aspx. 2016-04-24. dead.
  16. Web site: CLARIVA. www.syngenta.com. 2016-04-08. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160424171200/http://www.syngenta.com/GLOBAL/CORPORATE/EN/PRODUCTS-AND-INNOVATION/PRODUCT-BRANDS/SEED-CARE/Pages/clariva.aspx. 2016-04-24.
  17. Tzortzakakis. E. A.. De. R. Channer. A. G.. Gowen. S. R.. Ahmed. R.. 1997. Studies on the potential use of Pasteuria penetrans as a biocontrol agent of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Plant Pathology. en. 46. 1. 44–55. 10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-211.x. 1365-3059. free.
  18. Sayre. R. M. Wergin. W. P. Schmidt. J. M. Starr. M. P. 1991. Pasteuria nishizawae sp. nov., a mycelial and endospore-forming bacterium parasitic on cyst nematodes of genera Heterodera and Globodera. Research in Microbiology. 142. 5. 551–564. 10.1016/0923-2508(91)90188-G. 1947427.
  19. Starr. M. P.. Sayre. R. M.. 1988. Pasteuria thornei sp. nov. and Pasteuria penetrans sensu stricto emend., mycelial and endospore-forming bacteria parasitic, respectively, on plant-parasitic nematodes of the genera Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Microbiologie. 139. 1. 11–31. 10.1016/0769-2609(88)90094-4. 3382544.
  20. Metchnikoff. M.E.. 1888. Pasteuria ramosa un représentant des bactéries à division longitudinale. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. 165–170.
  21. Giblin-Davis. R. M.. Nong. G.. Preston. J. F.. Williams. D. S.. Center. B. J.. Brito. J. A.. Dickson. D. W.. 2011. 'Candidatus Pasteuria aldrichii', an obligate endoparasite of the bacterivorous nematode Bursilla. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61. 9. 2073–2080. 10.1099/ijs.0.021287-0. 20870891. free.
  22. Bishop. Alistair H.. Gowen. Simon R.. Pembroke. Barbara. Trotter. James R.. 2007. Morphological and molecular characteristics of a new species of Pasteuria parasitic on Meloidogyne ardenensis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 96. 1. 28–33. 10.1016/j.jip.2007.02.008. 17399736.

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