POLR2C explained

DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLR2C gene.^[1]

Function

This gene encodes the third largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. The product of this gene contains a cysteine rich region and exists as a heterodimer with another polymerase subunit, POLR2J. These two subunits form a core subassembly unit of the polymerase. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 21.^[2]

Interactions

POLR2C has been shown to interact with:

• ATF4,^[3]
• CCHCR1,^[4]
• Myogenin,
• POLR2A,
• POLR2B,
• POLR2E and
• POLR2F,^[5]
• POLR2G,^[5]
• POLR2H,^[5]
• POLR2J,^{[6] [5]}
• POLR2K,^[5]
• POLR2L,^[5] and
• TAF15.^[7]

Further reading

• Jeang KT . Tat, Tat-associated kinase, and transcription. . J. Biomed. Sci. . 5 . 1 . 24–7 . 1998 . 9570510 . 10.1007/BF02253352 .
• Yankulov K, Bentley D . Transcriptional control: Tat cofactors and transcriptional elongation. . Curr. Biol. . 8 . 13 . R447–9 . 1998 . 9651670 . 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70289-1 . 15480646 . free . 1998CBio....8.R447Y .
• Romano G, Kasten M, De Falco G, Micheli P, Khalili K, Giordano A . Regulatory functions of Cdk9 and of cyclin T1 in HIV tat transactivation pathway gene expression. . J. Cell. Biochem. . 75 . 3 . 357–68 . 2000 . 10536359 . 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19991201)75:3<357::AID-JCB1>3.0.CO;2-K . 43685090 .
• Marcello A, Zoppé M, Giacca M . Multiple modes of transcriptional regulation by the HIV-1 Tat transactivator. . IUBMB Life . 51 . 3 . 175–81 . 2002 . 11547919 . 10.1080/152165401753544241 . 10931640 . free .
• Stevens M, De Clercq E, Balzarini J . The regulation of HIV-1 transcription: molecular targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. . Med Res Rev . 26 . 5 . 595–625 . 2007 . 16838299 . 10.1002/med.20081 . 7168390 .
• Harrich D, McMillan N, Munoz L, Apolloni A, Meredith L . Will diverse Tat interactions lead to novel antiretroviral drug targets? . Current Drug Targets . 7 . 12 . 1595–606 . 2007 . 17168834 . 10.2174/138945006779025338 .
• Kato H, Sumimoto H, Pognonec P, Chen CH, Rosen CA, Roeder RG . HIV-1 Tat acts as a processivity factor in vitro in conjunction with cellular elongation factors. . Genes Dev. . 6 . 4 . 655–66 . 1992 . 1559613 . 10.1101/gad.6.4.655 . free .
• Pati UK, Weissman SM . The amino acid sequence of the human RNA polymerase II 33-kDa subunit hRPB 33 is highly conserved among eukaryotes. . J. Biol. Chem. . 265 . 15 . 8400–3 . 1990 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38900-8 . 2187864 . free .
• Southgate C, Zapp ML, Green MR . Activation of transcription by HIV-1 Tat protein tethered to nascent RNA through another protein. . Nature . 345 . 6276 . 640–2 . 1990 . 2190099 . 10.1038/345640a0 . 1990Natur.345..640S . 4233742 .
• Richard Gaynor . Wu-Baer F, Sigman D, Gaynor RB . Specific binding of RNA polymerase II to the human immunodeficiency virus trans-activating region RNA is regulated by cellular cofactors and Tat. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 92 . 16 . 7153–7 . 1995 . 7638159 . 41297 . 10.1073/pnas.92.16.7153 . 1995PNAS...92.7153W . free .
• Herrmann CH, Rice AP . Lentivirus Tat proteins specifically associate with a cellular protein kinase, TAK, that hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II: candidate for a Tat cofactor. . J. Virol. . 69 . 3 . 1612–20 . 1995 . 7853496 . 188757 . 10.1128/JVI.69.3.1612-1620.1995.
• Keen NJ, Gait MJ, Karn J . Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat is an integral component of the activated transcription-elongation complex. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 93 . 6 . 2505–10 . 1996 . 8637904 . 39827 . 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2505 . 1996PNAS...93.2505K . free .
• Yang X, Herrmann CH, Rice AP . The human immunodeficiency virus Tat proteins specifically associate with TAK in vivo and require the carboxyl-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II for function. . J. Virol. . 70 . 7 . 4576–84 . 1996 . 8676484 . 190394 . 10.1128/JVI.70.7.4576-4584.1996.
• Agostini I, Navarro JM, Rey F, Bouhamdan M, Spire B, Vigne R, Sire J . The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr transactivator: cooperation with promoter-bound activator domains and binding to TFIIB. . J. Mol. Biol. . 261 . 5 . 599–606 . 1996 . 8800208 . 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0485 .
• Zhou Q, Sharp PA . Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat. . Science . 274 . 5287 . 605–10 . 1996 . 8849451 . 10.1126/science.274.5287.605 . 1996Sci...274..605Z . 13266489 .
• Okamoto H, Sheline CT, Corden JL, Jones KA, Peterlin BM . Trans-activation by human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein requires the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 93 . 21 . 11575–9 . 1996 . 8876177 . 38099 . 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11575 . 1996PNAS...9311575O . free .
• Chun RF, Jeang KT . Requirements for RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain for activated transcription of human retroviruses human T-cell lymphotropic virus I and HIV-1. . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 44 . 27888–94 . 1996 . 8910388 . 10.1074/jbc.271.44.27888 . free .
• Parada CA, Roeder RG . Enhanced processivity of RNA polymerase II triggered by Tat-induced phosphorylation of its carboxy-terminal domain. . Nature . 384 . 6607 . 375–8 . 1996 . 8934526 . 10.1038/384375a0 . 1996Natur.384..375P . 4278432 .
• García-Martínez LF, Ivanov D, Gaynor RB . Association of Tat with purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription preinitiation complexes. . J. Biol. Chem. . 272 . 11 . 6951–8 . 1997 . 9054383 . 10.1074/jbc.272.11.6951 . free .

Notes and References

1. Acker J, Mattei MG, Wintzerith M, Roeckel N, Depetris D, Vigneron M, Kedinger C . Chromosomal localization of human RNA polymerase II subunit genes . Genomics . 20 . 3 . 496–9 . Aug 1994 . 8034326 . 10.1006/geno.1994.1208 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: POLR2C polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide C, 33kDa.
3. De Angelis R, Iezzi S, Bruno T, Corbi N, Di Padova M, Floridi A, Fanciulli M, Passananti C . Functional interaction of the subunit 3 of RNA polymerase II (RPB3) with transcription factor-4 (ATF4) . FEBS Lett. . 547 . 1–3 . 15–9 . Jul 2003 . 12860379 . 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00659-8. 33230891 .
4. Corbi N, Bruno T, De Angelis R, Di Padova M, Libri V, Di Certo MG, Spinardi L, Floridi A, Fanciulli M, Passananti C . RNA polymerase II subunit 3 is retained in the cytoplasm by its interaction with HCR, the psoriasis vulgaris candidate gene product . J. Cell Sci. . 118 . Pt 18 . 4253–60 . Sep 2005 . 16141233 . 10.1242/jcs.02545 . free .
5. Acker J, de Graaff M, Cheynel I, Khazak V, Kedinger C, Vigneron M . Interactions between the human RNA polymerase II subunits . J. Biol. Chem. . 272 . 27 . 16815–21 . Jul 1997 . 9201987 . 10.1074/jbc.272.27.16815. free .
6. Corbi N, Di Padova M, De Angelis R, Bruno T, Libri V, Iezzi S, Floridi A, Fanciulli M, Passananti C . The alpha-like RNA polymerase II core subunit 3 (RPB3) is involved in tissue-specific transcription and muscle differentiation via interaction with the myogenic factor myogenin . FASEB J. . 16 . 12 . 1639–41 . Oct 2002 . 12207009 . 10.1096/fj.02-0123fje . free . 30243193 .
7. Bertolotti A, Melot T, Acker J, Vigneron M, Delattre O, Tora L . EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 18 . 3 . 1489–97 . Mar 1998 . 9488465 . 108863 . 10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489.