| Northern Mansi | |
| Nativename: | ма̄ньси ла̄тыӈ, ма̄ньщи ла̄тыӈ |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[maːnʲɕi laːtəŋ]/ |
| States: | Russia |
| Region: | Khanty–Mansi, Sverdlovsk |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Uralic |
| Fam2: | (Finno-Ugric ?) |
| Fam3: | (Ugric ?) |
| Fam4: | (Ob-Ugric ?) |
| Fam5: | Mansi |
| Dia1: | Severnaya Sosva |
| Dia2: | Sygva |
| Dia3: | Upper Lozva |
| Dia4: | Ob |
| Script: | Cyrillic (Mansi alphabet) |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | mans1258 |
| Glottorefname: | Mansic |
| Elp: | Northern Mansi |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Agency: | Ob-Ugric Institute of Applied Science and Development |
| Map: | Northern Mansi Speaker Map.png |
| Map2: | Lang Status 40-SE.svg |
Northern Mansi (pronounced as /mns/) is the sole surviving member of the Mansi languages, spoken in Russia in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Sverdlovsk Oblast.
Northern Mansi has strong Russian, Komi, Nenets, and Northern Khanty influence, and is the literary Mansi language. There is no accusative case; that is, both the nominative and accusative roles are unmarked on the noun. pronounced as /
This article focuses on the Severnaya Sosva dialect of Northern Mansi, considered the literary language.
See main article: Mansi alphabets. The highlighted letters, and Г with the value pronounced as //ɡ//, are used only in names and loanwords. The allophones /ɕ/ and /sʲ/ are written with the letter Щ or the digraph СЬ respectively.
| style=«width:3em;» | А а | style=«width:3em;» | А̄ а̄ | style=«width:3em bgcolor="#EDEDFF";» | Б б | style=«width:3em;» | В в | style=«width:3em;» | Г г | style=«width:3em bgcolor="#EDEDFF";» | Д д | style=«width:3em;» | Е е | style=«width:3em;» | Е̄ е̄ | style=«width:3em;» | Ё ё | style=«width:3em;» | Ё̄ ё̄ | style=«width:3em bgcolor="#EDEDFF";» | Ж ж | |
| style=«width:3em bgcolor="#EDEDFF";» | З з | style=«width:3em;» | И и | style=«width:3em;» | Ӣ ӣ | style=«width:3em;» | Й й | style=«width:3em;» | К к | style=«width:3em;» | Л л | style=«width:3em;» | М м | style=«width:3em;» | Н н | style=«width:3em;» | Ӈ ӈ | style=«width:3em;» | О о | style=«width:3em;» | О̄ о̄ | |
| style=«width:3em;» | П п | style=«width:3em;» | Р р | style=«width:3em;» | С с | style=«width:3em;» | Т т | style=«width:3em;» | У у | style=«width:3em;» | Ӯ ӯ | style=«width:3em bgcolor="#EDEDFF";» | Ф ф | style=«width:3em;» | Х х | style=«width:3em bgcolor="#EDEDFF";» | Ц ц | style=«width:3em bgcolor="#EDEDFF";» | Ч ч | style=«width:3em bgcolor="#EDEDFF";» | Ш ш | |
| style=«width:3em;» | Щ щ | style=«width:3em;» | Ъ ъ | style=«width:3em;» | Ы ы | style=«width:3em;» | Ы̄ ы̄ | style=«width:3em;» | Ь ь | style=«width:3em;» | Э э | style=«width:3em;» | Э̄ э̄ | style=«width:3em;» | Ю ю | style=«width:3em;» | Ю̄ ю̄ | style=«width:3em;» | Я я | style=«width:3em;» | Я̄ я̄ |
Dialects are named after the rivers their speakers originally lived next to. Mutual intelligibility between dialects can vary.
The main difference between dialects is phonetic, grammar is usually universal across the Northern Mansi, though vocabulary differences also occur.
Which could be considered the literary dialect of Northern Mansi, has several differentiating features:
It is the second most used dialect of Northern Mansi, after the Sosva dialect, its features consist of:
It doesn't have an official written form in Cyrillic writing, but its phonetic features include:
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | pronounced as //m// м | pronounced as //n// н | pronounced as //nʲ// нь | pronounced as //ŋ// ӈ | ||
| Stops | pronounced as //p// п | pronounced as //t// т | pronounced as //tʲ// ть | pronounced as //k// к | pronounced as //kʷ// кв | |
| Affricate | pronounced as //ɕ// [1] ~ pronounced as //sʲ// щ ~ сь | |||||
| Fricatives | pronounced as //s// с | pronounced as //x// pronounced as //ɣ// х г | ||||
| Semivowels | pronounced as //j// й | pronounced as //w// в | ||||
| Laterals | pronounced as //l// л | pronounced as //lʲ// ль | ||||
| Trill | pronounced as //r// р | |||||
Northern Mansi has a largely symmetric system of 8 vowels, though lacking short **pronounced as //e// and having a very rare long pronounced as /[iː]/:
| Unrounded | Rounded | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as //i// 1, (pronounced as /[iː]/ 2) ы/и | pronounced as //u//, pronounced as //uː// у/ю | |
| Mid | pronounced as //eː/ 3/ э/е | pronounced as //o//, pronounced as //oː// 3 о/ё | |
| Open | pronounced as //a//, pronounced as //aː// а/я | ||
| Full | Reduced | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as //i// 1, (pronounced as //u// 4) ы/и, у | ||
| Mid | pronounced as //e// э/е | pronounced as //ə// 5 | |
| Open | pronounced as //a// а/я |
Northern Mansi is an agglutinating, subject–object–verb (SOV) language.[4]
One way to express a noun's definiteness in a sentence is with articles, and Northern Mansi uses two articles. The Indefinite is derived from the demonstrative pronominal word ань ('now'), the definite is derived from the number аква/акв ('one'); ань ('the'), акв ('a/an'). They both are used before the defined word. And if their adverbial and numeral meanings are to be expressed; ань always stands before the verb or a word with a similar function and is usually stressed, акв behaves the same and is always stressed.[5]
It's worth noting that the Northern Mansi newspaper, Luima Seripos (Лӯима̄ сэ̄рипос), doesn't use the before-mentioned words as articles.
Definiteness (determination) can also be expressed by the third (less often second) person singular possession marker, or in case of direct objects, using transitive conjugation. E.g. а̄мп (’dog’) → а̄мпе (’his/her/its dog’, ’the dog’); ха̄п (’boat’) → ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтас (’he/she pushed a boat in the water’) ≠ ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтастэ (’he/she pushed the boat in the water’).
There is no grammatical gender. Mansi distinguishes between singular, dual and plural number. Six grammatical cases exist. Possession is expressed using possessive suffixes, for example -ум, which means "my".
There are 5 ways the case suffix can change.
| sing. | dual | plural | ||
| nom. | сасыг sasɪɣ | сасгыг sasɣɪɣ | сасгыт sasɣət | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| loc. | сасыгт sasɪɣt | сасгыгт sasɣɪɣt | сасгытт sasɣətt | |
| lat. | сасыгн sasɪɣn | сасгыгн sasɣɪɣn | сасгытн sasɣətn | |
| abl. | сасыгныл sasɪɣnəl | сасгыгныл sasɣɪɣnəl | сасгытныл sasɣətnəl | |
| trans. | сасгыг sasɣɪɣ | - | - | |
| instr. | сасгыл sasɣəl | сасгыгтыл sasɣɪɣtəl | сасгытыл sasɣətəl |
Possession is expressed with possessive suffixes, and the suffix change is determined by the last letter of a word.There are 5 ways that the suffixes can change:
| single | double | multiple | ||
| 1st person sing. | сасгум sasɣɞ̯m | сасгагум sasɣaɣɞ̯m | сасганум sasɣanɞ̯m | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd person sing. | сасгын sasɣən | сасгагын sasɣaɣən | сасган sasɣan | |
| 3rd person sing. | сасгэ sasɣe | сасгаге sasɣaɣe | сасганэ sasɣane | |
| 1st person dual | сасыгме̄н sasɪɣmeːn | сасгагаме̄н sasɣaɣameːn | сасганаме̄н sasɣanameːn | |
| 2nd person dual | сасгы̄н sasɣiːn | сасгагы̄н sasɣaɣiːn | сасганы̄н sasɣaniːn | |
| 3rd person dual | сасгэ̄ sasɣeː | сасгаге̄н sasɣaɣeː | сасганэ̄н sasɣaneː | |
| 1st person plu. | сасгув sasɣuw | сасгагув sasɣaɣuw | сасганув sasɣanuw | |
| 2nd person plu. | сасгы̄н sasɣiːn | сасгагы̄н sasɣaɣiːn | сасганы̄н sasɣaniːn | |
| 3rd person plu. | сасганыл sasɣanəl | сасгага̄ныл sasɣaɣaːnəl | сасга̄ныл sasɣanəl |
Northern Mansi conjugation has three persons, three numbers, two tenses, and five moods. Active and passive voices exist.
There is no clear distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.[6]
The verb can conjugate in a Definite and Indefinite way which depends on if the sentence has an object, which the action depicted by the verb refers to directly.
Personal suffixes are attached after the verbal marker. The suffixes are the following:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | -ум | -ме̄н | -в | |
| 2nd person | -ын | -ы̄н | -ы̄н | |
| 3rd person | -ø | -ø | -ыт |
Tenses are formed with suffixes except for the future.
The tense suffix precedes the personal suffix. The form of the present tense suffix depends on the character of the verbal stem, as well as moods. Tense conjugation is formed with the suffixes -эг, -э̄г, -и, -э, -э̄, -г, or -в.[7] In the following examples, the tense suffix is in bold and the personal ending is in italic.
| 1st person | рӯпитэ̄гум | рӯпитыме̄н | рӯпитэ̄в | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd person | рӯпитэ̄гын | рӯпитэгы̄н | рӯпитэгы̄н | |
| 3rd person | рӯпиты | рӯпитэ̄г | рӯпитэ̄гыт |
Verb stems that end in a vowel, have -г as verbal marker. Verb stems that end with the vowel у have -в as verbal marker.[8]
3rd person dual has no personal ending. If the verbal stem ends in a vowel, the tense suffix becomes -ыг.
1st person plural personal ending is -в if the verbal stems ends in a consonant; the personal ending becomes -ув if the verbal stem ends in a vowel.
The past tense suffix if the verb stem is monosylabalic is -ыс- and if the verb is polysyllabic it is -ас-:
| Сяр ма̄ньлат каснэ хум Евгений Глызин о̄лыс. | The youngest participant in the competition was Jevgeni Glizin. | |
| Ёська мо̄лхо̄тал урт рӯпитас. | Joseph worked at the mountain yesterday. |
| 1st person | рӯпитасум | рӯпитасаме̄н | рӯпитасув | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd person | рӯпитасын | рӯпитасы̄н | рӯпитасы̄н | |
| 3rd person | рӯпитас | рӯпитасы̄г | рӯпита̄сыт |
The 1st person plural personal suffix turns into -ув.
To represent the Future, the verb патуӈкве (not dissimilar to Hungarians use of the verb fogni) is used as an auxiliary verb conjugated in the Present Indicative:
| Тав кӯтювытыл рӯпитаӈкве паты. | He will work with (female) dogs. |
Verbs can conjugate two ways to show agreement with the sentence's object.
In Indefinite verb conjugations, no object is present. Any suffix does not represent it.
In Definite verb conjugations there are three ways the verb can represent the direct object's number.
| 1st person | рӯпитылум | рӯпитыламēн | рӯпитылув | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd person | рӯпитылын | рӯпитылы̄н | рӯпитылы̄н | |
| 3rd person | рӯпитытэ | рӯпитытэ̄н | рӯпитыяныл |
| 1st person | рӯпитыягум | рӯпитыягмēн | рӯпитыягув | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd person | рӯпитыягын | рӯпитыягы̄н | рӯпитыягы̄н | |
| 3rd person | рӯпитыяге | рӯпитыягēн | рӯпитыяга̄ныл |
| 1st person | рӯпитыянум | рӯпитыянмēн | рӯпитыянув | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd person | рӯпитыянын or рӯпитыян | рӯпитыяны̄н or рӯпитыян | рӯпитыяны̄н or рӯпитыян | |
| 3rd person | рӯпитыянэ | рӯпитыянанэ̄н or рӯпитыянэ̄н | рӯпитыяна̄ныл or рӯпитыя̄ныл |
There are four moods: indicative, mirative, optative, imperative and conditional.
Indicative mood has no suffix. Imperative mood exists only in the second person. Optative and Imperative don't have tenses.
Is a mood presented in the present indefinite by the -не suffix and by the -но in definite.
In the past tense it is represented by the -ам suffix, both in indefinite and definite.
The mood is represented by the -нӯв and -нув suffixes, determined by the vowel in the next suffix.
It exists only in the second person, and in indefinite conjugation, it doesn't show any personal markers, and it is represented by the -эн and -э̄н suffixes.
Verbs have active and passive voice. Active voice has no suffix; the suffix to express the passive is -ве-.
Verbal prefixes are used to modify the meaning of the verb in both concrete and abstract ways.
э̄л – 'away'
| лаквуӈкве 'to move' | э̄л-лаквуӈкве 'to move away' |
юв – 'back'
| минуӈкве 'to go' | юв-минуӈкве 'to go back' |
хот – 'direction away from something and other nuances of action intensity'
| та̄ртаӈкве 'to let, to allow' | хот-та̄ртаӈкве 'to let go' | |
| патуӈкве 'to fall' | хот-патуӈкве 'to fall away' |
The vocabulary of the Mansi languages is distinguished by a fairly large number of forms for denoting concepts related to hunting, reindeer husbandry, fishing (the main traditional occupations of the Mansi). For example, there are about seven words are used to define different types of swamps. At the same time, the language almost lacks its socio-political vocabulary. To denote such concepts that appeared in the life of Mansi in the 20th century; compounding, derivation (rarely affixation), and or borrowings were used. For example, "hospital" can be described by a borrowing пӯльница and derivation пусмалтан кол literally "medicinal/curative house".
Words from extinct dialects could also be revitalized in the literary language
Northern Mansi differentiates between relatives based on from which side of the family they came from and also their relative age, for example:[9]
| maternal | paternal | ||
| grandmother | ане̄ква | сясе̄ква | |
| grandfather | асёйка | о̄па |
| maternal younger | maternal older | paternal younger | paternal older | unspecified age | ||
| uncle | - | - | аки | каӈк | сасыг (maternal) | |
| aunt | ный | акв | ӯвси | акв | - |
Siblings are similarly differentiated to Hungarian and other Uralic languages:
| younger | elder | unspecified | ||
| sister | э̄сь | ӯвси | яга̄ги | |
| brother | а̄пси/кась | каӈк | ягпыг |
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Northern Mansi:
Mā ânytyl ōlnè mir pussyn akvholʹt samyn patè̄gyt, akvtēm vos ōlè̄gyt, akvtēm në̄tmil vos kinsè̄gyt. Tān puňk ōnʹsēgyt, nomsuňkve vērmēgyt, è̄syrma ōnʹsʹè̄gyt, halanylt âgpygyňysʹ-âgāgiňysʹ vos ōlè̄gyt. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Northern Mansi:
Sossaň miryt, akv hōtpa manos sāv hōtpa pussyn akvʺët, sakkonyt siryl tè̄lanyl tānti vāruňkve vērmiânyl, tānanyl vuântan sakkonyt Mā ânytyl ōlnè miryt Akvan-potyrtahtam Mirkolanyl Ustav nè̄pakt, Mā ânytyl ōlnè mir māgys hansym māk potryt os mirhal sakkonyt palt hansym ōlè̄gyt.
Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in English:
Indigenous peoples have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law.
| Northern Sosva Mansi | Hungarian | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | аква (akʷa) | egy | |
| 2 | китыг (kitɪɣ) | kettő | |
| 3 | хурум (xuːrɞ̯m) | három | |
| 4 | нила (nʲila) | négy | |
| 5 | ат (at) | öt | |
| 6 | хот (xoːt) | hat | |
| 7 | са̄т / ма̄нь са̄т (saːt / maːnʲ saːt) | hét | |
| 8 | нёлолов (nʲololow) | nyolc | |
| 9 | онтолов (ontolow) | kilenc | |
| 10 | лов (low) | tíz | |
| 20 | хус (xus) | húsz | |
| 100 | са̄т / яныг са̄т (saːt / janiɣ saːt) | száz | |
| 1000 | со̄тыр (soːtər) | ezer |
Numbers 1 and 2 also have attributive forms: акв (1) and кит (2); compare with Hungarian két, Old Hungarian kit).
The ма̄нь and яныг before 7 and 100 are there to differentiate between the two if both are in the same number or sentence; meaning small and big respectively.
The Mansi numbering system is different in this range than after twenty.
Here, you form a number with the word хуйп (above, more than);
| Northern Sosva Mansi | Hungarian | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | аквхуйплов (akʷxujploβ) | tizenegy | |
| 15 | атхуйплов (atxujploβ) | tizenöt | |
| 19 | онтоловхуйплов (ontoloβxujploβ) | tizenkilenc |
Numbering in this range uses the word нупыл (towards);
| Northern Sosva Mansi | Hungarian | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | ва̄т нупыл аква (βaːt nupəl akʷa) | huszonegy | |
| 31 | налыман нупыл аква (naliman nupəl akʷa) | harmincegy | |
| 41 | атпан нупыл аква (atpan nupəl akʷa) | negyvenegy | |
| 51 | хо̄тпан нупыл аква (xoːtpan nupəl akʷa) | ötvenegy | |
| 61 | са̄тлов нупыл аква (saːtloβ nupəl akʷa) | hatvanegy | |
| 71 | нёлса̄т нупыл аква (nʲolsaːt nupəl akʷa) | hetvenegy | |
| 81 | онтырса̄т нупыл аква (ontərsaːt nupəl akʷa) | nyolcvanegy | |
| 91 | са̄т нупыл аква (saːt nupəl akʷa) | kilencvenegy |
You just add the number after the biggest number;
| Northern Sosva Mansi | Hungarian | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 101 | са̄т аква (saːt akʷa) | százegy | |
| 111 | са̄т аквхуйплов (saːt akʷxujploβ) | száztizenegy | |
| 121 | са̄т ва̄т нупыл аква (saːt βaːt nupəl akʷa) | százhuszonegy | |
| 201 | китса̄т аква (xoːtpan akʷa) | kétszázegy | |
| 301 | хурумса̄т аква (xuːrɞ̯msaːt akʷa) | háromszázegy |
| Паща о̄лэн/Пася о̄лэн | Hello (to one person) | |
| Паща о̄лэ̄н/Пася о̄лэ̄н | Hello (to multiple people) | |
| Наӈ наме1 ма̄ныр?/Наӈ намын2 ма̄ныр? | What is your name? | |
| Ам намум ___. | My name is ____. | |
| Пӯмасипа!/Пӯмащипа | Thank you | |
| О̄с ёмас ӯлум | Goodbye | |
| Ёмас ӯлум | Good night (Good dream) | |
| нэ̄ | woman | |
| хум | man, person | |
| ня̄врам | child | |
| юрт, рума | friend | |
| а̄щ/а̄сь | father | |
| ща̄нь/ся̄нь | mother | |
| пы̄г | boy | |
| а̄ги | girl | |
| кол | house | |
| ӯс | city | |
| ма̄ | land | |
| ха̄ль | birch tree | |
| я̄ | river | |
| во̄р | forest | |
| тӯр | lake | |
| нэ̄пак | book | |
| пасан | table | |
| а̄мп, кӯтюв | dog | |
| кати | cat | |
| ӯй | animal | |
| во̄рто̄лнут | bear | |
| хӯл | fish |
Since 1989 "Northern dawn" newspaper has been the only and most prominent Mansi media. As of 2024 "Listen to articles", most articles on the site of the newsagency, have their authors read the articles out loud, so people can not just read the news in their native language but listen to it as well. This initiative was taken as the UN declared 2022-2032 as the International Decade of Indigenous Languages.
"Scholars and linguists believe that the Khanty and Mansi languages are dying; we, in turn, are making attempts to preserve and promote our native languages. Thus, to learn languages, it will be convenient and interesting to listen to the live speech of native speakers" said Галина Кондина (Galina Kondina) the head editor of the newsagency.[12]
The Gospel of Mark in Northern Mansi is available online on Finugorbib site, audio recordings can also be found