Nicolson–Ross–Weir method explained

Nicolson–Ross–Weir method is a measurement technique for determination of complex permittivities and permeabilities of material samples for microwave frequencies. The method is based on insertion of a material sample with a known thickness inside a waveguide, such as a coaxial cable or a rectangular waveguide, after which the dispersion data is extracted from the resulting scattering parameters. The method is named after A. M. Nicolson and G. F. Ross, and W. B. Weir, who developed the approach in 1970 and 1974, respectively.

The technique is one of the most common procedures for material characterization in microwave engineering.

Method

The method uses scattering parameters of a material sample embedded in a waveguide, namely

S₁₁

and

S₂₁

, to calculate permittivity and permeability data.

S₁₁

and

S₂₁

correspond to the cumulative reflection and transmission coefficient of the sample that are referenced to the each sample end, respectively: these parameters account for the multiple internal reflections inside the sample, which is considered to have a thickness of

. The reflection coefficient of the bulk sample is:

\Gamma=X\pm\sqrt{X^2-1}

where

	2)
1-(S
	11

2S₁₁

The sign of the root for the reflection coefficient is chosen appropriately to ensure its passivity (

|\Gamma|\leq1

). Similarly, the transmission coefficient of the bulk sample can be written as:

T=	S₁₁+S₂₁-\Gamma
	1-(S₁₁+S₂₁)\Gamma

Thus, the effective permeability (

\mu^*

) and permittivity (

\varepsilon^*

) of the material can be written as:

*=	λ_0g
	Λ

\mu

\left(

	1+\Gamma
	1-\Gamma

\right)

\left(

	1
	Λ²

	2
λ
	c

\right)

\mu^*

\varepsilon

where

	1
	Λ²

=-\left[

	1	ln
	2\pid

	1
	T

\right]²

and

λ₀

is the free-space wavelength.

λ_0g

is the guided mode wavelength of the unfilled transmission line.

λ_c

is the cutoff wavelength of the unfilled transmission line

The constitutive relation for

admits an infinite number of solutions due to the branches of the complex logarithm. The ambiguity regarding its result can be resolved by taking the group delay into account.

Limitations and extensions

In the case of low material loss, the Nicolson–Ross–Weir method is known to be unstable for sample thicknesses at integer multiples of one half wavelength due to resonance phenomenon. Improvements over the standard algorithm have been presented in engineering literature to alleviate this effect. Furthermore, complete filling of a waveguide with sample material may pose a particular challenge: presence of gaps during the filling of the waveguide section would excite higher-order modes, which may yield errors in scattering parameter results. In such cases, more advanced methods based on the rigorous modal analysis of partially-filled waveguides or optimization methods can be used. A modification of the method for single-port measurements was also reported.

In addition to homogenous materials, the extension of the method was developed to obtain constitutive parameters of isotropic and bianisotropic metamaterials.

Nicolson–Ross–Weir method explained

Method

Limitations and extensions

See also

Further reading