Naxalite–Maoist insurgency explained

Conflict:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
Date: – present
Place:India
Status:Ongoing as a low level insurgency
  • India successfully manages to reduce insurgent activity[1]
Combatant1: India[2]

----Militias: (until 2011)[3]

Combatant2: Naxalites:
Commander1: Droupadi Murmu
(President)
Narendra Modi
(Prime Minister)
Amit Shah
(Minister of Home Affairs)
Rajeev Rai Bhatnagar
(Director General)
Pranay Sahay
(Former Director General)[14] ----Mahendra Karma
(Leader of Salwa Judum)
Brahmeshwar Singh
(Leader of Ranvir Sena)
Commander2: Charu Majumdar
Jangal Santhal
Kanu Sanyal
Sabyasachi Panda
Lakshmana Rao
Keshava Rao
Cherukuri Rajkumar
Katakam Sudarsan
Kondapalli Seetharamaiah
Satyanarayana Reddy
Koteswara Rao
Prashant Bose
Ashutosh Tudu
Naveen Babu
Narmada Akka
Deo Kumar Singh
Milind Teltumbde
Jagdish Mahto
Ravindra Kuswaha
Mahendar Singh
Shankar Rao
Vinod Gowda
Strength1: CRPF: 313,634State Armed Forces :1,289,900
Strength2:10,000–20,000 members (2009–2010 estimate)[15] [16]
6,500–9,500 insurgents (2013 estimate)[17]
Casualties1:2000–2024:
2,688 killed[18]
Casualties2:2000–2024:
4,515 killed
16,901 Surrendered
16,394 Arrested[19]
Casualties3:1996–2018: 12,877–14,369 killed overall[20] [21]
2000–2024: 4,032 civilians killed[22]

The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is part of an ongoing conflict between far-left extremist groups and the Indian government. The Naxalites are a group of communist supportive groups, who often follow Maoist political sentiment and ideology.

The insurgency started after the 1967 Naxalbari uprising and the subsequent split of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) leading to the creation of a Marxist–Leninist faction. The faction splintered into various groups supportive of Maoist ideology, claiming to fight a rural rebellion and people's war against the government.

The armed wing of the Maoists is called the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army, mostly equipped with small arms. They have conducted multiple attacks on the security forces and government workers, which have resulted in the deaths of more than 4000 civilians and 2500 security force personnel since the 2000s. The influence zone of the Naxalites is called the red corridor, which consists of about 25 districts in Central and East India in 2021.

The insurgency reached its peak in the late 2000s with almost 180 affected districts and has been on the decline since then due to the counter-insurgency actions and development plans formulated by the Indian government. Naxalite organisations and groups have been declared as terrorist organisations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967).[23] [24]

History

See also: Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency.

Formation and early years (late 1960s to 1970s)

See also: Naxalbari uprising.

In 1967, a faction of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal called the "Siliguri group" wanted a protracted people's war in India similar to the Chinese Communist Revolution and Majumdar wrote the Historic Eight Documents which became the foundation of the Naxalite movement.[25] [26] The party was part of a coalition government in West Bengal. Majumdar believed that the party would support his doctrine with other leaders like land minister Hare Krishna Konar who had been supporting his rhetoric suggesting that "the militant confiscation of land was integral to the party's programme."[27] [28] However, the party did not approve of the armed uprising, which led to internal conflict with the sympathizers of the group.[29]

In March 1967, a few peasant workers seized a plot of land from its jotedar. In May 1967, the Siliguri Kishan Sabha, of which Santhal was the president, declared their support for the movement initiated by Sanyal and their readiness to adopt an armed struggle to redistribute land to the landless.[30] The group advocated initiation of armed struggle and in Naxalbari in West Bengal, the peasants fought when a sharecropper of tribal background, who had been given land by the courts under the tenancy laws, was attacked by the previous landlord's men. When the police arrived, they were ambushed by a group led by Santhal, and in the ensuing fight, 11 people including a police inspector were killed.[31] [32] [33] In November 1967, a group led by Sushital Ray Chowdhury organised the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR).[34]

The uprising led to the formation of Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI-ML) in April 1969, which was announced by Sanyal at a mass meeting in Calcutta.[35] It inspired similar movements in states like Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.[36] In 1971, Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership and split the CPI-ML into two, forming a separate provisional committee.[37] The Naxalites gained presence among the radical sections of the student groups in Calcutta.[38] Students left school to join the Naxalites and Majumdar declared that the revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but now everywhere and spontaneously. He also declared an "annihilation line" and issued a dictum to assassinate individual "class enemies" such as landlords, businessmen, teachers, police officers, politicians and others.[39] [40]

In response, the Government of West Bengal instituted countermeasures against the Naxalites. The insurgents clashed with the West Bengal Police and CPI-M cadres. With the public rejection of Majumdar's calls for extrajudicial killings, Naxalites alleged human rights violations by the state government, which responded that "the state was effectively fighting a civil war and that democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did not fight within the norms of democracy and civility".[33] With the support of the central government, Operation Steeplechase was launched with the aid of the paramilitary forces of the Indian Armed Forces, which resulted in the killing and imprisoning of suspected Naxalites and their cadres, including senior leaders.[41] [42] In July 1972, Majumdar was arrested by the West Bengal Police and he later died in police custody.[43] [44] After his death, the CPI-ML split into further factions such as the Mahadev Mukherjee faction and the CPI-ML Liberation in 1972.[45] By 1973, the main leaders of the Naxalites were either eliminated or arrested.[46] [47] As a result of both external repression and a failure to maintain internal unity, the movement degenerated into extreme sectarianism and the original party fractured into more than 40 separate small groups.[48]

Further growth and government action (1980s to late 1990s)

The late 1970s saw the spread of Naxalism to other states of India.[49] Though the first wave of insurgent violence ended badly, it did not eliminate the movement altogether. The insurgency arose in South India in the early 1980s and on 22 April 1980, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War, commonly called as People's War Group (PWG) was founded by Kondapalli Seetharamaiah.[50] He sought a more efficient structure in attacks and followed the principles of Majumdar. The insurgents kidnapped landlords and forced them to confess to crimes, apologize to villagers, and repay forced bribes. By the early 1980s, the insurgents had established a stronghold and sanctuary along the Andhra Pradesh - Orissa border.[51]

In 1985, the Naxalites began ambushing police forces and killed N.Yadagiri Reddy, a sub-inspector of police in Warangal district of Andhra Pradesh. In response, a special task force called the Greyhounds was formed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.[52] The governments of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa quelled down the rebels with a variety of counterinsurgency measures. The states established special laws that enabled police to capture and detain Naxalite cadres, fighters and presumed supporters.[53] They invited additional central paramilitary forces, set up organisations to attract youth away from the Naxalites, started rehabilitation programs for those who surrendered.[54] In the 1990s, several incidents of mass murders happened in Bihar wherein Maoists killed members of the land-owning Bhumihar community, who then retaliated through militias.[55] [56] [57]

Peak of insurgency (2000s)

On 2 December 2000, the armed wing of the Maoists is called the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army was founded and are mostly equipped with small arms.[58] [59] [60] On 1 October 2003, the Naxalites attacked a convoy of then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Chandrababu Naidu en route to Tirumala, in which the Chief Minister was injured.[61] In response, the Andhra Pradesh government embarked on a rapid modernisation of its police force and up-gradation of its technical and operational capabilities to fight the insurgents and about 246 insurgents were killed during the year.[62] In September 2004, the CPI-Maoist was founded through the merger of the People's War Group, and the Maoist Communist Centre of India.[63] In January 2005, peace talks between the Andhra Pradesh government and the Maoists broke down after the government did not agree to the release of prisoners and redistribution of land.[64] In August 2005, the government of Andhra Pradesh outlawed the CPI-Maoist party and other affiliated organisations and arrested suspected members and sympathizers of the group.[65] [66]

The Maoists orchestrated several attacks on government facilities across various states. They freed prisoners after attacks on prisons and stole weapons from government facilities.[67] [68] [69] They also attacked anti-Maoist protesters, took hostages and killed those who opposed them.[70] [71] [72] Police men and security forces were targeted in ambushes using automatic weapons and improvised explosive devices.[73] In 2007, the Maoists killed Member of Parliament Sunil Mahato in Jharkhand and a local leader in Andhra Pradesh.[74] [75] They were also involved in local protests against the establishment of Special Economic Zones and killed tribal youths of counter militia organisations.[76] [77] In 2008, Naxal attacks increased in Orissa, which inflicted multiple casualties on the security forces.[78] [79] [80] [81] On average, 700 people were killed in the conflict every year from 2005 to 2008.

The conflict escalated with the next two years being the deadliest with more than 1000 casualties annually. The Indian government announced a nationwide initiative called the Integrated Action Plan for broad coordinated operations aimed at combatting and undermining support for the Naxalites in selected states. The plan included funding for grass-roots economic development projects in the affected areas and increased special police funding for containment and reduction of Naxalite influence.[82] [83]

Counter-action and decline (2010s–present)

See also: Operation Green Hunt.

The Indian government launched a massive military offensive, code named Operation Green Hunt and planned to deploy nearly 50,000 soldiers over two years, with the objectives of eliminating Naxal insurgents and bringing stability to the regions.[84] The Maoists targeted security personnel involved in the operations against them with major attacks such as the Silda camp attack, Dantewada ambush and 2010 Dantewada bus bombing.[85] [86] [87] They also killed civilians suspected of helping the government and those who were involved in building public infrastructure.[88] [89] [90] Naxalites carried out a series of attacks, including shootings and bombings across Indian states and the security forces retaliated in response.[91] [92] Naxalites were also suspected of attempted train derailments..[93] [94]

In early 2010s, Karnataka was removed from the list of Naxal-affected states.[95] The Government of Madhya Pradesh claimed that the Naxal insurgency has reduced in the state and attributed its success to the rural development schemes.[96] In July 2011, the central government announced that the number of Naxal-affected areas were reduced to 83 districts across nine states.[97] Senior Maoist leaders were killed by the security forces, and many were arrested.[98] [99] In early 2012, the Naxalites kidnapped foreign nationals and a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Odisha to force the government to release its cadres held as prisoners.[100] In May 2013, a Naxal attack in Chattisgarh resulted in the deaths of 24 Indian National Congress leaders including the former state minister Mahendra Karma and the Chhattisgarh Congress chief Nand Kumar Patel.[101]

In the later 2010s, while the Maoists continued to carry out planned attacks such as the 2014 Chhattisgarh attack, the 2017 Sukma attack and the 2018 Sukma attack, the security forces were able to retaliate in response.[102] [103] [104] [105] The security forces engaged in multiple gun battles which resulted in more than 1000 Maoists being killed in the late 2010s.[106] [107] In September 2018, the Naxalites killed Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Kidari Sarveswara Rao and former member Siveri Soma in Araku Valley.[108] The Kerala Police eliminated the presence of Maoists in Kerala in 2019.[109]

Sporadic attacks such as the 2021 Sukma–Bijapur attack and 2023 Dantewada bombing on security personnel and civilians continued into the 2020s.[110] [111] [112] [113] The anti-insurgency operations also intensified with higher success rate resulting in the death or capture of several insurgent leaders.[114] [115] [116] The Naxal influence reduced to about 70 districts in 2021 of which only 25 were most affected from a high of 180 districts in the late 2000s. Though there was a sporadic increase in Naxal activity in parts of Telangana, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh,[117] [118] [119] [120] the Maoist activity have relatively suppressed due to the increase in anti-terror operations conducted by the security forces in 2024. Operations like the 2024 Kanker clash and the 2024 Abujhmarh clashresulted in a great loss of personnel and material for the Maoists.[121] [122]

Geography

See main article: Red corridor. The influence zone of the Naxalites is called the red corridor consisting of about 25 most affected and 70 total affected districts in Central and East India in 2021.[123] The most affected districts accounted for 85% of the Left wing extremist incidents in India.[124] [125] The insurgency was its peak in the late 2000s with nearly 180 affected districts across an area of and has been on the decline since then.[126] In April 2018, 35 districts were classified as most affected amongst the 126 affected districts.[127] [128]

As of the early 2020s, the Naxal activity is largely concentrated in two clusters, the first in and round the forested remote hilly areas of Dandakaranya spread across Chhattisgarh and Odisha and the second in the border region of Jharkhand-Bihar-West Bengal.[129] [130] The affected districts include:[131] [132]

Naxal affected districts (2021)[133]
StateNo. of districts in the StateNo. of districts affectedDistricts affected
Jharkhand2416Bokaro, Chatra, Dhanbad, Dumka, East Singhbhum, Garhwa, Giridih, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Khunti, Latehar, Lohardaga, Palamu, Ranchi, Saraikela Kharsawan, West Singhbhum
Chhattisgarh2813Balrampur, Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Gariyaband, Kanker, Kondagaon,  Mahasamund, Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon, Sukma, Kabirdham
Bihar3810Aurangabad, Banka, Gaya, Jamui, Kaimur, Lakhisarai, Munger, Nawada, Rohtas,  West Champaran
Odisha3010Bargarh, Bolangir, Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabrangpur,  Nuapada, Rayagada, Sundargarh
Telangana336Adilabad, Bhadradri Kothagudem, Jayashankar Bhupalpally, Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Mancherial, Mulugu
135Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, West Godavari
Kerala143Malappuram, Palakkad, Wayanad
553Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori
Maharashtra362Gadchiroli, Gondia
West Bengal231Jhargram
Total36970

Government response

Infrastructure and development

Then Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh called the Naxalites the "single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country" and in June 2011, he said, "Development is the master remedy to win over people", adding that the government was "strengthening the development work in the 60 Maoist-affected districts.[134] In 2010, Home secretary Gopal Krishna Pillai acknowledged that there were legitimate grievances regarding the local people's access to the forest land and produce and the distribution of benefits from mining and hydropower developments. However, he claimed that the Naxalites' long-term goal was to establish an Indian communist state and the government wanted to tackle the Naxalites head-on to take back the lost areas.[135]

The Indian government launched three schemes - Special Central Assistance (SCA), Security Related Expenditure (SRE), and Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS) for the economic development of the Naxal-affected areas. As of July 2021, had been sanctioned for more than 10,000 projects, of which 85% were complete. About of the funds were earmarked for the most affected districts. Under these SCA and SIS schemes, construction of about roads and 234 Eklavya Model Residential Schools were planned. The plan also included the establishment of 5000 mobile telephone towers and 3114 post offices. As a means of financial inclusion of people, 1077 ATMs and 1236 bank branches were operationalised.[136]

Security

In 2018, the central government sought to stem insurgency by earmarking development funds for revolt-hit areas and improving policing. The government planned a scheme for the modernisation of central and state police forces in the next three years.[137] Under the SRE scheme, 400 fortified police stations were established at the cost of . In addition, funds were utilised to hire helicopters, media services, and for other public relations and community activities.[138] Women self-help groups and industries were established by various state governments. Government of Madhya Pradesh aided 23,113 women self-help groups covering 274,000 families in the affected districts and established 18 industries that would employ 4000 people. Additionally, loans to tribals were waived, and land right ownership documents were granted.[139]

Militia and vigilante groups

Since late 1990, several armed anti-insurgency vigilante groups have been backed by the government to fight against the Maoists. In Chhattisgarh, Salwa Judum was formed as an anti-insurgency vigilante group aimed at countering the violence in the region in 2005. The militia consisted of local tribal youth, who received support and training from the Government of Chhattisgarh.[140] Various other paramilitary vigilante groups had emerged in other states such Andhra Pradesh. These groups were accused of extra-judicial murders of civil liberties activists.[141] [142]

The Chattisgarh government came under criticism from pro-Maoist activist groups for the same.[143] [144] The groups were claimed to have involved in violence against women, employment of child soldiers, and looting and destruction of property.[145] [146] [147] [148] According to the Institute of Peace and Conflict studies, while Naxal groups recruited children in different capacities and exposed them, the same accusation was levelled at Salwa Judum and the special police officers assisting the government security forces.[149] The allegations were rejected by a fact-finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India in 2008. The commission, which had been appointed by the Supreme Court of India, determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribals against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.[150]

On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court declared these militia groups to be illegal and unconstitutional and ordered its disbandment. The court directed the government to recover all the firearms, ammunition and accessories given to the groups. The court criticised the use of these groups, which had complaints of human rights violations and employment of poorly trained youth against them. The court also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities of the groups.[151]

Casualties

The Naxalites have conducted multiple attacks on the security forces, government workers and civilians, with casualties on both sides.[152] To enforce their control over the population, the Maoists have often convened kangaroo courts to mete out summary justice, death, beatings, or exile.[153] As per the South Asia Terrorism portal, the conflict has resulted in the deaths of more than 11500 people including 4000 civilians, 2500 security force personnel and 4500 Naxalites since the 2000s.[154] As per the BBC, more than 6,000 people were killed in the 20 years between 1990 and 2010.[155] [156] Al Jazeera estimated the total death toll as 10,000 between 1980 and 2011.[157]

Year!rowspan="2"
IncidentsDeaths
CiviliansSecurity ForcesMaoistsNot SpecifiedTotal
1996156
199720244102348
199811842110270
199950296261859
200045298254804
200119913011616944459
200218212311516330431
200331919311424630583
200412789828722280
200534325914728224712
200624824912834314734
200727421823419525672
200824618421522819646
2009407368319314121013
2010481630267265181180
20113022591372100606
2012235156961251378
20131861641031510418
2014185127981214350
201517190561100256
2016263122622500434
2017200107761520335
2018218108732310412
201917699491540302
202013861441340239
202112458511280237
20221075315660134
20231136131570149
202413059232550337
Total5490+5241+2931+5163+243+13734+

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Why has Maoist violence subsided in India?. DW-TV. 1 May 2023. 1 June 2024. 4 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183752/https://amp.dw.com/en/why-has-maoist-violence-subsided-in-india/a-64292819. live.
  2. Web site: Maoist Communist Centre – Left Wing Extremism, India. https://web.archive.org/web/20120212092516/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm. 12 February 2012. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 21 May 2014.
  3. News: Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court. J. Venkatesan. The Hindu. 16 August 2022. 29 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192532/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2161246.ece. live.
  4. Book: Namrata Goswami. Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The use of force vs non-violent response. 27 November 2014. Routledge. 978-1-134-51431-1. 126–.
  5. News: A new twist to Ranvir Sena killings. 25 December 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180430020150/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/20/stories/14202251.htm. 30 April 2018. The Hindu. 20 June 2000.
  6. Book: Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables". 24 December 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171225091925/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA53&dq=ranvir+sena+naxalites&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXkam73aPYAhVsK8AKHZrHBIIQ6AEIJDAA. 25 December 2017. 978-1-564-32228-9. Narula. Smita. 1999. Human Rights Watch Organization. 53.
  7. News: Maoist gunned down in Jharkhand encounter, Jaguar official injured. The New Indian Express. 11 September 2021. 1 June 2024. 13 September 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240913114221/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2021/sep/28/maoist-gunned-down-in-jharkhand-encounter-jaguar-official-injured-2364930.html. live.
  8. News: 3 People's Liberation Front of India members held for demanding levy from CMPDI officials. The Deccan Herald. 2 September 2020. 1 June 2024.
  9. Web site: Incidents and Statements involving RCC. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 June 2024. 11 July 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240711072028/https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-maoistinsurgency/revolutionary-communist-centre-rcc_Jan-2019. live.
  10. Web site: Maoist Insurgency: Incidents and Statements involving Odisha Maobadi Party (OMP): 2015. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 June 2024. 7 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240807051640/https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-maoistinsurgency/odisha-maobadi-party-omp_Jan-2015. live.
  11. Web site: Incidents involving CPUSI. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 June 2024.
  12. News: Can a Governor withhold assent without reasons?. Frontline. V. Venkatesan. 22 April 2010. 21 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20181013000000/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LD22Ae01.html. 13 October 2018.
  13. Web site: Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA). South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 June 2024.
  14. News: Anti-Naxal operations will be intensified: CRPF chief Pranay Sahay. 31 March 2013. 11 January 2013. The Economic Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523233831/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/news/36280119_1_anti-naxal-operations-naxal-ambush-crpf-chief-pranay-sahay. 23 May 2013. dead.
  15. News: Maoists in India Blow Up Pipelines, Putting $78 Billion at Risk. https://web.archive.org/web/20100802095511/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-29/maoists-in-india-blow-up-pipelines-as-78-billion-in-resources-threatened.html. dead. 2 August 2010. Bloomberg. Mehul. Srivastava. 29 July 2010. 1 July 2011.
  16. News: Indian police battle Naxalites. Al Jazeera. 26 October 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20091217115727/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/09/20099191105479635.html. 17 December 2009.
  17. News: India faces internal challenge from Maoist-Naxalites. The Financial Express. 26 October 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150603160508/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/index.php?ref=MjBfMDlfMTZfMTNfMV85Ml8xODM1NDA. 3 June 2015.
  18. News: Yearly Fatalities. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 June 2024. 22 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220922072536/https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-maoistinsurgency. live.
  19. Web site: Yearly Fatalities. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 June 2024. 22 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220922072536/https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-maoistinsurgency. live.
  20. See table below.
  21. Web site: Armed Conflicts Report – India-Andhra Pradesh. Ploughshares. 17 March 2009. live. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090318012208/http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/02/25/India_Maoist.pdf. 18 March 2009.
  22. Web site: Yearly Fatalities. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 June 2024. 22 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220922072536/https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-maoistinsurgency. live.
  23. Web site: Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 April 2015. 26 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210426151124/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm. live.
  24. Web site: People's War Group – Extremism, India. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 1 April 2015. 25 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125074700/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm. live.
  25. Web site: The Naxalbari Uprising. https://web.archive.org/web/20101031003912/http://www.bannedthought.net/India/PeoplesMarch/PM1999-2006/publications/30%20years/part1.htm. 31 October 2010. 2 May 2018. Banned Thought.
  26. Web site: Naxalite Ideology: Charu's Eight Documents. The Hindustan Times. 2 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221162344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naxalite-ideology-charu-s-eight-documents/story-hiCWDlzyc5yNRgYkBMX1qL.html. 2016-12-21.
  27. Web site: Roy. Siddharthya. Half a Century of India's Maoist Insurgency. 12 November 2019. The Diplomat. 3 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191003220504/https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/half-a-century-of-indias-maoist-insurgency/. live.
  28. Book: Atul Kohli. From breakdown to order: West Bengal. 1998. Oxford University Press. 0-19-564765-3. Atul Kohli. 348.
  29. Web site: 22 February 2018. History of Naxalism. The Hindustan Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20180222151700/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html. 22 February 2018. dead. 8 December 2019.
  30. Book: Sen, Sunil Kumar. Peasant movements in India: mid-nineteenth and twentieth centuries. K.P. Bagchi. 1982.
  31. Web site: Naxalbari: How a peasant uprising triggered a pan-India political movement. 25 May 2018. 1 June 2024. The Indian Express.
  32. Web site: 50 years of Naxalite movement: What happened at Naxalbari on May 25, 1967?. 7 May 2021. Dailyo. 27 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210527072445/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/naxalite-naxalbari-may-25-1967-charu-mazumdar-kanu-sanyal/story/1/17404.html. live.
  33. Web site: Diwanji. A. K.. 2 October 2003. Primer: Who are the Naxalites?. 15 May 2007. Rediff.com. 4 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090504151532/http://us.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/02spec.htm. live.
  34. Book: Mukherjee, Arun. Maoist "spring thunder": the Naxalite movement 1967–1972. 2007. K.P. Bagchi. 978-8-17074-303-3. 295.
  35. News: Rao. Shamanth. 10 March 2011. The remains of Naxalbari. 27 May 2021. Live Mint.
  36. News: 26 June 2015. From Naxalbari to Nalgonda. https://archive.today/20150626152543/http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500470400.htm. dead. 26 June 2015. 30 July 2021. The Hindu.
  37. Book: Mohanty, Manoranjan. Revolutionary Violence. A Study of the Maoist Movement in India. Sterling Publishers. 1977. 120.
  38. Book: Judith Vidal-Hall. Naxalites. 73–75. Index on Censorship. 35. 2006.
  39. News: Sen, Antara Dev . 25 March 2010. A true leader of the unwashed masses. Daily News and Analysis. https://web.archive.org/web/20140107190230/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-a-true-leader-of-the-unwashed-masses-1363010. 7 January 2014. live.
  40. Dasgupta, Biplab. 1973. Naxalite Armed Struggles and the Annihilation Campaign in Rural Areas. Economic and Political Weekly. 1973. 173–188 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111127164644/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/b1bc9409c64d85a06525698d0025dc3c/5813146ae3eeee2e652572870041e297/$FILE/A0260027.pdf. 27 November 2011. dead.
  41. Book: Lawoti. Mahendra. The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century. Pahari. Anup Kumar. Routledge. 2009. 978-1-135-26168-9. London. 208. Part V: Military and state dimension. https://books.google.com/books?id=KtGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208.
  42. Book: Pandita, Rahul. Hello, Bastar : The Untold Story of India's Maoist Movement. Westland. 2011. 978-9-38065-834-6. 23–24. 754482226.
  43. Web site: The last of the three. The Indian Express. 25 March 2010. 1 June 2024. subscription. 6 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241006095256/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-last-of-the-three/. live.
  44. Web site: 9 May 2003. Charu Majumdar -- The Father of Naxalism. 12 January 2022. The Hindustan Times. 24 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220124180520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/charu-majumdar-the-father-of-naxalism/story-xMbqnzd7MJp8nm4NamCxqJ.html. live.
  45. Web site: History of Naxalism. The Hindustan Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20160814222816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html. dead. 14 August 2016.
  46. Book: K.P. Singh. The Trajectory of the Movement in The Naxal Challenge: Causes, Linkages and Policy Options. Dorling Kindersley. 2008. 10–11.
  47. Book: Anup K. Pahari. Unequal Rebellions: The Continuum of 'People's War' in Nepal and India. Routledge. 2010. 208–210.
  48. Book: P.V. Ramana. India's Maoist Insurgency: Evolution, Current Trends, and Responses. Michael Kugelman. Woodrow Wilson International Center. 2011. 138–141.
  49. News: 22 August 1970. Naxalite violence continues in Calcutta. 10 April 2017. The Indian Express. 7.
  50. India's Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S.-India Security Cooperation on Domestic Counterinsurgency by Thomas F. Lynch III. Institute for National Strategic Studies.
  51. Book: Singh, Prakash. The Naxalite Movement in India. Rupa & Co.. 1999. 101.
  52. News: Bhattacharjee. Sumit. 22 March 2017. Greyhounds among the best anti-insurgency forces: Experts. The Hindu. 30 July 2021. 0971-751X. 30 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210730113544/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/greyhounds-among-the-best-anti-insurgency-forces-experts/article17568627.ece. live.
  53. Book: Conflict Resolution: Learning Lessons from Dialogue Processes in India. The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. 2011. 10–11.
  54. Web site: Sahoo. Niranjan. 26 June 2019. From Bihar to Andhra, how India fought, and won, its 50-yr war with Left-wing extremism. 30 July 2021. The Print. 11 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210411063615/https://theprint.in/opinion/from-bihar-to-andhra-how-india-fought-and-won-its-50-yr-war-with-left-wing-extremism/254462/. live.
  55. 5 June 2015. The Bara Killings. Economic and Political Weekly. 27. –1. 7–8. 27 May 2021. 27 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210527075358/https://www.epw.in/journal/1992/15-16/letters/bara-killings.html. live.
  56. News: Gaikwad. Rahi. 9 October 2013. Patna High Court acquits all 26 in Dalit massacre case. The Hindu. 2021-05-27. 0971-751X.
  57. News: Tewary. Amarnath. 16 November 2016. 10 get death penalty for Senari massacre. The Hindu. 27 May 2021. 0971-751X.
  58. News: CPI (Maoist) marks PLGA anniversary with mass contact programmes. https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/india/35868361_1_mass-contact-programmes-people-s-liberation-guerrilla-army-plga. dead . 16 October 2013. 17 December 2012. The Times of India. 31 August 2013.
  59. Web site: Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Conflict Encyclopedia, India: government, Government of India – CPI-Maoist, Actor Information, CPI-Maoists. 29 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130203162633/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia . 3 February 2013.
  60. Web site: Who are the Naxalites?. . 13 July 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090504151532/http://us.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/02spec.htm . 4 May 2009.
  61. News: 1 October 2003. Indian politician survives attack. BBC News. 30 July 2021. 30 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210730113540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3155208.stm. live.
  62. Naxal Insurgency in India. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 56. 5 October 2024. 2 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230502011027/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/RS.pdf. live.
  63. News: CPI (Maoist) commander Hidma promoted to Central Committee. The Hindu. 10 September 2017. 27 April 2019. Dahat. Pavan. 7 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220207060343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cpi-maoist-commander-hidma-promoted-to-central-committee/article19653439.ece. live.
  64. Web site: Uppsala Conflict Data Program. India: government, Government of India - CPI-Maoist, Formation of CPI-Maoist and continued conflict. 29 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130203162633/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia. 3 February 2013.
  65. News: 16 August 2010. Ban on CPI (Maoist) Continues In Andhra Pradesh. 27 May 2021. Outlook (Indian magazine). 27 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210527085530/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/ban-on-cpi-maoist-continues-in-andhra-pradesh/690550. live.
  66. News: Jafri. Syed. 17 August 2005. AP govt re-imposes ban on Maoists. 27 May 2021. Rediff.com. 25 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230925041532/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/17ap1.htm. live.
  67. News: 16 February 2008. Naxalite attack claims 13 lives in Orrisa. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121006122723/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/naxalite-attack-claims-13-lives-in-orrisa_10017995.html. 6 October 2012. 27 May 2021. Thaindian.
  68. News: 14 November 2005. Operation jailbreak: Naxals run amok in Bihar, 341 inmates flee. 27 May 2021. The Times of India.
  69. News: Ramana. P. V.. Jehanabad raid: A higher stage of Maoists' militarisation. 27 May 2021. ORF.
  70. News: Naxalites lay siege to Jehanabad 25 killed in Maoist attack. The Hindu. 14 November 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20051126221442/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/14/stories/2005111418820100.htm . 1 June 2024. 26 November 2005.
  71. News: 25 killed in Maoist attack. The Hindu. 1 March 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060822183535/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030116431600.htm . 1 June 2007. 22 August 2006 .
  72. News: 29 killed, 80 injured in Chhattisgarh naxal attack. 20 December 2015. Outlook. 17 July 2006.
  73. News: Maoists kill 14 Indian police. BBC News. 2 December 2006. 1 June 2012. 30 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090930092855/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6201792.stm. live.
  74. News: 4 March 2015. Tributes paid to slain JMM leader Sunil Mahato. The Avenue Mail. 20 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150703122535/http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/tributes-paid-to-slain-jmm-leader-sunil-mahato/72022/. 3 July 2015.
  75. News: India Human Rights Report 2008. Asian Centre for Human Rights. 20 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151222075828/http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/AR08/andhra.htm. 22 December 2015.
  76. News: Naxalites massacre policemen in Chhattisgarh. The Hindu. 16 March 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070319201041/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/16/stories/2007031607360100.htm . 1 June 2008. 19 March 2007 .
  77. News: Reports see Maoist Hand in Nandigram. Monideepa Bannerjie. NDTV. 8 November 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20080103202527/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070032266&ch=11%2F8%2F2007%209%3A10%3A00%20PM . 1 June 2008. 3 January 2008 .
  78. News: 31 May 2012. Naxal movement entering mobile warfare phase. 27 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20120531071345/http://www.merinews.com/article/naxal-movement-entering-mobile-warfare-phase/136863.shtml. 31 May 2012.
  79. Web site: Maoist Hit Back Greyhound Commandos Killing 35. GroundReport. 1 July 2008. 13 July 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20080705024422/http://www.groundreport.com/Arts_and_Culture/Maoist-Hit-Back-Greyhound-Commandos-Killing-35. 5 July 2008.
  80. News: Orissa Naxal attack: All bodies recovered: Rediff.com news. Rediff.com. 12 July 2008. 13 July 2009.
  81. News: 21 Orissa policemen feared killed by Maoists. https://web.archive.org/web/20111207141955/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/21-Orissa-policemen-feared-killed-by-Maoists/336441/. 7 December 2011. The Indian Express. 16 July 2008. 1 June 2009.
  82. News: Special project for Naxal areas to be extended to 18 more districts. 2 January 2012. 8 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20130429194400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/india/30490059_1_naxal-violence-districts-in-eight-states-integrated-action-plan. 29 April 2013. live. The Times of India. dmy-all.
  83. News: Co-ordinated operations to flush out Naxalites soon. https://web.archive.org/web/20090210222202/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Co-ordinated_operations_to_flush_out_Naxalites_soon/articleshow/4084039.cms. 10 February 2009. The Economic Times. 6 February 2009.
  84. News: Centre's Anti-Naxal Plan to be Implemented Soon. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084042/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?667442. 18 July 2011. Outlook.
  85. News: Naxals blow up bus near Dantewada, 30 Killed. 18 May 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100520002216/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/naxals-blow-up-bus-near-dantewada-33-killed-26123.php. 20 May 2010. NDTV.
  86. News: Scores of Indian soldiers killed in Maoist ambushes. 6 April 2010. BBC News. 1 June 2012. 8 April 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100408014043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8604256.stm. live.
  87. News: India Maoists attack troops' camp. BBC News. 16 February 2010. 20 May 2010. Subir. Bhaumik. 9 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8517371.stm. live.
  88. News: Maoists kill doc for being police informer. The Times of India. 18 February 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811041810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-18/ranchi/28140501_1_police-informers-maoists-chakulia . 1 June 2024. 11 August 2011 .
  89. News: India Maoist attack kills 11 in Bihar village. BBC News. 18 February 2010. 1 June 2011. 21 February 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100221155230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8521269.stm. live.
  90. News: Maoists kill 12 in brutal assault on Bihar village. The Hindu. 19 February 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100222221615/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/19/stories/2010021959220100.htm . 1 June 2011. 22 February 2010 .
  91. News: Indian Maoist attacks kill seven. BBC News. 8 July 2010. 1 June 2017. 9 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165534/https://www.bbc.com/news/10549410. live.
  92. News: Naxals kill 4 on second day of bandh. The Hindustan Times. 10 July 2010. 1 June 2017. 12 September 2012. https://archive.today/20120912024717/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Naxals-kill-4-on-second-day-of-bandh/Article1-569461.aspx. dead.
  93. News: Naxalites remove fish plates. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012042556/http://www.msn.com/en-in/news/national?cp-documentid=4445152&pgnew=false. dead. 12 October 2017. 21 October 2010.
  94. News: Naxalites hold lineman hostage, remove fish plates. https://web.archive.org/web/20110117203212/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/naxalites-hold-lineman-hostage-remove-fish-plates/693982/. 17 January 2011. The Indian Express. 7 October 2010. 21 May 2014.
  95. News: Karnataka no longer Naxal infested. 26 August 2010. live. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110902032455/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/hubli/28275788_1_police-station-naxal-activities-home-minister. 2 September 2011. The Times of India. dmy-all.
  96. News: 2011. MP govt claims positive change in Naxal-hit areas. Deccan Chronicle. 2 January 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120101170735/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/others/mp-govt-claims-positive-change-naxal-hit-areas-893. 1 January 2012.
  97. News: Centre to declare more districts Naxal-hit. https://archive.today/20121216133547/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/centre-to-declare-more-districts-naxalhit/812671/ . 16 December 2012. The Indian Express. 5 July 2011. 21 May 2014.
  98. News: Top Maoist leader Kishenji killed. 24 July 2012. The Hindustan Times. 24 November 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120819145814/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Top-Maoist-leader-Kishenji-killed/Article1-773485.aspx. 19 August 2012.
  99. News: 36 Naxals arrested in Andhra Pradesh. https://archive.today/20130103073246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-01/india/32494466_1_naxals-joint-forces-alias. dead. 3 January 2013. 24 July 2012. The Times of India. 1 July 2012.
  100. News: India 'Maoist' bomb blast kills 15 police. BBC News. 27 March 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120328171838/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17521372. 28 March 2012.
  101. News: Kidnapped Chhattisgarh Cong chief, son found dead. 26 May 2013. 26 May 2013. The Hindu. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130610041302/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kidnapped-chhattisgarh-cong-chief-son-found-dead/article4752692.ece. 10 June 2013. dmy-all.
  102. News: Sandhu. Kamaljit Kaur. 13 March 2018. 9 CRPF soldiers martyred in Maoist ambush in Sukma. 28 May 2021. India Today. 9 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165455/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhattisgarh-9-crpf-jawans-killed-sukma-maoist-ied-blast-1188258-2018-03-13. live.
  103. News: 25 Police Officers in India Killed in Attack by Maoist Rebels. The New York Times. 24 April 2017. 1 June 2018. 9 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165455/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/world/asia/india-chhattisgarh-maoist-rebels.html. live.
  104. News: Maoists kill 15 Security Personnel in a Deadly Ambush in Sukma, Chhattisgarh. Bihar Prabha. 12 March 2014. 14 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140314020906/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/maoists-kill-15-security-personnel-in-a-deadly-ambush-in-sukma-chhattisgarh/. live.
  105. News: 20 security personnel feared killed in Chhattisgarh Naxal attack. 11 March 2014. 11 March 2014. The Hindu. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140311131630/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/20-security-personnel-feared-killed-in-chhattisgarh-naxal-attack/article5773315.ece?homepage=true. 11 March 2014. dmy-all.
  106. News: 24 October 2016. 24 Maoists killed in encounter on Andhra-Odisha border. The Times of India. 2016-10-30. 31 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230331041923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/24-Maoists-policeman-killed-in-encounter-on-Andhra-Odisha-border/articleshow/55036202.cms. live.
  107. News: Jadhav. Rajendra. 4 April 2018. Police kill at least 37 Maoist militants in central India. Reuters. 28 May 2021. 14 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174623/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-militants-maoists-idUSKBN1HV0NV. live.
  108. News: TDP MLA Kidari Sarveswara Rao, ex-MLA Siveri Soma shot dead by naxels In Araku. 23 September 2018. 23 September 2018. Headlines Today. 23 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180923191544/https://headlinestoday.org/national/3112/tdp-mla-kidari-sarveswara-rao-ex-mla-siveri-soma-shot-dead-by-maoists-in-araku/ . live .
  109. News: Kerala cops gun down three maoists, kill another while inspecting encounter spot. India Today. 29 October 2019. 1 June 2023. 6 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241006110012/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-police-thunderbolts-maoists-naxals-killed-attapadi-hills-palakkad-1613891-2019-10-29. live.
  110. News: 10 security personnel, driver killed in Maoist IED blast in Chhattisgarh's Dantewada. 12 January 2024. India Today. 26 April 2023. 7 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230507141609/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dantewada-security-personnel-maoist-ied-blast-in-chhatisgarh-2364885-2023-04-26. live.
  111. News: Rishabh M.. Pratap. Swati. Gupta. At least 22 Indian security personnel killed in clash with Maoist insurgents. 5 April 2021. CNN. 5 April 2021. 6 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241006105911/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-clash-maoist-insurgents-intl-hnk/index.html. live.
  112. News: '23 Maoists were killed in Minpa encounter which took place in March': Bastar Police. 12 September 2020. 27 September 2021. 27 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210927123416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/23-maoists-were-killed-in-minpa-encounter-which-took-place-in-march-bastar-police/story-zwedqUEqJPIqRKppIj0oCL.html. live.
  113. News: 23 March 2021. Five policemen killed as Naxals blow up bus in Chhattisgarh. The Hindu. 25 March 2021. 0971-751X. 6 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241006110419/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-policemen-killed-as-naxals-blow-up-bus-in-chhattisgarh/article34142914.ece. live.
  114. News: 13 November 2021. 26 Naxals killed in encounter in Maharashtra's Gadchiroli district. The Hindu. 28 November 2022. 0971-751X. 6 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241006110440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naxals-killed-in-encounter-in-gadchiroli-forest-in-maharashtra/article37469210.ece. live.
  115. News: CPI (Maoist) zonal commander carrying Rs 10 lakh bounty surrenders in Jharkhand's Latehar. 12 February 2024. Deccan Herald. 1 October 2024. 12 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240212174259/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/cpi-maoist-zonal-commander-carrying-rs-10-lakh-bounty-surrenders-in-jharkhands-latehar-2889786. live.
  116. News: Maoist carrying Rs 10 lakh bounty surrenders in Jharkhand's Latehar. 23 February 2024. The Print. 1 October 2024. 26 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240226172845/https://theprint.in/india/maoist-carrying-rs-10-lakh-bounty-surrenders-in-jharkhands-latehar/1976604/. live.
  117. News: The return of the Maoists in Telangana. The Hindu. 8 August 2020. Singh. S. Harpal. 9 January 2022. 9 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220109181057/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/maoists-are-making-a-comeback-in-telangana/article32298580.ece#!. live.
  118. News: Left Wing Extremism Section. 28 May 2022. 1 June 2024. TV9. 31 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240831020319/https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/west-bengal-stf-launches-left-wing-extremism-section-au50-572418.html. live.
  119. News: Madhya Pradesh: Maoists find sanctuary in Kanha. MSN. 27 May 2022. 1 June 2024. 5 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221105171824/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/madhya-pradesh-maoists-find-sanctuary-in-kanha/ar-AAWJpvr. live.
  120. News: Naxal movement in Kanha National Park. hi. 27 May 2022. 1 June 2024. 31 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240831020222/https://www.ibc24.in/videos/exclusive-news-naxalite-movement-increased-in-kanha-national-park-50-60-naxalites-active-in-the-area-ig-920894.html. live.
  121. News: Security forces kill 30 Maoists in encounter in Chhattisgarh's Narayanpur. 4 October 2024. The Hindustan Times. 1 October 2024. 6 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241006104438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/security-forces-kill-30-maoists-in-encounter-in-chhattisgarhs-narayanpur-101728050258612.html. live.
  122. News: 12 Maoists killed in Chhattisgarh encounter, 2024 toll reaches 103. 1 June 2024. 11 May 2024. The Indian Express. 6 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241006103500/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/May/11/12-maoists-killed-in-chhattisgarh-encounter-2024-toll-reaches-103. live.
  123. Naxal affected Districts. Government of India. 1 July 2021. 9 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165456/https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf. live.
  124. News: Bhattacharjee. Sumit. 26 June 2021. When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone. The Hindu. 19 November 2021. 0971-751X. 19 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211119064558/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece. live.
  125. Web site: Naxal affected Districts. Government of India. 1 July 2021. 9 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165456/https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf. live.
  126. Web site: Naxal Problem needs a holistic approach. Press Information Bureau. 8 August 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090908173208/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=50833. 8 September 2009. dmy-all.
  127. News: Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%. The Times of India. 26 September 2021. 1 June 2024. 26 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210926222634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaths-in-naxal-attacks-down-by-21-shah-at-cms-meeting/articleshow/86543018.cms. live.
  128. News: 17 August 2018. The contours of the new Red map. The Indian Express. 10 September 2018. 10 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180910104829/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/naxalism-maoist-attacks-home-minstry-modi-govt-national-policy-and-action-plan-5140028/. live.
  129. Web site: Asian Centre for Human Rights. https://web.archive.org/web/20060822194351/http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/ncm.htm. dead. 22 August 2006. 13 July 2009.
  130. Web site: West Bengal: Districts Affected by Naxalite Activity. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 13 July 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090717063207/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/images/westbengal_naxal.htm . 17 July 2009.
  131. Naxal affected Districts. 1 June 2024. Press Information Bureau. 15 September 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240915143208/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1562724. live.
  132. News: Home Ministry declares six Bihar districts Naxal-free. 15 August 2021. The New Indian Express. 30 June 2021. 15 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815073249/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/30/home-ministry-declares-six-bihar-districts-naxal-free-2323474.html. live.
  133. Web site: Naxal affected Districts. Government of India. 1 July 2021. 9 October 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165456/https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf. live.
  134. News: Development master remedy against Maoists: PM. https://web.archive.org/web/20120601084036/http://twocircles.net/2011jun30/development_master_remedy_against_maoists_pm.html. 1 June 2012. TwoCircles. 30 June 2011. 21 May 2014.
  135. News: timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-looking-at-armed-overthrow-of-state-by-2050/articleshow/5648742.cms. 6 March 2010. 26 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140106193659/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-06/india/28119932_1_maoists-indian-state-forest-land. 6 January 2014. live. The Times of India.
  136. News: Connectivity, schools and joint action: Home Ministry's approach to counter Left-Wing Extremism. India Today. 26 September 2021. 1 June 2024. 27 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210927141656/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-to-intensify-operations-against-naxals-choke-flow-of-funds-1857468-2021-09-26. live.
  137. News: Red terror: New strategy puts a leash on Maoists. 16 April 2018. The Hindustan Times. 1 June 2024. 18 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240118082718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/red-terror-new-strategy-puts-a-leash-on-maoists/story-a8eaFvV9qGeKdqPPmelFpL.html. live.
  138. Web site: Left wing extremism division. Government of India. 1 June 2022. 9 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210909174922/https://www.mha.gov.in/division_of_mha/left-wing-extremism-division. live.
  139. News: 18 industries to come up in Maoist infested areas: Madhya Pradesh CM in Left Wing Extremism meet. The Times of India. 26 September 2021. 1 June 2024. 27 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210927135504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/18-industries-to-come-up-in-maoist-infested-areas-madhya-pradesh-cm-in-left-wing-extremism-meet/articleshow/86532430.cms. live.
  140. News: Indian state 'backing vigilantes'. BBC News. 15 July 2008. 12 April 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090130063029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7505252.stm. 30 January 2009. dmy-all.
  141. Web site: The Vigilante groups: Of the tigers and cobras. https://web.archive.org/web/20071220135828/http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/vigilante.htm. dead. 20 December 2007. Asian Centre for Human Rights. 12 April 2010.
  142. Web site: The Vigilante groups. Asian Centre for Human Rights. 21 May 2014. 20 December 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071220135828/http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/vigilante.htm. dead.
  143. News: Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill. Indian Express. 1 April 2008. 1 June 2024. 28 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221228083850/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/hearing-plea-against-salwa-judum-sc-says-state-cannot-arm-civilians-to-kill/. live.
  144. News: SC raps Chhattisgarh on Salwa Judum. Rediff.com. 31 March 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20110607032703/http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fnews%2F2008%2Fmar%2F31sc.htm. 7 June 2011.
  145. News: Report recommends withdrawal of Salwa Judum. 19 January 2007. 12 April 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100723150628/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/19/stories/2007011905501300.htm. 23 July 2010. The Hindu. dmy-all.
  146. The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign.. Asian Centre for Human Rights. 42. New Delhi. 2006. 12 April 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100319202800/http://www.achrweb.org///reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf. 19 March 2010. dmy-all.
  147. News: Caught between Rebels and Vigilantes. Reuters. 27 August 2008. 30 January 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090817213911/http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=%2Fdb%2Fcrisisprofiles%2FIN_MAO.htm. 17 August 2009. dmy-all.
  148. News: Salwa Judum victims assured of relief. 16 December 2008. 12 April 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081226062509/http://www.thehindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm. The Hindu. 26 December 2008 .
  149. Web site: Child Soldiers of the Naxal Movement. Institute of Peace and Conflict studies. 24 November 2008. 13 July 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110526190852/http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2738. 26 May 2011 .
  150. News: Existence of Salwa Judum necessary. https://web.archive.org/web/20160810001432/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms. 10 August 2016. The Economic Times. 6 October 2008. 1 June 2009.
  151. News: Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court. 12 September 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161230030758/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Salwa-Judum-is-illegal-says-Supreme-Court/article13639702.ece. 30 December 2016. The Hindu. 5 July 2011. Venkatesan. J..
  152. News: Maoist attacks kill Indian police. Al Jazeera. 15 March 2007. 13 July 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090713012830/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/07/200971214640798718.html. 13 July 2009.
  153. Anthony. Loyd. 2015. India's insurgency. National Geographic. April. 95. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181001031238/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2015/04/india-coal-conflict-minerals-maoist-insurgency/. 1 October 2018. dead .
  154. Web site: India's Maoist insurgency. South Asia Terrorism portal. 26 October 2023. 22 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220922072536/https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-maoistinsurgency. live.
  155. News: India's Maoists offer ceasefire. BBC News. 22 February 2010. 20 May 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100225180646/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8529124.stm. 25 February 2010. dmy-all.
  156. News: India's Maoists 'ready for talks'. BBC News. 10 February 2010. 20 May 2010. Subir. Bhaumik. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100701060459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8507525.stm. 1 July 2010. dmy-all .
  157. News: India's Silent War. 26 October 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20111109094055/http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/aljazeeracorrespondent/2011/10/20111019124251679523.html. 9 November 2011.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Naxalite–Maoist insurgency".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2025, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.