Foreign relations of Moldova explained

After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, the Republic of Moldova established relations with other European countries. A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country's foreign policy guidelines.

In 1995, the country became the first post-Soviet state admitted to the Council of Europe. In addition to its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

In 2005, Moldova and EU established an action plan that sought to improve the collaboration between the two neighboring structures. After the Transnistria War, Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the Transnistria conflict by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and cooperating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions.^[1]

Overview

List of countries which Moldova maintains diplomatic relations with:


	Country	Date
1	Romania	^[2]
2	Hungary
3	United Kingdom
4	Denmark
5	China
6	Mongolia	^[3]
7
8
9	Spain
10	Turkey
11	Mexico
12	Bulgaria
13	Egypt
14	Guinea
15	Pakistan
16	United States
17	Canada
18	Cyprus
19	Italy
20	Finland
21	Ukraine
22	Belgium
23	France
24	Japan
25	Cuba
26	Austria
27	Greece
28	Philippines
29	Australia
30
31	Germany
32
—		^[4]
33	Azerbaijan
34	Czech Republic
35	Norway
36
37	Burundi
38	Sweden
39	South Africa
40	Luxembourg
41	Israel
42	Georgia
43	Oman
44	Lithuania
45	Poland
46	Armenia
47	Croatia
48	Thailand
49
50	Ghana
51	Latvia
52	Switzerland
53	New Zealand
54	Kazakhstan
55	Morocco
56	Turkmenistan	^[5]
57	Kyrgyzstan	^[6]
58	Estonia
59	Belarus
60	Sri Lanka
61	Zimbabwe
62	Burkina Faso
63	Albania
64	Kuwait
65	Singapore
66	Tajikistan
67	Portugal
68	Indonesia
69	Panama	^[7]
70	Slovakia
71	Argentina
72	Malaysia
73	India
74	Guatemala
75	Chile
76	Sudan
77
78	Madagascar
79	Netherlands
80	Nepal
81	Brazil
82	Bangladesh
83	Zambia
84	Slovenia
85	Nicaragua
86	Bosnia and Herzegovina
87	Algeria
88	Lebanon
89	Uzbekistan
90	Angola
91	Afghanistan
92	Libya
93
94	Yemen
95	Cambodia
96	Serbia
97	Iceland
98	Peru
99	United Arab Emirates
100	Mozambique
101
102	Uruguay
103	Malta	^[8]
104
105	Jamaica
106	Saudi Arabia
107	Andorra
108
109	Qatar
110	Jordan
111	Colombia
112	Ireland
113	Costa Rica
—		^[9]
114	Mauritius
115	Liechtenstein
116	Bahrain	^[10]
117
118	Mali
119	Tunisia
120	San Marino
121
122	Montenegro
123	Fiji
124	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
125	Paraguay
126	Monaco
127	Ecuador
128	Antigua and Barbuda
129	Solomon Islands
130	Maldives
131	Tuvalu
132	Mauritania
133	Dominica
134	Haiti
135	Gambia
136	Samoa
137
138	Suriname
139	Ethiopia
140	Guyana
141	El Salvador
142	Saint Kitts and Nevis
143	Benin
144	Cameroon
145	Grenada
146	Bahamas
147	Barbados
148	Djibouti
149	Uganda
150	Saint Lucia
151	Dominican Republic
152	Senegal
153	Palau
154	Kenya
155	Belize
156	Sierra Leone
157
158
159
160		Unknown^[11]
161		Unknown
162		Unknown

Relations with the European Union

See main article: Moldova–European Union relations and Accession of Moldova to the European Union. Moldova aspires to join the European Union^[12] and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU.^[13]

As regards energy policy, Moldova was an observer to the treaty establishing Energy Community from the outset (2006). Following its interest in full membership, the European Commission was mandated to carry out negotiations with Moldova in 2007. In December 2009, the Energy Community Ministerial Council decided on the accession, but made it conditional to amendment of Moldova's gas law.^[14] Moldova joined the Energy Community as a full-fledged member in March 2010.^[15]

Relations with NATO

See main article: Moldova–NATO relations.

NATO relations with Moldova date back to 1992, when the country joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Moldova works alongside NATO allies and partner countries in a wide range of areas through the Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Relations with post-Soviet states

The Moldovan Parliament approved the country's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CIS charter on economic union in April 1994. Moldova however has never participated in any military aspects of CIS, citing its neutral status.

In 1998, Moldova contributed to the founding of GUAM, a regional cooperation agreement made up of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. Although the agreement initially included a declaration of mutual defense, Moldova has since declared its disinterest in participating in any GUAM-based mutual defense initiative.

Russia continues to maintain a military presence in the Transnistrian region of Moldova, despite previous agreements with Moldova and within OSCE and CAF to withdraw its troops and ammunition.

Moldova was granted Observer Status in the Russian-led Eurasian Union in April 2017.^[16]

Relations with Transnistria

See main article: Transnistria. The territory of Moldova includes the separatist Transnistria region. Transnistria had a particularly large non-Moldovan population (about 60%) and broke away from Moldova less than a year after Moldova became independent at the fall of the Soviet Union. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic controls main part of this region, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank. The international diplomatic situation with respect to the question of Transnistria determines and is determined by Moldova's relations with Russia. Russia, Ukraine, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, EU, and United States are involved at different degrees in the conflict resolution.

Bilateral relations

Multilateral

Organization	Formal Relations Began	Notes
		Moldova joined the Council of Europe as a full member on 13 July 1995.

		See Moldova–NATO relations

Africa

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
	9 October 2020	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 2020.
Egypt	13 February 1992	Egypt is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Egypt from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Morocco	8 October 1992	Morocco is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
South Africa	15 June 1992	Moldova does not have an accreditation to South Africa. South Africa is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
	27 September 2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2004^[17] Tunisia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.

Americas

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Argentina	8 March 1993	Argentina is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
Canada	20 February 1992	Canada is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova has an embassy in Ottawa.
Chile	12 May 1993	Chile is accredited to Moldova from it embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova does not have an accreditation to Chile.^[18]
Guatemala	6 April 1993	Guatemala is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.^[19] Moldova does not have an accreditation to Guatemala.
Mexico	14 January 1992	Mexico is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains an honorary consulate in Chișinău.^[20] Moldova is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States.^[21]
United States	18 February 1992	See Moldova–United States relations The United States recognized the independence of Moldova on 25 December 1991, and opened an embassy in its capital, Chișinău, in March 1992. A trade agreement providing reciprocal most-favored-nation tariff treatment became effective in July 1992. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement, which encourages U.S. private investment by providing direct loans and loan guarantees, was signed in June 1992. A bilateral investment treaty was signed in April 1993. A generalized system of preferences status was granted in August 1995, and some Eximbank coverage became available in November 1995. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry made a visit to Moldova in December 2013 to support the former Soviet republic's pro-Western moves in the face of Russian pressure. The United States remains committed to the 5+2 format as a means to resolving the Transnistria conflict. The United States supports a comprehensive settlement that affirms Moldova's sovereignty and territorial integrity, while providing a special status for Transnistria. Moldova has an embassy in Washington, D.C.. United States has an embassy in Chișinău.

Asia

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Armenia	18 July 1992	Armenia has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. There are around 7,500 people of Armenian descent living in Moldova.
Azerbaijan	29 May 1992	Azerbaijan has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
China	30 January 1992	See China–Moldova relations China has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Beijing.
India	20 March 1993	See India–Moldova relations India is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania Moldova is accredited to India through its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.^[22]
	11 May 1992	Iran is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Moldova is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Israel	22 June 1992	See Israel–Moldova relations Israel is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Moldova has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
Japan	16 March 1992	Japan has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Tokyo.
Kazakhstan	16 September 1992	Moldova is accredited to Kazakhstan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia. Kazakhstan has a consulate-general in Chișinău.
Kyrgyzstan	30 October 1992	Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Moldova is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
	30 January 1992	Moldova does not have an accreditation to North Korea. North Korea is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Qatar	13 June 1997	Moldova has an embassy in Doha. Qatar has an embassy in Chișinău
	31 January 1992	See Moldova-South Korea relations
Turkey	3 February 1992	See Moldova–Turkey relations Moldova has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Chișinău. Both countries are full members of BSEC. Speaking in Comrat in August 2018 when referencing the country's allies, President Igor Dodon said "we have friends who are close to Gagauzia, and I believe to Moldova, as well, they are Russia and Turkey."^[23]
Turkmenistan	5 October 1992	Moldova is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Turkmenistan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
United Arab Emirates	21 December 1995	Moldova has an embassy in Abu Dhabi. UAE is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Uzbekistan	23 August 1994	Moldova is accredited to the Uzbekistan from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Uzbekistan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
	11 June 1992	Moldova is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China. Vietnam is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Europe

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Albania	23 December 1992	See Albania–Moldova relations
Austria	25 March 1992	See Austria–Moldova relations Austria has an embassy Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Vienna. See also: Embassy of Austria, Chișinău
Belarus	19 November 1992	See Belarus–Moldova relations Diplomatic relations between Belarus and Moldova were established on 19 November 1992. That same year, an agreement on friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries was signed. Belarus has an embassy in Chișinău (opened in May 1995). Moldova has an embassy in Minsk (opened in October 1993). The first official Moldovan visit to Minsk was by Petru Lucinschi in June 2000.^[24] Nicolae Timofti later visited in October 2013,^[25] July 2015^[26] and October 2016,^[27] and was followed in July 2017 by Igor Dodon.^[28] List of Ambassadors of Moldova in Belarus: Nicolae Dudău (1998-2001),^[29] Gheorghe Hioară (2010-2017),^[30] ^[31] Victor Sorocean (2017–Present)^[32]
Belgium	11 March 1992	Belgium is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova has an embassy in Brussels.
Bulgaria	5 February 1992	Bulgaria recognized Moldova on 28 December 1991. Since 1992, Bulgaria has an embassy in Chișinău.^[33] Moldova has embassy in Sofia.^[34] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Croatia	28 July 1992	Croatia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
Cyprus	21 February 1992	See Cyprus–Moldova relations
Czech Republic	1 June 1992	See Czech Republic–Moldova relations Czech Republic has an embassy in Chișinău Moldova has an embassy in Prague.
Denmark	20 January 1992	See Denmark–Moldova relations Denmark is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Estonia	10 November 1992	See Estonia–Moldova relations Estonia has an embassy office in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Tallinn. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Estonia is an EU member and Moldova is an EU candidate.
Finland	26 February 1992	Finland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
France	11 March 1992	France has an embassy in Chișinău Moldova has an embassy in Paris. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Georgia	25 June 1992	See Georgia–Moldova relations Until 1991, both countries were part of the USSR and before 1918 part of the Russian empire. Georgia has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan. Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Moldova
Germany	30 April 1992	See Germany–Moldova relations Germany has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt.
Greece		See Greece–Moldova relations Diplomatic relations between Greece and Moldova were established 27 March 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union Greece is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Moldova has an embassy in Athens.
Hungary	16 January 1992	Hungary has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Budapest.
Iceland	17 May 1995	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1995.^[35]
Ireland	30 September 1999	Ireland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova has an embassy in Dublin. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Moldovan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland
Italy	21 February 1992	See Italy–Moldova relations Italy has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Latvia	1 September 1992	Latvia has an embassy in Chișinău.^[36] Moldova has an embassy in Riga.
Lithuania	8 July 1992	Lithuania has an embassy in Chișinău Moldova has an embassy in Vilnius. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Malta	27 June 2000	Malta is accredited to Moldova from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Valletta. Moldova is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
Netherlands	10 July 1993	See Moldova–Netherlands relations Moldova has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy office in Chișinău. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
	27 January 1995	See Moldova–North Macedonia relations
Poland	14 July 1992	See Moldova–Poland relations Moldova has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Chișinău. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Portugal	10 February 1993	Moldova has an embassy in Lisbon. Portugal is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
Romania	27 August 1991	See Moldova–Romania relations Moldova's relations with its western neighbour, Romania, have been stressed since 1994. Today's Moldova (without Transnistria) and parts of the old Bassarabia Governorate currently in Ukraine, were part of Romania during the interwar period (1918–40). Linguists generally agree that the Moldovan language is in fact identical with Romanian. However, Moldovans have been ambivalent about whether they consider themselves Romanians or Moldovans. Early signs that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule quickly faded. Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs, especially that country's civil conflict with the breakaway republic of Transnistria. However, the two countries have been unable to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty; Romania is insistent (against determined Moldovan resistance) that such a treaty would have to refer to Romania and Moldova's 'special relationship'. Beginning in 1994, the two countries enjoyed a visa-free arrangement that ended on 1 January 2007, with Romania's entry into the European Union. This prompted many Moldovan citizens to apply for Romanian citizenship.^[37] Moldova has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate-general in Iași. . Romania has an embassy in Chișinău and consulates-general in Bălți and Cahul.
	6 April 1992	See Moldova–Russia relationsRelations between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over a Russian proposal for the solution of the Transnistria conflict, which Moldovan authorities refused to accept. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a formal 180-degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform, with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as president. Moldova has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Chișinău.
Serbia	15 March 1995	Moldova is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Serbia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo.^[38] ^[39]
Slovenia	27 October 1993	See Moldova–Slovenia relations Moldova is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary. Slovenia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Francophonie.
Spain	31 January 1992	See Moldova–Spain relations Moldova has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
Sweden	12 June 1992	See Moldova–Sweden relations Moldova has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Chișinău
Switzerland	2 September 1992	See Moldova–Switzerland relations Moldova has an embassy in Geneva. Switzerland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Ukraine	10 March 1992	See Moldova–Ukraine relations Moldova has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate-general in Odesa. Ukraine has an embassy in Chișinău and a consulate in Bălți.
United Kingdom	17 January 1992	Moldova established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 17 January 1992. Moldova maintains an embassy in London. The United Kingdom is accredited to Moldova through its embassy in Chişinău.^[40] Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,^[41] and a Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement.^[42]

Oceania

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Australia	1 April 1992	Australia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia Moldova does not have an accreditation to Australia.
New Zealand	11 September 1992	Moldova does not have an accreditation to New Zealand. New Zealand is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

External links

Moldovan Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Notes and References

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