| Country: | Weimar Republic |
| Type: | parliamentary |
| Previous Election: | 1920 German federal election |
| Previous Year: | 1920 |
| Next Election: | December 1924 German federal election |
| Next Year: | December 1924 |
| Seats For Election: | All 472 seats in the Reichstag |
| Majority Seats: | 237 |
| Registered: | 38,374,983 (6.7%) |
| Turnout: | 77.4% (1.8pp) |
| Leader1: | Hermann Müller Otto Wels Arthur Crispien |
| Party1: | Social Democratic Party of Germany |
| Last Election1: | 39.5%, 186 seats |
| Seats1: | 100 |
| Seat Change1: | 86 |
| Popular Vote1: | 6,008,905 |
| Percentage1: | 20.5% |
| Swing1: | 19.0 pp |
| Leader2: | Oskar Hergt |
| Party2: | German National People's Party |
| Last Election2: | 15.1%, 71 seats |
| Seats2: | 95 |
| Seat Change2: | 24 |
| Popular Vote2: | 5,696,475 |
| Percentage2: | 19.5% |
| Swing2: | 4.4 pp |
| Leader3: | Constantin Fehrenbach |
| Party3: | Centre Party (Germany) |
| Last Election3: | 13.6%, 64 seats |
| Seats3: | 65 |
| Seat Change3: | 1 |
| Popular Vote3: | 3,914,379 |
| Percentage3: | 13.4% |
| Swing3: | 0.2 pp |
| Leader4: | Ruth Fischer & Arkadi Maslow |
| Party4: | Communist Party of Germany |
| Last Election4: | 2.1%, 4 seats |
| Seats4: | 62 |
| Seat Change4: | 58 |
| Popular Vote4: | 3,693,280 |
| Percentage4: | 12.6% |
| Swing4: | 10.5 pp |
| Leader5: | Gustav Stresemann |
| Party5: | German People's Party |
| Last Election5: | 13.9%, 65 seats |
| Seats5: | 45 |
| Seat Change5: | 20 |
| Popular Vote5: | 2,694,381 |
| Percentage5: | 9.2% |
| Swing5: | 4.7 pp |
| Leader6: | Erich Ludendorff |
| Party6: | National Socialist Freedom Movement |
| Last Election6: | Did not exist |
| Seats6: | 32 |
| Seat Change6: | New party |
| Popular Vote6: | 1,918,329 |
| Percentage6: | 6.5% |
| Swing6: | New party |
| Government | |
| Before Election: | First Marx cabinet |
| Before Party: | Z–DVP–BVP–DDP |
| Posttitle: | Government after election |
| After Election: | Second Marx cabinet |
| After Party: | Z–DVP–DDP |
Federal elections were held in Germany 4 May 1924 to elect the second Reichstag of the Weimar Republic.[1]
The elections took place in the wake of several national crises the previous year: hyperinflation, the occupation of the Ruhr, conflict between the federal and state governments, as well as the Beer Hall Putsch and German October. A national state of emergency had been declared in response to these events, which the Stresemann cabinets and first Marx cabinet had used to bring them under control to a great extent. Hyperinflation had been controlled with the institution of a new currency in November 1923, and the government was able to bring the Western Allies to the table on the issue of the Ruhr and reparations. When the state of emergency lapsed in March 1924 and, faced with parliamentary opposition to several government decrees, Chancellor Wilhelm Marx requested the dissolution of the Reichstag for new elections.[2] [3] [4]
The elections resulted in losses for the parties of the moderate centre who had been part of government in the previous year: the Catholic Centre Party, German People's Party (DVP), and German Democratic Party (DDP). The Social Democratic Party (SPD) suffered particularly severe losses. Parties of the far right and far left made the most advances: the radical nationalist German National People's Party (DNVP) very nearly surpassed the SPD, while the Communist Party won 13%, and the National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFP), an alliance of völkisch nationalists and the Nazi Party, won 6.5%.[4]
No clear majority could be formed in the new Reichstag. Wilhelm Marx remained Chancellor in a minority cabinet with the hope of bringing the DNVP into government. The following months were dominated by debate over the Dawes Plan, which would set out a payment plan for reparations. Its passage required a two-thirds majority due to the constitutional amendments necessary, meaning both SPD and DNVP support was needed. The former supported the plan, while the latter was deeply divided: after a controversial session, about half of the DNVP delegation voted in favour, enough to secure its passage. With this major issue resolved, the cabinet negotiated for the DNVP's entry but without success. With no prospect of a stable government, the Reichstag was dissolved in October for fresh elections.[4]
The Reichstag was elected via party list proportional representation. For this purpose, the country was divided into 35 multi-member electoral districts. A party was entitled to a seat for every 60,000 votes won. This was calculated via a three-step process on the constituency level, an intermediary level which combined multiple constituencies, and finally nationwide, where all parties' excess votes were combined. In the third nationwide step, parties could not be awarded more seats than they had already won on the two lower constituency levels. Due to the fixed number of votes per seat, the size of the Reichstag fluctuated between elections based on the number of voters and turnout. The voting age was 25 years.[5]