The Makimuku ruins are ruins in Nara Prefecture Sakurai[1] near Mount Miwa. Recovered artifacts are of the Yayoi Period and Kofun Period.
It is designated as a national historic site, and an archaeological site that began in the 3rd century, and some researchers consider the area to be the birthplace of the Kofun system. There is a theory that they are the center of Yamatai country, and six ancient burial mounds such as Hashihaka Kofun are distributed.
The name of the Archaeological site comes from the village of Makimuku in the former Isogi-gun, and the village name "Makimuku" was taken from the "Makimuku Tamaki Palace" of Suinin and the "Makimuku Hijiro Palace" of Emperor Keikō's "Tamaki Palace" and Emperor Hishiro Palace of Keikō,
As of 2011, the area of the site is known as the Karasuda River in the north, the Gomihara River in the south, the Makinochi area bordering the Yamanobe Road in the east, and the Higashida area in the west, which covers an area of about 3 square kilometers. On the map of the site, the area of the site is centered on JR Makimuki Station and stretches about 2 km from east to west and about 1.5 km from north to south, forming an oval shape with an area of 3 square kilometers.
The terrain is high in the east and low in the west. The streams of Mount Miwa, Makimukyamata and Anashiyama join the Makimuku River, and archaeological sites are formed on its alluvial fan. It has been confirmed that there was damage caused by a mudslide during the Jomon period. Perhaps because of this, no yayoi period settlements or moats have been detected at the site. Only fragments of Dōtaku and two earthen mines have been found. A short distance to the south of the site, a large number of pottery shards dating to the middle and late Yayoi period have been excavated, as well as square moated tomb and pit dwelling. Also, many Yayoi period artifacts have been excavated from the southwest side. However, Yayoi earthenware of the late Kinai V style has been found in the northern lower layer of the north ditch and the gray clay layer of the site, and it is classified as "Garengi 1" in "Garengi chronology". Note that excavation, who was in charge of the Ishino Hironobu, assigned the calendar years 180 to 210 for "Garment 1".
The site is considered by some researchers to be the best candidate for the Kofun period, as it shows the transition from the Yayoi period to the Kofun period, and may be the site that proves the Yamatai Honshu Theory. In 2011, a part of another large building was found about 5 meters to the east of the large building ruins, and the building ruins may have been built in the late 3rd century or later.[2] 。
A Kibi-type ritual relic, the komon enban, has been excavated from the moat around the Ishizuka tumulus. At the end of the 4th century, after the peak, haniwa were excavated.
From the Asuka period to the Nara period, a city developed in this area and was called "Oichi". This is why the Hashihaka Tomb is referred to as "Oichi Tomb" in the Imperial Household Agency ruling. From the Nara period to the Heian period, the remains of wells, earthen defences and old river channels have been found. Pottery with and the word "Oichi" has also been found.
The remains were designated a national historic site on 17 October 2013 (Heisei 25) as the "Makimuku Site".[3] 。
The site of Makimuku was first introduced by Minoru Doi in 1937 as the "Ohta Site" in "Yamato Shi".[4] 。Before it was called by its present name, it was known to the academic world as the "Ota Site" and "Katsuyama Site", and was recognized by researchers as one of a group of small sites, and did not attract any particular attention[5] 。However, a plan to build prefectural housing and a primary school to promote the employment of coal mine leavers was brought up, which led to a preliminary survey by Archaeological Institute of Kashihara to carry out a preliminary survey. As a result, a canal-like structure with a width of 5m, a depth of 1m, and a total length of more than 200m was found, and local Man'yōshū researcher Yoshinobu Yoshioka and others suggested that it might be the remains of the Makimukugawa River, which appears in Man'yōshū.。From the remains of the river, special vessel bases were excavated, which have been found at the Kibi Tate Tsuki and Miyakizaka sites. After the fifteenth survey in 1977, the research was transferred from the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara to the Sakurai As of December 2008, only 5% of the site had been excavated.。
In 2009 (Heisei 21), several Buildings were detected, and it has become clear that the site seems to be part of a City surrounded by Fortifications.
On 17 September 2010, the Board of Education of Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture, announced that about 2,000 seeds of la peach were found in an oval-shaped "clay pit" (4.3 meters north–south, 2.2 meters east–west, 80 centimeters deep) dug in the 3rd century, about 4 meters south of the remains of a large building. Peach seeds were found. Peach seeds are used as offerings in ancient rituals and are often found in Yayoi period ruins, but this is the largest number of seeds unearthed in one place in Japan.[6] 。In 2011, more than six types of fish bones and scales were found at the site, including Madai, Horsefish, Mackerel and Common carp. They also announced that they had found over a thousand animal bones, including those of Wild boars, Deers and Ducks.
It is about 10 times larger than the Karako-Kagi site and larger than the Taga Castle site, which was a major military base in the Tohoku region.[7] 。There are also traces of urban planning throughout the site.
The confluence of the two ditches is located on the grounds of the Makimuku Elementary School, and is estimated to be 2,600m long. It connects with the Yamato River, which in turn connects to the distant open sea.
However, there were not many pit dwellings, and it is likely that the buildings were built on stilts.。
There is also the possibility that many buried tombs, which cannot be seen above ground, are buried underground.
However, there is a lack of conclusive evidence to date the site, such as the absence of bronze mirrors, swords, jade beads and iron objects, so it is not possible to say definitively that this was the site of the Yamatai Kingdom.
| Hokuriku and San-in region | 17% | |
|---|---|---|
| Kawachi region | 10% | |
| Kibi region | 7% | |
| Omi region | 5% | |
| Kanto region | 5% | |
| Harima region | 3% | |
| Western Seto Inland Sea region | 3% | |
| Kii region | 1% |
Artifacts have been unearthed from all over Japan, but most of them were made in Ise Province, which is adjacent to Yamato Province and has had a close relationship with the country since ancient times. Ise Province, which was adjacent to Yamato Province and had close relations with Ise Bay, and Owari Province, which is located to the east across Ise Bay. In addition to the pottery brought in, there is a large amount of pottery that was made in Yamato but is said to have regional characteristics, and the proportion of such pottery is higher at Ritual-related sites (30% of all pottery excavated at many sites). In addition, although these exotic pottery and artifacts are found from Kyushu to Kanto and the Sea of Japan side, there is very little pottery of Kyushu or Korean origin, suggesting that this site had little trade with the continent.
Kazuo Higo introduces the view of Shinya Kasai in the Taisho period.[8] 。According to it, Kasai assigned Himiko to Momosohime, and her brother Emperor Sujin to Emperor Sujin. The rationale for this is as follows.
She was the aunt of Emperor Sojin, but from the point of view of a foreigner (Chen Shou), she could be forgiven for being as wrong as his nephew and brother.
Although there are many skeptics of this theory, some archaeologists believe that it is not unnatural for the Hashihaka Tomb to be Himiko's tomb, as the oldest giant anterior-posterior mound is the Hashihaka Tomb (the view of Shiraishi Taichiro and others).[9] 。On the other hand, the size of the posterior circle of the Hashihaka Kofun, which is about 160m in diameter, may not match the description of Himiko's tomb in the Wajinden. It is written in Wajinden that "Heimyako died in a large tomb, which is about a hundred paces away from the tomb", which means that the size of the tomb is about 30m in the case of the short ri used in Wajinden, which means that the Hashihaka Tomb is too big. Furthermore, the size of the burial mound was described in terms of diameter in the Wei Shi Wajin Den, so it is thought to be a round burial mound or similar. Therefore, there is a question mark over the use of the Hashihaka Tomb as the tomb of Himiko. (However, there is a theory that the front part of the tomb was additionally constructed in later times.)
Kaoru Terasawa, in his book "The Birth of the Yamato Kingdom: The Royal Capital, the Makimuku Site and its Kofun Tombs", lists six features and peculiarities of the Makimuku Site[12] 。
In addition, there is a pottery with "Oichi" written in ink from the early Heian period, and this site is considered to correspond to the "Ohoichi" township described in "Wamyō Ruijushō". Kiki", it is known that the city had a municipal function until later times, and furthermore, the Emperor Suinin and Emperor Keiko's Shiki-no-mizukaki-no-miya, Emperor Suinin, and Tamaki-no-Hishiro-no-Miya, folklore are described as having existed.。
After saying this, Terasawa concluded, "There is no other huge settlement in the Japanese archipelago in the third century that has such a total of archaeological and philological features. Therefore, it is highly probable that the third-century site of Gengen was the city where the capital palace of the first kingship of the archipelago, called the Yamato Kingdom, was located".
Hironobu Ishino also argues that it was not a naturally occurring village but an artificially built city, based on the discovery of a large ditch and a ritual site with a seawall leading to the Yamato River, the unusually large number of pottery artifacts from outside the Kinki region, and the fact that at least one out of every five people at Gengen is estimated to have come from outside the Yamato region.。
The following remarks also reinforce the view that the site is the birthplace of the Yamato Kingship or the royal capital of the Yamato Kingship.
The Hashihaka Kofun located at the site is generally considered to be the beginning of the stylized Zenpokoenfun system. Kaoru Terasawa considers the tombs belonging to the Makimukushizuka tumulus that preceded the Hashihaka Kofun, such as the Makimukushizuka tumulus, using the concept of "Makimukushizuka-type post-frontal-round tumulus", and places them in the emergence-period tumulus[13] 。
Katsuyama Kofun is a Scallop Kofun with some elements indicating it was tranditional between that type and later Zenpokoenfun.[14]