Loganair Explained

Loganair is a Scottish regional airline headquartered at Glasgow Airport in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland. The airline primarily operates domestic flights within the United Kingdom. It is the largest regional airline in Scotland by passenger numbers and fleet size.^[4]

In addition to its main base at Glasgow, it has hubs at Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Inverness and Newcastle upon Tyne airports.^[5] It holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.^[6]

History

Early years

Loganair was established on 1 February 1962 by Willie Logan of the Logan Construction Company Ltd, operating as its air charter arm^[7] with a Piper PA-23 Aztec based at Edinburgh.^[8]

In 1967, Loganair took delivery of three Britten-Norman Islander twin-engine eight-seat light commuter airliners and began regular flights between the Orkney Islands,^[9] and started operating in Shetland in 1970. In 1966, after Renfrew Airport closed, the airline established its head office at Glasgow Airport.^{[10] [11]} This aspect of Loganair's operations ceased on 31 March 2006 when the new contract for air ambulance work was awarded to Gama Aviation.

Between 1968 and 1983, the company was owned by the Royal Bank of Scotland, Towards the end of this period, Loganair bought Short 360 and Fokker F27 Friendship aircraft. The company brought jet aircraft into the fleet with two British Aerospace 146s. In December 1983 it became a subsidiary of the Airlines of Britain Group. Further aircraft were added to the fleet: British Aerospace Jetstream 31, British Aerospace Jetstream 41, and British Aerospace ATP aircraft. In the late 1980s Loganair was the fastest-growing scheduled operator at Manchester Airport, and, in terms of number of flights, was the airport's second-busiest carrier.^[12]

After a restructure of British Midland Group in early 1994, Loganair's routes outside Scotland and the aircraft used to operate them were transferred to Manx Airlines.^[13] In mid 1994, the airline became a franchisee of British Airways, operating the remaining Shorts 360 and BN-2 Islanders in the British Airways livery. This would stand until July 2008, when it became the new franchisee of Flybe.^{[14] [15]}

In 1996 Airlines of Britain announced it would split its regional airlines into a separate grouping which would enable it to increase its franchise links with British Airways while British Midland looked to increase ties with Lufthansa. The new airline was renamed the British Regional Airlines Group (BRAL), with the British Airways franchise operations of Manx Airlines and Loganair operating under the British Regional Airlines banner.^[16]

In 1997 a management buy-out occurred with Loganair becoming independent of BRAL and operating just six aircraft (one de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and five Britten Norman Islanders) with 44 staff.^[17]

Operations as Flybe franchise

In June 2005, Loganair was awarded a contract from the Irish Government to operate a daily return service from Knock, County Mayo to Dublin. This public service obligation (PSO) route operated for a period of three years as British Airways, with effect from 22 July 2005. The operation ceased in July 2008, the contract having been lost to Aer Arann. The airline also bought routes from Citiexpress in March 2004.

Until October 2008, Loganair was a British Airways franchisee, operating flights sold through BA using BA flight codes. Loganair's inter-island operations between the Orkney and Shetland Islands carried out using Britten-Norman Islanders were removed from the franchise agreement in 2004. The flights have since been marketed under Loganair's own name, rather than British Airways'. Loganair became a franchise airline of Flybe, operating in the Flybe colours.^{[18] [19]} Flights are also operated under a codeshare agreement with British Airways connecting flights from Scotland to London. The franchise has been criticised by residents in the Scottish islands for what they perceive to be excessively high fares,^{[20] [21]} and a Facebook campaign set up in June 2015 to highlight the issue attracted over 7400 "likes" over the course of its first weekend.^[22]

Purchase of ScotAirways

On 8 July 2011, it was announced that Loganair had agreed to purchase Cambridge based ScotAirways. ScotAirways continued to trade as a separate entity (using its original name of Suckling Airways) and holding its own licences and approvals until April 2013.^{[23] [24]}

Services to Belfast and to Birmingham from Dundee ended on 2 December 2012.^[25] After CityJet had terminated its services between Dundee and London City Airport in January 2014, Loganair took over the route, operating from Dundee to London Stansted Airport, with the support of a PSO agreement.^[26]

In May 2015, two Viking Air DHC-6-400 Twin Otter aircraft were acquired by Highlands and Islands Airports to be operated by Loganair on the Scottish Government's Public Service Obligation routes between Glasgow and Campbeltown, Tiree and Barra.^[27] In August 2015 the airline became part of a new regional airline group, Airline Investments Limited (AIL),^[28] along with East Midlands-based airline bmi regional.^[29]

On 21 November 2016, Flybe and Loganair announced that their franchise agreement would terminate on 31 August 2017. Despite headlines, it is unclear who initiated the termination.^[30] Loganair later relaunched its website without renewed interline agreements with Flybe or Aer Lingus.^[31]

In April 2017, pending the termination of the Flybe franchise agreement, Loganair unveiled its new independent corporate livery on Saab 340B Freighter G-LGNN. From 1 September the airline began operating "in its own right" for the first time in 24 years.^[32] Loganair signed a codeshare agreement with British Airways (BA), effective from 1 September 2017 (coinciding with the launch of independent operations), allowing passengers to book through flights onto BA's global network.^{[33] [34]}

Reactions to the demise of other airlines

In February 2019, following Flybmi's cessation of operations, Loganair announced that it was to take over Flybmi's routes from Aberdeen to Bristol, Oslo and Esbjerg, from Newcastle to Stavanger and Brussels,^[35] and from City of Derry Airport to London-Stansted.^[36] A BALPA tribunal into Loganair's swift action following the closure of Flybmi found that the carrier had been acting lawfully, despite the fact that it had created several contingency plans for the demise of UK airlines Eastern Airways and Flybe.^[37]

In March 2020, following Flybe's cessation of operations, Loganair announced that it was to take over several Flybe routes from Scotland and Newcastle.^[38]

Potential sale

In October 2022, Loganair confirmed that the existing sole owners, brothers Stephen (age 72) and Peter Bond (age 61), were seeking a buyer to act as the company's "custodian for the next generation".^[39] The sale process was suspended in October 2023, with the Bond brothers retaining their stake while a fleet renewal programme is completed.^[40]

Destinations

See main article: List of Loganair destinations., Loganair serves 44 destinations in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, the Republic of Ireland and continental Europe.^[41] Part of Loganair's operations includes the world's shortest scheduled commercial route, between Westray Airport and Papa Westray Airport, a distance of 1.7 miles,^[42] and the use of Barra Airport, the only airport in the world to use a beach as a runway.After the collapse of the original Flybe in March 2020, Loganair took over a number of former Flybe routes from Scotland, the North of England and other parts of the UK, with service beginning as little as 10 days later.^[43]

In March 2023, Loganair secured a lease from British Airways for 30 additional slot pairs at Heathrow, previously leased to the relaunched Flybe before its demise in January 2023, and called on the UK government to reform competition remedies in order to ensure that Heathrow slots remain permanently available for UK regional connectivity.^[44]

Codeshare agreements

Loganair has codeshare agreements with the following airlines (as of April 2022):

• Aurigny^[45]
• Blue Islands^{[46] [47]}
• British Airways^[48]
• KLM^[49]

Interline agreements

Loganair has interline agreements with the following airlines (as of November 2023):

• Aer Lingus^[50]
• Air France^[51]
• Air Transat^[52]
• Emirates^[53]
• Etihad Airways^[54]
• Ethiopian Airlines^[55]
• Finnair
• Hainan Airlines^[56]
• Icelandair^[57]
• Luxair^[58]
• Qatar Airways^[59]
• Singapore Airlines
• Turkish Airlines^[60]
• United Airlines
• Widerøe^[61]

Fleet

Current fleet

, Loganair operates the following aircraft:^[62]

Aircraft	In service	Orders	Passengers	Notes
ATR 42-500	4	-	48
ATR 42-600	2	-	48
ATR 72-600	9	-	72
Britten-Norman Islander	2	-	8
de Havilland Canada Dash 6-310 Twin Otter	1	-	19
de Havilland Canada Dash 6-400 Twin Otter	2	-	19	Operated for the Scottish Government.
Embraer ERJ-145	12	-	49
Cargo fleet
ATR 72-500F	4	-	Cargo
Total	36	-

Fleet development

In June 2018, Loganair announced plans to add two additional Embraer ERJ-145 aircraft for summer 2019. The aircraft were to be transferred from sister company Flybmi, and would initially operate flights from Loganair's Glasgow base to Derry and Stornoway. Loganair also planned to use the Embraer ERJ-145 aircraft to launch new routes to European airports not previously served from Glasgow.^[63] In November 2018, the company announced that approximately twenty ATR 42 aircraft would be added to replace the Saab 2000 and Saab 340 aircraft in the third quarter of 2019.^[64]

In April 2019, its Dornier 328 fleet was withdrawn and stored.^[65] Loganair returned the last of its Saab 2000 aircraft to the lessor on 25 March 2020.^[66]

Its Saab 340s were retired in January 2024, to be replaced by eight new ATRs which will complement the existing ATR fleet.^{[67] [68]} In January 2024, Loganair announced plans to introduce a hydrogen fuel cell-powered Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander on its Orkney island-hopping routes by 2027. The aircraft could be either a new build or a conversion of one of the airline's existing Islanders.^[69]

Former fleet

Loganair's former fleet!Aircraft!Introduced!Retired!Notes!Refs

Piper PA-23	1962	1972		[70] [71]
Beechcraft Model 18	1968	1975	One aircraft (G-ASUG) preserved at National Museum of Flight
Short SC.7 Skyvan	1969	1974
Britten-Norman Trislander	1973	1983	Replaced by de Havilland Canada Twin Otter	[72]
Short 330	1979	1984	Replaced by Short 360
Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante	1980	Unknown
Fokker F27 Friendship	1983	1988
Short 360	1983	2004	Replaced by Saab 340
British Aerospace 146	1988	1992
BAe Jetstream 31	1991	Unknown
British Aerospace ATP	1991	2005
BAe Jetstream 41	1993	1994
Dornier 328	2013	2019	Acquired from purchase of Suckling Airways	[73]
Embraer ERJ-135	2019	2022	Replaced by ATR 42/72
Saab 2000	2014	2020	Replaced by ATR 42/72
Saab 340	1999	2024	Replaced by ATR 42/72

Accidents and incidents

• On 12 June 1986, a DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft with 16 people on board^[74] struck high ground on the island of Islay in poor weather. The pilots had mistakenly identified the coastal village of Laphroaig as the town of Port Ellen, near Islay's Glenegedale Airport. There was one fatality, a pilot.^[75]
• In 1996, a Britten-Norman Islander was destroyed in Shetland. The accident occurred during a night time return flight to the aircraft's home base following a medical evacuation flight. The aircraft crashed short of the runway whilst attempting to land after a previous discontinued approach in strong gusting cross winds. The pilot had exercised his discretion to extend the period for which he was allowed to fly that day. The pilot's medical certificate had expired nineteen days earlier thus invalidating his pilot's licence. The pilot was killed in the crash and a doctor on board was seriously injured; a nurse seated at the rear of the aircraft sustained minor injuries.^[76]
• On 27 February 2001, Flight 670, a Short 360 registered G-BNMT operating a Royal Mail flight to Belfast, crashed into the Firth of Forth shortly after taking off from Edinburgh at 1730GMT. Both crew members were killed. There were no passengers on board. An Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) inquiry later blamed a buildup of slush in the aircraft's engines for the crash. Protective covers had not been fitted to the engine intakes while the aircraft was parked for several hours in heavy snow at Edinburgh.^{[77] [78]}
• On 15 March 2005, a Britten-Norman Islander crashed into the sea while descending toward Campbeltown Airport in western Scotland. The aircraft was operating on an unscheduled air ambulance flight. Both occupants, the pilot and one passenger (a paramedic with the Scottish Ambulance Service), died in the crash.^[79] As a result of this accident, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) accepted Safety Recommendation UNKG-2006-101 from the UK's accident investigation report, which the European Commission adopted into regulation, making passenger shoulder harnesses mandatory on all commercial air transport aircraft weighing less than 5700kg (12,600lb) and having fewer than nine passenger seats.^{[80] [81] [82] [83]}
• On 15 December 2014, Flight 6780, a Saab 2000 registered G-LGNO, was struck by lightning whilst approaching Sumburgh Airport. The flight subsequently suffered from control difficulties and nosedived from 4000to after the crew tried taking over the controls, but failed to achieve control. The pilot was under the belief that a lightning strike would automatically disengage the autopilot, and the control difficulties were due to opposition from the autopilot system trying to bring them back to the preprogrammed altitude, and it was determined that they only regained control due to a computer malfunction disabling the autopilot system. Once control was regained, they were able to safely return to Aberdeen. There were 33 occupants onboard and no injuries were reported. The subsequent investigation into the incident also revealed that the Saab 2000 was the only Saab model at the time that did not automatically disengage the autopilot with pilot manual control input.^[84]
• On 16 June 2020, a Loganair Embraer ERJ-145EP registered as G-SAJS sustained minor damage at its stand on the apron at Aberdeen Airport after it was struck in a low-speed collision by a Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 registered as G-JECK. The Dash 8, wearing the livery of the defunct airline Flybe, became wedged underneath the ERJ's right hand engine. No passengers were aboard either aircraft the time of the collision, and no injuries were reported.^{[85] [86]}

See also

• Bryan Sutherland, engineer

References

Bibliography

• Iain Hutchison, The Story of Loganair (1987) Western Isles Publishing
• Roy Calderwood, Times subject to Tides: the story of Barra Airport (1999)
• Iain Hutchison, Air Ambulance: sixty years of the Scottish Air Ambulance Service (1996)
• Tony Merton-Jones, British Independent Airlines 1946-1976 (2000) The Aviation Hobby Shop, West Drayton, Middlesex.
• Guy Warner, Orkney by Air (2005)
• Captain Alan Whitfield, Island Pilot (2007)

Notes and References

1. http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx IATA Code search
2. Web site: Loganair looking for musician to celebrate anniversary. 2022-01-05. Manx Radio. en.
3. Web site: Follow our Flight Path - Loganair . 2023-08-18 . www.loganair.co.uk . en-GB.
4. Web site: Contacts: Statutory Information . Loganair . 14 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090504085107/http://www.loganair.co.uk/contacts/statutory . 4 May 2009 . dead .
5. Web site: Loganair Secures Key UK Air Services. www.loganair.co.uk. 25 April 2021.
6. Web site: Type A Operating Licence Holders . . 27 September 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005729/http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?categoryid=183&pagetype=90&pageid=340 . 11 March 2007 .
7. News: Scots carrier Loganair lands seven BA routes . . 28 November 2003 . 27 September 2014.
8. Web site: Brief History. 12 January 2016. www.loganair.co.uk. https://web.archive.org/web/20160113030724/http://www.loganair.co.uk/loganair/brief-history. 13 January 2016. dead.
9. News: Loganair is like no other airline – where dogs scurry under seats for take-off, geese scatter across runways and the view from the window catches at the heart . The Scotsman . Johnston Press . 29 April 2012 . 14 February 2015.
10. Hutchison, Iain. The Story of Loganair. Kea Publishing, 1987. 82. Retrieved from Google Books on 30 June 2010., .
11. News: Two missing after air ambulance crash . The Guardian . 15 March 2005 . 14 February 2015.
12. News: Loganair joins airport protest . Ian . Imrie . . . 18 May 1989 . 14 February 2015.
13. News: 11 March 1994 . Loganair 'stripped' . The Shetland Times . 9.
14. News: Our Heritage - Loganair . 21 August 2024 . Loganair . en-GB.
15. News: 28 April 1994 . Loganair Deal . Stornoway Gazette and West Coast Advertiser . 1–2.
16. Web site: 1997-03-05T00:00:00+00:00 . Regionals split from British Midland . 2024-08-21 . Flight Global . en.
17. News: Adams lands chief executive's job at Loganair while Harrison pilots board . Peter . Ranscombe . The Scotsman . Johnston Press . 16 January 2013 . 14 February 2015.
18. Flybe signs historic franchise deal with Loganair . . 14 January 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080117104330/http://www.flybe.com/news/0801/14.htm . 17 January 2008.
19. News: Loganair ties up deal with Flybe . The Scotsman . Johnston Press . 14 January 2008 . 14 February 2015.
20. Web site: FLYBE – Is it fleece me?. South of Scotland Liberal Democrats. 9 June 2015. 23 May 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150703212521/http://southscotlandlibdems.org.uk/en/article/2009/0360221/flybe-is-it-fleece-me. 3 July 2015. dmy-all.
21. Web site: Shetland MSP calls for lower airfares in the face of falling oil prices. Deadline News. 9 June 2015. 6 January 2015.
22. Web site: Islanders mount campaign against Flybe and Loganair prices. The Shetland Times. 9 June 2015. 8 June 2015.
23. Loganair acquires UK charter specialist Suckling Airways . Loganair . 8 July 2011 . 14 February 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110711143249/http://www.loganair.co.uk/loganair/press-office/117/loganair-acquires-uk-charter-specialist-suckling-airways . 11 July 2011 . dmy-all .
24. News: Glasgow-based Loganair buys Cambridge charter Suckling . BBC News . 8 July 2011 . 27 September 2014.
25. News: Loganair/Flybe withdrawal is a major blow for Dundee Airport . Andrew . Argo . . 25 October 2012 . 27 September 2014.
26. News: Loganair to link to Dundee to London with daily flights . BBC News . 6 June 2014.
27. Viking Invasion. Airliner World. July 2015. 6.
28. News: New regional airline group created. BBC News. 3 August 2015.
29. Web site: New regional airline group created: bmi regional and Loganair now part of AIL Group . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150905233450/http://www.bmiregional.com/press-release/new-regional-airline-group-created-bmi-regional-and-loganair-now-part-of-ail-group/ . 5 September 2015 . 3 August 2015 . 27 October 2015 .
30. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-38055208 Flybe terminates contract with Loganair
31. http://www.loganair.co.uk/loganair/press-office/256/scotland%26%23039%3bs-airline-spreads-its-wings loganair.co.uk - Scotland's Airline spreads its wings
32. News: PICTURE: Loganair adopts new colours after Flybe split. 22 November 2016. Flightglobal.com. 20 August 2017. en-GB.
33. Web site: Rising number of flights spark fear that island airport will be overwhelmed with passengers. HeraldScotland. 17 August 2017 . en. 17 August 2017.
34. Loganair Lands BA Tie-up. Airliner World. October 2017. 5.
35. News: Kaminski-Morrow . David . Loganair picks up routes from failed sister carrier . Flightglobal.com . 17 February 2019.
36. Web site: City of Derry Airport: Loganair takes on London route . BBC News . 22 February 2019 . 22 February 2019.
37. Web site: Walker . S . 16 March 2020 . Employment Tribunals (Scotland) . gov.uk.
38. News: The Loganair flights that will replace Flybe's Scottish routes . EdinburghEveningNews. en. 6 March 2020.
39. News: Scottish airline Loganair goes on the market . BBC News . 9 October 2022.
40. News: Scottish airline Loganair no longer up for sale . BBC News . 5 October 2023.
41. http://www.loganair.co.uk/destinations/ loganair.co.uk - Destinations
42. News: The World's Shortest Commercial Flight Takes Less Than A Minute . Chris . Clarke . . 17 April 2015 . 18 April 2015.
43. Web site: Loganair steps in to safeguard UK air routes after Flybe collapse . www.loganair.co.uk . 5 March 2020.
44. News: Massy-Beresford . Helen . Loganair Renews Call For Permanent Heathrow Slots For UK Regionals . Aviation Week Network . 28 March 2023.
45. Web site: Boost for Regional Connectivity .
46. Web site: McLoughlin. Rod. Codeshare brings access to new visitor markets. 2020-07-11. www.jerseyeveningpost.com. en.
47. News: Loganair and Blue Islands partnership to connect Channel Islands and UK Regions . aviation24.be . 13 July 2020.
48. Web site: British Airways Codeshare. Loganair. en-GB. 2019-05-24.
49. Web site: KLM to add the Scottish islands to its network. KLM to add the Scottish islands to its network. en. 2020-03-04.
50. Web site: Loganair expands regional access to North America with Aer Lingus partnership . 2023-06-01 . TTG . En.
51. Web site: Loganair customers are "Better Connected". 2018-04-16. HIAL. en-GB. 2019-08-01.
52. Web site: Air Transat enhances its virtual interlining service: connectair by Air Transat. 2022-04-13. Transat. en-CA. 2022-04-13.
53. Web site: Emirates Partner. Loganair. en-GB. 2019-05-24.
54. Web site: Our Airline Partners Loganair. 2021-09-22. www.loganair.co.uk. en-GB.
55. Web site: Ltd. Jacobs Media Group. Loganair issues expanded schedule for winter 2022-23. 2022-02-16. Travel Weekly. en.
56. Web site: Ltd . Jacobs Media Group . Manchester gains Beijing flight frequency boost . 2023-11-20 . Travel Weekly . en.
57. Web site: Our Heritage Loganair . 2023-07-25 . www.loganair.co.uk . en-GB.
58. Web site: Our Airline Partners Loganair . 2023-09-20 . www.loganair.co.uk . en-GB.
59. Web site: Qatar Partner. Loganair. en-GB. 2019-05-24.
60. Web site: Turkish Airlines. Loganair. en-GB. 2019-05-24.
61. Web site: Wideroe Interline. Loganair. en-GB. 2019-08-16.
62. Web site: 2019-12-11 . Airline to offer cheaper travel for youngsters in bid to fill seats . 2019-12-12 . Shetland News . en-GB.
63. Web site: UK's Loganair to add maiden regional jets in 2019. ch-aviation.
64. Web site: Loganair plans to revamp fleet. 2018-11-29. Shetland News. en-GB. 2019-02-18.
65. Web site: Scotland's Loganair ends Do328 operations . 2023-09-04 . ch-aviation . en.
66. Web site: UK's Loganair ends Saab 2000 operations . 2023-09-04 . ch-aviation . en.
67. News: Loganair launches final stage of fleet renewal . BBC News . 4 November 2022.
68. Web site: Loganair late-Jan 2024 Saab 340 Farewell Flight . Aeroroutes . 18 January 2024.
69. News: Perry . Dominic . Loganair eyes hydrogen Islander flights by 2027 . Flight Global . 30 January 2024 .
70. Web site: CAA G-INFO Database Pre-1986 Register Entry For G-ASER .
71. Web site: CAA G-INFO Database Pre-1986 Register Entry For G-ASYB .
72. Web site: Registration Details For G-BAXD (Aurigny Air Services) BN-2A-III Trislander-III-2 - PlaneLogger. www.planelogger.com. 2020-05-25.
73. Web site: Press Office :: Loganair acquires UK charter specialist Suckling Airways - Loganair. https://web.archive.org/web/20110711143249/http://www.loganair.co.uk/loganair/press-office/117/loganair-acquires-uk-charter-specialist-suckling-airways. dead. 2011-07-11. 2011-07-11. 2020-05-25.
74. Web site: Review of General Aviation Fatal Accidents 1985-1994 . CAA . March 1997 . 3 January 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075017/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP667.PDF . 17 October 2015 .
75. Web site: Crash-aerien 12 JUN 1986 d'un de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 300 G-BGPC - Laphroaig, Isle of Islay. Harro. Ranter. aviation-safety.net.
76. Web site: AAIB Bulletin: 11/96. 25 April 2021.
77. Web site: Air Accidents Investigation: 2/2003 G-BMNT. AAIB. 19 February 2014.
78. News: Plane crash crew found dead . BBC News . 27 February 2001 . 27 September 2014.
79. Web site: Aircraft Accident Report 2/2006 - Pilatus Britten-Norman BN2B-26 Islander, G-BOMG, 15 March 2005. GOV.UK.
80. Book: Formal Report AAR 2/2006 Report on the accident to Pilatus Britten-Norman BN2B-26 Islander, G-BOMG, West-north-west of Campbeltown Airport, Scotland, on 15 March 2005. 2006 . 30 December 2015.
81. Web site: European Aviation Safety Agency. OPINION NO 04/2011 OF THE EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY of 1 June 2011 for a Commission Regulation establishing the Implementing Rules for air operations. European Aviation Safety Agency. 9 January 2016.
82. Web site: European Aviation Safety Agency. 2011 Annual Safety Recommendations review. European Aviation Safety Agency. 9 January 2016.
83. European Commission. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 965/2012: CAT.IDE.A.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child restraint devices. Official Journal of the European Union. 25 October 2012. 965/2012. L/296 116. 9 January 2016.
84. News: Serious incident Saab 2000 G-LGNO, 15 Dec 2014. AviationSafetyNetwork. 2020-04-13.
85. Web site: Boal. Daniel. Planes collide on the tarmac of Aberdeen International Airport. 2020-12-06. Press and Journal. 16 June 2020 . en-US.
86. News: 2020-06-17. Planes wedged together after collision at Aberdeen Airport. en-GB. BBC News. 2020-12-06.