Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan explained

pronounced as /notice/

These are lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in the Catalan language. The two main standard forms (Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian) are used as primary transcriptions norms of their respective spelling forms.

Spelling patterns and pronunciation in Catalan and Valencian

Consonants and combinations of consonant letters
Spelling				Examples			Examples
Spelling		(IEC)	(AVL)	Examples	(IEC)	(AVL)	Examples
b	initially and medially (elsewhere)	pronounced as //b//		Catalan; Valencian: '''b'''lau, Catalan; Valencian: ro'''b'''a	pronounced as //p//		Baotou
	medially before a lateral	pronounced as //bː//	pronounced as //b//	Catalan; Valencian: po'''b'''le	-		-
	medially before a nasal	pronounced as //mː//		Catalan; Valencian: su'''b'''marins	-		-
	medially before a nasal	pronounced as //nː//		Catalan; Valencian: o'''b'''noxi	-		-
	medially before a voiceless	pronounced as //p//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''b'''solut	-		-
	finally			Catalan; Valencian: cu'''b'''	Ø	Ø	Catalan; Valencian: am'''b'''
	finally			Catalan; Valencian: cu'''b'''	Ø	pronounced as //p//	Catalan; Valencian: tom'''b'''
bb		pronounced as //bː//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''bb'''àssida	pronounced as //b//		lobby
bh		pronounced as //b//		Catalan; Valencian: su'''bh'''asta	-		-
bs		pronounced as //ps//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''bs'''tracte	-		-
bv		pronounced as //bː//	pronounced as //bv//	Catalan; Valencian: o'''bv'''ietat	-		-
ç		pronounced as //z//		Catalan; Valencian: feli'''ç'''ment	-		-
ç	elsewhere	pronounced as //s//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''ç'''ò	-		-
c	before e, i	pronounced as //s//		Catalan; Valencian: '''c'''iri	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Versace
	initially and medially (elsewhere)	pronounced as //k//		Catalan; Valencian: '''c'''asa	pronounced as //t͡s//		Cao Zhi
	finally	pronounced as //k//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''c'''	Ø	pronounced as //k//	Catalan; Valencian: ban'''c'''
	medially before a voiced	pronounced as //ɡ//		Catalan; Valencian: è'''c'''disi	-		-
	medially before a nasal	pronounced as //ŋ//		Catalan; Valencian: tè'''c'''nics	-		-
cc	before e, i	pronounced as //ks//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''cc'''ió	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Gucci
ch (old form and loanwords)		pronounced as //k//		Catalan; Valencian: Llu'''ch'''	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Alborch
					pronounced as //ʃ//		quiche
					pronounced as //x//		Bach ( surname)
cch (in loanwords)				Crecchio	-		-
cht (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t//		yacht	-		-
ck (in loanwords)		pronounced as //k//		hacker	-		-
cks (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ks//		snacks	-		-
cs		pronounced as //ks//		Catalan; Valencian: da'''cs'''a	-		-
ct	initially	pronounced as //t//		Catalan; Valencian: '''ct'''ònic	-		-
ct	medially	pronounced as //kt//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''ct'''e	-		-
cz	before e, i	pronounced as //gz//		Catalan; Valencian: è'''cz'''ema	-		-
d	initially and medially	pronounced as //d//		Catalan; Valencian: '''d'''olç, Catalan; Valencian: ca'''d'''a	pronounced as //t//		Dalian
d	finally	pronounced as //t//		Catalan; Valencian: sor'''d'''	Ø	pronounced as //t//	Catalan; Valencian: rotun'''d'''
dd		pronounced as //dː//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''dd'''uir	-		-
dg	before e, i	pronounced as //dʒ//	pronounced as //dd͡ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: pi'''dg'''in	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		bridge
dg	elsewhere	pronounced as //dɡ//		Catalan; Valencian: E'''dg'''ar	-		-
dh		pronounced as //d//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''dh'''esiu	-		-
dj		pronounced as //d͡ʒ//		Django	-		-
dj		pronounced as //dʒ//	pronounced as //dd͡ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: a'''dj'''unt	-		-
dm		pronounced as //dm//		Catalan; Valencian: ca'''dm'''i	-		-
dn		pronounced as //dn//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''dn'''at	-		-
ds		pronounced as //t͡s//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''ds'''criure	-		-
dv		pronounced as //db//	pronounced as //dv//	Catalan; Valencian: lu'''dv'''ígia	-		-
f	medially before a voiced	pronounced as //v//		Catalan; Valencian: ha'''f'''ni	-		-
f	elsewhere	pronounced as //f//		Catalan; Valencian: '''f'''ars	-		-
ff (in loanwords)		pronounced as //fː//		Latin: a'''ff'''idavit	pronounced as //f//		office
fh		pronounced as //f//		Catalan; Valencian: sul'''fh'''ídric	-		-
g	before e, i	pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //d͡ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: '''g'''ens	pronounced as //ʃ//		collage
	before e, i	pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //d͡ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: '''g'''ens	pronounced as //ɡ//		bagel
	initially and medially (elsewhere)	pronounced as //ɡ//		Catalan; Valencian: '''g'''ana, Catalan; Valencian: à'''g'''ab	pronounced as //k//		Gansu
	medially before a lateral	pronounced as //ɡː//	pronounced as //ɡ//	Catalan; Valencian: re'''g'''la	-		-
	medially and finally after i (see ig)	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: mi'''g'''	pronounced as //ɡ//		Catalan; Valencian: amí'''g'''dala
	medially and finally after i (see ig)	pronounced as //d͡ʒ//		Catalan; Valencian: mi'''g'''dia	pronounced as //ɡ//		Catalan; Valencian: amí'''g'''dala
	finally	pronounced as //k//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''g'''	Ø	pronounced as //k//	Catalan; Valencian: san'''g'''
gg^[1]	before e, i	pronounced as //ʒː//	pronounced as //d͡ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: su'''gg'''erir	-		-
gg^[1]	elsewhere	pronounced as //ɡː//		Catalan; Valencian: bur'''gg'''ravi	pronounced as //ɡ//		Catalan; Valencian: zi'''gg'''urat
gh (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ɡ//		oghuz	-		-
ght (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t//		light	-		-
gm		pronounced as //ŋm//		Catalan; Valencian: esti'''gm'''a	-		-
gn	initially	pronounced as //n//		Catalan; Valencian: '''gn'''om	-		-
gn	medially	pronounced as //ŋn//		Catalan; Valencian: ci'''gn'''e	pronounced as //ɲ//		cognac
gs		pronounced as //ks//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''gs'''	-		-
gs		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: mi'''gs'''	-		-
h		Ø		Catalan; Valencian: '''h'''ivern	pronounced as //h//		Catalan; Valencian: '''h'''àmster
j		pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //d͡ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: '''j'''ocs	pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //j//	Catalan; Valencian: '''j'''a
					pronounced as //j//		Jotti
					pronounced as //x//		jota ()
					pronounced as //ʃ//	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//	Rijkov
k (in loanwords)		pronounced as //k//		Catalan; Valencian: '''k'''iwi	Ø		knock-out
kh (in loanwords)		pronounced as //x//		abkhaz	pronounced as //k//		kha
ks (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ks//		quarks	-		-
l		pronounced as //l//		Catalan; Valencian: '''l'''aca	pronounced as //l//	Ø	Catalan; Valencian: a'''l'''tre
ł (in loanwords)		pronounced as //w//		Catalan; Valencian: Wojty'''ł'''a	-		-
ll		pronounced as //ʎ//		Catalan; Valencian: '''ll'''ac, Catalan; Valencian: ce'''ll'''a, Catalan; Valencian: e'''ll'''	pronounced as //ʎ//	pronounced as //l//	Catalan; Valencian: estre'''l'''('''l''')a
					pronounced as //l//	pronounced as //l//	ballet
					pronounced as //lː//		allegro
ŀl		pronounced as //lː//		Catalan; Valencian: ce'''ŀl'''a	-		-
lh		pronounced as //l//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''lh'''ora	pronounced as //lh//		coolhunter
lh		pronounced as //l//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''lh'''ora	pronounced as //ʎ//		Vielha
lj		pronounced as //ʎʒ//	pronounced as //ʎd͡ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: a'''lj'''ub	pronounced as //ʎ//		Ljubljana
m	initially and finally	pronounced as //m//		Catalan; Valencian: '''m'''ut, Catalan; Valencian: e'''m'''	-		-
m	before f or v	pronounced as //ɱ//		Catalan; Valencian: ni'''m'''fa, Catalan; Valencian: tra'''m'''via	-		-
mm		pronounced as //mː//		Catalan; Valencian: i'''mm'''ens	-		-
mn	initially	pronounced as //n//		Catalan; Valencian: '''mn'''emòtic	-		-
mn	medially	pronounced as //mn//		Catalan; Valencian: so'''mn'''i	-		-
Mc (in loanwords)		pronounced as //mək//	pronounced as //mak//	McCain	-		-
mh		pronounced as //m//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''mh'''àric	-		-
n	initially and finally	pronounced as //n//		Catalan; Valencian: '''n'''ou, Catalan; Valencian: e'''n'''s	-		-
	before f or v	pronounced as //ɱ//		Catalan; Valencian: í'''n'''fim, Catalan; Valencian: ca'''n'''vi	-		-
	before a labial	pronounced as //m//		Catalan; Valencian: be'''n'''parlat	-		-
	before a palatal	pronounced as //ɲ//		Catalan; Valencian: me'''n'''ja, Catalan; Valencian: à'''n'''gel	-		-
	before a velar	pronounced as //ŋ//		Catalan; Valencian: vi'''n'''cle, Catalan; Valencian: fa'''n'''g	-		-
nn		pronounced as //nː//		Catalan; Valencian: i'''nn'''at	pronounced as //n//		sonne
ng (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ŋ//		Catalan; Valencian: víki'''ng'''	-		-
nh		pronounced as //n//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''nh'''el	pronounced as //nh//		skinhead
nh		pronounced as //n//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''nh'''el	pronounced as //ɲ//		caipirinha
nj		pronounced as //ɲʒ//	pronounced as //ɲd͡ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: pe'''nj'''ar	pronounced as //ɲ//		oranje
nm		pronounced as //mː//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''nm'''ig	-		-
ny		pronounced as //ɲ//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''ny'''	-		-
ñ (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ɲ//		El Niño	-		-
p	initially and finally	pronounced as //p//		Catalan; Valencian: '''p'''ont, Catalan; Valencian: cu'''p'''	Ø	pronounced as //p//	Catalan; Valencian: cam'''p'''
	before a voiced	pronounced as //b//		Catalan; Valencian: ca'''p'''gròs	-		-
	before a nasal	pronounced as //mː//	pronounced as //b//	Catalan; Valencian: ca'''p'''màs	-		-
pp		pronounced as //pː//		Catalan; Valencian: pro'''pp'''assat	pronounced as //p//		hippy
ph (in compounds and classical terms)		pronounced as //p//		Catalan; Valencian: ca'''ph'''uitada	pronounced as //f//		pholis
pn	initially	pronounced as //n//		Catalan; Valencian: '''pn'''euma	-		-
pn	medially	pronounced as //bn//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''pn'''ea	-		-
ps	initially	pronounced as //s//		Catalan; Valencian: '''ps'''icòleg	-		-
ps	medially	pronounced as //ps//		Catalan; Valencian: ca'''ps'''a	-		-
pt	initially	pronounced as //t//		Catalan; Valencian: '''pt'''ilosi	-		-
pt	medially	pronounced as //pt//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''pt'''e	pronounced as //t//		Catalan; Valencian: com'''pt'''ar
q (see qu)		pronounced as //k//		Catalan; Valencian: '''Q'''atar	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Qinghai
r	initially	pronounced as //r//		Catalan; Valencian: '''r'''atolí	-		-
	medially after l, n, s	pronounced as //r//		Catalan; Valencian: fol'''r'''o	-		-
	medially (elsewhere)	pronounced as //ɾ//		Catalan; Valencian: pe'''r'''ò	pronounced as //r//		Catalan; Valencian: infra'''r'''oig
	medially (elsewhere)			Catalan; Valencian: pe'''r'''ò	Ø		Catalan; Valencian: p'''r'''endre
	finally			Catalan; Valencian: ma'''r'''	Ø	Ø	Catalan; Valencian: dima'''r'''ts
	finally			Catalan; Valencian: ma'''r'''	Ø	pronounced as //ɾ//	Catalan; Valencian: córre'''r'''
rr		pronounced as //r//		Catalan; Valencian: ma'''rr'''ó	-		-
rh	initially	pronounced as //r//		Catalan; Valencian: '''rh'''odesià	-		-
rh	medially	pronounced as //ɾ//		Catalan; Valencian: supe'''rh'''ome	pronounced as //ɾh//		Catalan; Valencian: dí'''rh'''am
s	initially	pronounced as //s//		Catalan; Valencian: '''s'''ac	pronounced as //z//		Saarland ()
	medially next to a			Catalan; Valencian: e'''s'''timar			Catalan; Valencian: e'''s'''ma
	after a nasal			Catalan; Valencian: in'''s'''titut			Catalan; Valencian: tràn'''s'''it
	most cases between two vowels	pronounced as //z//		Catalan; Valencian: ro'''s'''a	pronounced as //s//		Catalan; Valencian: contra'''s'''enya
	finally	pronounced as //s//		Catalan; Valencian: din'''s''', Catalan; Valencian: repò'''s'''	pronounced as //ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: ell'''s'''
ss				Catalan; Valencian: ro'''ss'''a	-		-
sc	before e, i			Catalan; Valencian: a'''sc'''ens	pronounced as //ʃ//		crescendo
sc	elsewhere	pronounced as //sk//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''sc'''riure	pronounced as //ʃk//		Catalan; Valencian: vi'''sc'''a
-scs		pronounced as //sks//		Catalan; Valencian: bo'''scs'''	-		-
sch (in loanwords)		pronounced as //sk//		*sch*erzo	-		-
sch (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ʃ//		jiddisch	-		-
sh (in compounds and loanwords)		pronounced as //z//		Catalan; Valencian: de'''sh'''ora	pronounced as //ʃ//		sushi
sh (in compounds and loanwords)		pronounced as //z//		Catalan; Valencian: de'''sh'''ora	pronounced as //ʒ//		flashback
-st		pronounced as //st//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''st'''	pronounced as //t//	pronounced as //st//	Catalan; Valencian: aque'''st'''
-sts		pronounced as //sts//		Catalan; Valencian: gu'''sts'''	pronounced as //ts//	pronounced as //sts//	Catalan; Valencian: aque'''sts'''
sx		pronounced as //(s)ʃ//	pronounced as //st͡ʃ//	Catalan; Valencian: de'''sx'''ifrat	-		-
sz (in loanwords)		pronounced as //s//		Szolnok	-		-
sz (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ʃ//		Tomasz	-		-
szcz (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		*Szcz*ecin	-		-
t	initially and medially	pronounced as //t//		Catalan; Valencian: '''t'''amís	-		-
t	finally	pronounced as //t//		Catalan; Valencian: sor'''t'''	Ø	pronounced as //t//	Catalan; Valencian: fon'''t'''
tt		pronounced as //tː//		Catalan; Valencian: pos'''tt'''ònic	pronounced as //t//		Catalan; Valencian: di'''tt'''ografia
tb (in loanwords)		pronounced as //db//		Catalan; Valencian: fu'''tb'''ol	-		-
tg	before e, i	pronounced as //d͡ʒ//		Catalan; Valencian: fe'''tg'''e	-		-
th (in compounds and loanwords)		pronounced as //t//		Catalan; Valencian: to'''th'''om	pronounced as //θ//		theta
					pronounced as //ð//		The Times
					pronounced as //th//		apartheid
ti		pronounced as //ti//		Catalan; Valencian: '''ti'''es	pronounced as //ʃ//		National Mall ()
tj		pronounced as //d͡ʒ//		Catalan; Valencian: mi'''tj'''à	-		-
tl		-	pronounced as //lː//	Catalan; Valencian: ve'''tl'''('''l''')a	pronounced as //dl//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''tl'''es
tll		pronounced as //ʎː//	-	Catalan; Valencian: ve'''tl'''('''l''')a	pronounced as //ʎː//	pronounced as //ʎ//	Catalan; Valencian: bi'''tll'''et
tm	initially	pronounced as //m//		Catalan; Valencian: '''tm'''esi	-		-
tm	medially	pronounced as //mː//		Catalan; Valencian: so'''tm'''etre	pronounced as //dm//		Catalan; Valencian: ri'''tm'''e
tn		pronounced as //nː//		Catalan; Valencian: co'''tn'''a	pronounced as //dn//		Catalan; Valencian: è'''tn'''ic
tch (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		sketch	-		-
tsch (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		kitsch	-		-
ts	initially	pronounced as //t͡s//		Catalan; Valencian: '''ts'''ar	-		-
ts	medially and finally	pronounced as //t͡s//		Catalan; Valencian: po'''ts'''er, Catalan; Valencian: bi'''ts'''	-		-
tx		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: co'''tx'''e	-		-
tz		pronounced as //d͡z//		Catalan; Valencian: do'''tz'''e	pronounced as //d͡z//	pronounced as //z//	Catalan; Valencian: utili'''tz'''ar
tz		pronounced as //t͡s//		hertz	-		-
tzsch (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: ni'''tzsch'''eà	-		-
v	initially and medially	pronounced as //b//	pronounced as //v//	Catalan; Valencian: '''v'''ila	pronounced as //f//		von ()
v	finally	pronounced as //p//	pronounced as //f//	Catalan; Valencian: sal'''v'''	pronounced as //f//		Kíev
w (in loanwords)		pronounced as //w//		western	pronounced as //b//	pronounced as //v//	watt
w (in loanwords)				western	pronounced as //f//		Bukowski
wh (in loanwords)				whisky	pronounced as //h//		The Who
x	initially	pronounced as //ʃ//	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//	Catalan; Valencian: '''x'''iular	pronounced as //ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: '''X'''àtiva
	next to a voiceless	pronounced as //ks//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''x'''pert	-		-
	medially (elsewhere)	pronounced as //ɡz//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''x'''amen	pronounced as //ks//		Catalan; Valencian: fi'''x'''ar
	medially and finally after i (see ix)	pronounced as //ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: gui'''x'''	pronounced as //ks//		mix
	medially and finally after i (see ix)	<		-- before a voiced consonant -->pronounced as //ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: gui'''x''' verd	-		-
	finally	pronounced as //ks//		Catalan; Valencian: índe'''x'''	-		-
xc	before e, i	pronounced as //ks//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''xc'''el·lent	-		-
xc	elsewhere	pronounced as //(k)sk//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''xc'''avar	-		-
xh		pronounced as //gz//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''xh'''aust	-		-
xs		pronounced as //ks//		Catalan; Valencian: e'''xs'''udar	-		-
-xt		pronounced as //(k)st//		Catalan; Valencian: mi'''xt'''	-		-
-xts		pronounced as //(k)sts//		Catalan; Valencian: te'''xts'''	-		-
y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny)		pronounced as //j//		Catalan; Valencian: '''y'''uppie	-		-
y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny)		pronounced as //i//		Catalan; Valencian: husk'''y'''	pronounced as //ai̯//		bypass
yy (in loanwords)		pronounced as //j//		Hudaybiyya	-		-
z	most cases	pronounced as //z//		Catalan; Valencian: '''z'''ona	pronounced as //d͡z//		scherzo
	most cases	pronounced as //z//		Catalan; Valencian: '''z'''ona	pronounced as //t͡s//		Zemin
	finally	pronounced as //s//		Catalan; Valencian: brun'''z'''	pronounced as //θ//		López
zz (in loanwords)		pronounced as //d͡z//		mezzo	pronounced as //z//		jacuzzi
zz (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t͡s//		pizza	pronounced as //s//		jazz
zh (in loanwords)		pronounced as //z//		alzhèimer	pronounced as //d͡ʒ//		Zhou

Vowels and combinations of vowel letters
Spelling		Main values (IPA)		Examples	Other values (IPA)		Examples
Spelling		(IEC)	(AVL)	Examples	(IEC)	(AVL)	Examples
a, à, â	stressed position	pronounced as //a//	pronounced as //a//	Catalan; Valencian: '''a'''rc, Catalan; Valencian: '''à'''tom, Catalan; Valencian: p'''â'''	pronounced as //ei̯//	pronounced as //ei̯//	lady
	stressed position	pronounced as //a//			pronounced as //ɔ//	yacht
	unstressed position	pronounced as //ə//		Catalan; Valencian: '''a'''nís, Catalan; Valencian: mitj'''a'''	pronounced as //a//		allegretto
					pronounced as //ə//	pronounced as //ɛ ~ ɔ//	Catalan; Valencian: terr'''a''', Catalan; Valencian: don'''a'''
					pronounced as //ə//	pronounced as //e//	Catalan; Valencian: artist'''a'''
					Ø		Catalan; Valencian: mitj'''a''' hora
					pronounced as //o//		Quartet ()
	unstressed position (in contact with rhotics)	Ø		Catalan; Valencian: b'''a'''rana	pronounced as //e//		Catalan; Valencian: softw'''a'''re
	unstressed position (in contact with rhotics)	Ø		Catalan; Valencian: b'''a'''rana	pronounced as //eə//	pronounced as //ea//	Square
ä (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ɛ//		Händel	-		-
aa	stressed position	pronounced as //əˈa//	pronounced as //aˈa//	Catalan; Valencian: Is'''aa'''c	-		-
aa	unstressed position	pronounced as //əː//	pronounced as //aː//	Catalan; Valencian: '''aa'''lenià	-		-
ae	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //əˈɛ//	pronounced as //aˈɛ//	Catalan; Valencian: '''ae'''ri	-		-
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //əˈe//	pronounced as //aˈe//	Catalan; Valencian: gr'''ae'''lla	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //əe//	pronounced as //ae//	Catalan; Valencian: '''ae'''ròbic	pronounced as //i//		reggae
					pronounced as //ə//	pronounced as //e//	Michael
					pronounced as //ai̯//		taekwondo
aé		pronounced as //əˈe//	pronounced as //aˈe//	Catalan; Valencian: tac'''aé'''	-		-
ai	stressed position	pronounced as //ai̯//	pronounced as //ai̯//	Catalan; Valencian: '''ai'''gua	pronounced as //e//		affaire
	stressed position	pronounced as //ai̯//		Catalan; Valencian: '''ai'''gua	pronounced as //ei̯//		container
	unstressed position	pronounced as //əi̯//		Catalan; Valencian: '''ai'''rós	-		-
aï	stressed position	pronounced as //əˈi//	pronounced as //aˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: r'''aï'''m	-		-
aï	unstressed position	pronounced as //ə.i//	pronounced as //a.i//	Catalan; Valencian: '''aï'''llat	-		-
aí		pronounced as //əˈi//	pronounced as //aˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: p'''aí'''s	-		-
ao		pronounced as //au//	pronounced as //ao//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''ao'''s	-		-
ao		pronounced as //əˈo//	pronounced as //aˈo//	Catalan; Valencian: gr'''ao'''ns	-		-
aó		pronounced as //əˈo//	pronounced as //aˈo//	Catalan; Valencian: r'''aó'''	-		-
au	stressed position	pronounced as //au̯//	pronounced as //au̯//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''au'''s	pronounced as //o//		Foucault
au	unstressed position	pronounced as //əu̯//	pronounced as //au̯//	Catalan; Valencian: h'''au'''rà	pronounced as //o//		Faubourg
aü	stressed position	pronounced as //əˈu//	pronounced as //aˈu//	Catalan; Valencian: t'''aü'''t	pronounced as //ɔi̯//		fräulein
aü	unstressed position	pronounced as //ə.u//	pronounced as //a.u//	Catalan; Valencian: '''aü'''llar	-		-
aú		pronounced as //əˈu//	pronounced as //aˈu//	Catalan; Valencian: Es'''aú'''	-		-
e, é, è	stressed position (open/closed)	pronounced as //ɛ//		Catalan; Valencian: d'''e'''ns, Catalan; Valencian: '''è'''xit	pronounced as //ɛ//	pronounced as //e//	Catalan; Valencian: al'''è'''/Catalan; Valencian: al'''é''', Catalan; Valencian: qu'''è'''
	stressed position (closed/open)	pronounced as //e//		Catalan; Valencian: '''e'''lla, Catalan; Valencian: b'''é'''	pronounced as //ɛ//	pronounced as //e//
	stressed position (closed)	-		-	pronounced as //i//		reggae
	unstressed position	pronounced as //ə//	pronounced as //e//	Catalan; Valencian: '''e'''n, Catalan; Valencian: rer'''e'''	pronounced as //e//		ídem
					pronounced as //ə//	pronounced as //a//	Catalan; Valencian: '''e'''spill
					pronounced as //ə//	pronounced as //i//	Catalan; Valencian: naix'''e'''ment
					pronounced as //i//		reality
					Ø		fanzines
					Ø		Catalan; Valencian: no '''e'''l té
	unstressed position (in contact with rhotics)	Ø	pronounced as //e//	Catalan; Valencian: v'''e'''ritat	-		-
ea	stressed position	pronounced as //eˈa//		Catalan; Valencian: cr'''ea'''r	pronounced as //i//		beat
		pronounced as //eˈa//		Catalan; Valencian: cr'''ea'''r	pronounced as //ɛ//		spread
		pronounced as //e(i̯)ə//	pronounced as //ea//	Catalan; Valencian: id'''ea'''	pronounced as //ɔ//		Sean
	unstressed position	pronounced as //eə//	pronounced as //ea//	Catalan; Valencian: àr'''ea'''	pronounced as //ə//	pronounced as //e//	bearnesa
eà		pronounced as //eˈa//		Catalan; Valencian: oc'''eà'''	-		-
eau (in loanwords)		pronounced as //o//		Catalan; Valencian: Rouss'''eau'''	-		-
ee	stressed position	pronounced as //əˈɛ//	pronounced as //eˈe//	Catalan; Valencian: cr'''ee'''nça	pronounced as //i//		jeep
	stressed position	pronounced as //e(i̯)ə//	pronounced as //eː//	Catalan; Valencian: id'''ee'''s	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //eə//		Catalan; Valencian: àr'''ee'''s	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //əː//		Catalan; Valencian: r'''ee'''ixir	-		-
ei	stressed position (open/closed)	pronounced as //ɛi̯//		Catalan; Valencian: ol'''ei'''c	pronounced as //ɛi̯//	pronounced as //ei̯//	Catalan; Valencian: rem'''ei'''
	stressed position (closed/open)	pronounced as //ei̯//	pronounced as //ei̯//	Catalan; Valencian: r'''ei'''na	pronounced as //ɛi̯//	pronounced as //ei̯//	Catalan; Valencian: rem'''ei'''
	unstressed position	pronounced as //əi̯//	pronounced as //ei̯//	Catalan; Valencian: '''ei'''vissenc	-		-
	stressed position (in loanwords)	pronounced as //ai̯//		eingang	-		-
eï	stressed position	pronounced as //əˈi//	pronounced as //eˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: ob'''eï'''t	-		-
eï	unstressed position	pronounced as //ə.i//	pronounced as //e.i//	Catalan; Valencian: v'''eï'''nat	-		-
èi		pronounced as //ɛi̯//		Catalan; Valencian: pl'''èi'''ade	-		-
eo	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //əˈɔ//	pronounced as //eˈɔ//	Catalan; Valencian: b'''eo'''ci	-		-
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //əˈo//	pronounced as //eˈo//	Catalan; Valencian: '''eo'''ns	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //əu//	pronounced as //eo//	Catalan; Valencian: t'''eo'''ria	pronounced as //eo//		Catalan; Valencian: víd'''eo'''
eò		pronounced as //əˈɔ//	pronounced as //eˈɔ//	Catalan; Valencian: '''eò'''lic	-		-
eu	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //ɛu̯//		Catalan; Valencian: p'''eu'''	pronounced as //ɔi̯//		Bayreuth
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //eu̯//	pronounced as //eu̯//	Catalan; Valencian: s'''eu'''	pronounced as //e//		amateur
	unstressed position	pronounced as //əu̯//	pronounced as //eu̯//	Catalan; Valencian: '''eu'''ropea	-		-
eü		pronounced as //əˈu//	pronounced as //eˈu//	Catalan; Valencian: p'''eü'''c	-		-
i, í, ï	stressed position	pronounced as //i//		Catalan; Valencian: '''i'''lla, Catalan; Valencian: ac'''í'''	pronounced as //ai̯//		copyright
	stressed position				pronounced as //ɛ//		Rodin, birdie
	unstressed position				Ø		business
	after vowels (hiatus)	pronounced as //ˈi//		Catalan; Valencian: na'''ï'''f	-		-
	after vowels (unstressed position)	pronounced as //i̯//		Catalan; Valencian: cre'''i'''es	-		-
ia	stressed position	pronounced as //i̯a//	pronounced as //i̯a//	Catalan; Valencian: '''ia'''io	-		-
ia	unstressed position	pronounced as //i̯ə//	pronounced as //i̯a//	Catalan; Valencian: ve'''ia'''	-		-
ie	stressed position	pronounced as //i̯e//	pronounced as //i̯e//	Catalan; Valencian: ve'''ie'''nt	pronounced as //i//		briefing
ie	unstressed position	pronounced as //i̯ə//	pronounced as //i̯e//	Catalan; Valencian: fe'''ie'''n	-		-
ii		pronounced as //iː//		Catalan; Valencian: x'''ii'''sme	-		-
iï		pronounced as //iˈi//		Catalan; Valencian: x'''iï'''ta	-		-
io	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //i̯ɔ//		Catalan; Valencian: '''io'''de	-		-
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //i̯o//	pronounced as //i̯o//	Catalan; Valencian: '''io'''-'''io'''	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //i̯u//	pronounced as //i̯o//	Catalan; Valencian: '''io'''gurt	-		-
iu		pronounced as //i̯u//		Catalan; Valencian: '''iu'''guslau	-		-
o, ó, ò	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //ɔ//		Catalan; Valencian: b'''o''', Catalan; Valencian: all'''ò'''	-		-
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //o//	pronounced as //o//	Catalan; Valencian: m'''o'''t, Catalan; Valencian: '''ó'''s	pronounced as //ou̯//		pincode
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //o//			pronounced as //u//		Guangdong
	unstressed position	pronounced as //u//		Catalan; Valencian: ferr'''o'''	pronounced as //o//		ego
					pronounced as //u//		Catalan; Valencian: c'''o'''bert
					pronounced as //u̯//		Catalan; Valencian: posa-h'''o'''
					pronounced as //ə//	pronounced as //a//	Ogariov
oa	stressed position	pronounced as //uˈa//	pronounced as //oˈa//	Catalan; Valencian: p'''oa'''l	pronounced as //uˈa//		Catalan; Valencian: J'''oa'''n
		pronounced as //uˈa//	pronounced as //oˈa//	Catalan; Valencian: p'''oa'''l	pronounced as //ou̯//		coach
		pronounced as //oə//	pronounced as //oa//	Catalan; Valencian: quin'''oa'''	pronounced as //o//		snowboard
	unstressed position	pronounced as //uə//	pronounced as //oa//	Catalan; Valencian: ll'''oa'''dor	pronounced as //uə//	pronounced as //ua//	Catalan; Valencian: J'''oa'''quim
oe	stressed position (open/closed)	pronounced as //uˈɛ//	pronounced as //oˈe//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''oe'''t	-		-
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //uˈe//	pronounced as //oˈe//	Catalan; Valencian: p'''oe'''ta	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //uə//	pronounced as //oe//	Catalan; Valencian: àl'''oe'''	-		-
oi	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //ɔi̯//		Catalan; Valencian: b'''oi'''ra	pronounced as //u̯a//		foie
	stressed position (closed)	-	pronounced as //oi̯//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''oi'''x	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //ui̯//	pronounced as //oi̯//	Catalan; Valencian: j'''oi'''ós	pronounced as //uə//	pronounced as //ua//	croissant
oï		pronounced as //uˈi//	pronounced as //oˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: r'''oï'''ns	-		-
oo		pronounced as //oː//		Catalan; Valencian: z'''oo'''	pronounced as //u//		zoom
oo		pronounced as //uˈo//	pronounced as //oˈo//	Catalan; Valencian: micr'''oo'''nes	-		-
ou	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //ɔu̯//		Catalan; Valencian: b'''ou'''	pronounced as //au̯//		cloud
	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //ɔu̯//		Catalan; Valencian: b'''ou'''	pronounced as //ɔ//		final four
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //ou̯//	pronounced as //ou̯//	Catalan; Valencian: s'''ou'''	pronounced as //u//		tour
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //ou̯//		Catalan; Valencian: s'''ou'''	pronounced as //w//		ouija
	unstressed position	pronounced as //ɵu̯//		Catalan; Valencian: cl'''ou'''rà	-		-
u, ú, ü	stressed position	pronounced as //u//		Catalan; Valencian: t'''u''', Catalan; Valencian: '''ú'''s	pronounced as //i//		business
					pronounced as //y//		déjà vu, Müller
					pronounced as //a//		punk
					pronounced as //iu̯//		duty-free
					pronounced as //ɛ//		return
	after vowels (hiatus)	pronounced as //ˈu//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''ü'''ll	-		-
	after vowels (unstressed position)	pronounced as //u̯//		Catalan; Valencian: cre'''u'''a	-		-
ua	stressed position	pronounced as //uˈa//		Catalan; Valencian: s'''ua'''t	-		-
ua	unstressed position	pronounced as //uə//	pronounced as //ua//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''ua'''	-		-
ue	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //uˈɛ//	pronounced as //uˈɛ//	Catalan; Valencian: d'''ue'''l	pronounced as //u//		blues
	stressed position (open)		pronounced as //uˈɛ//	Catalan; Valencian: d'''ue'''l	pronounced as //y//		fondue
	stressed position (open/closed)		pronounced as //uˈe//	Catalan; Valencian: f'''ue'''t	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //uə//	pronounced as //ue//	Catalan; Valencian: d'''ue'''n	-		-
ui		pronounced as //ui̯//	pronounced as //ui̯// ( pronounced as //u̯i//)	Catalan; Valencian: b'''ui'''t	pronounced as //u̯ei̯//		Anhui
uï		pronounced as //uˈi//		Catalan; Valencian: fl'''uï'''t	-		-
uo	stressed position (open)	pronounced as //uˈɔ//		Catalan; Valencian: c'''uo'''t	-		-
	stressed position (closed)	pronounced as //uˈo//		Catalan; Valencian: s'''uo'''r	-		-
	unstressed position	pronounced as //uː//	-	Catalan; Valencian: s'''uo'''	pronounced as //uo//		Catalan; Valencian: d'''uo'''
uu		pronounced as //uː//	pronounced as //uː//	Catalan; Valencian: ll'''uu'''	-		-

Combinations of vowel and consonant letters
Spelling		Main values (IPA)		Examples	Other values (IPA)		Examples
Spelling		(IEC)	(AVL)	Examples	(IEC)	(AVL	Examples
aha		pronounced as //əː//	pronounced as //aː//	Catalan; Valencian: b'''aha'''mià	pronounced as //əha//	pronounced as //aha//	Kalahari
ahà		pronounced as //əˈa//	pronounced as //aˈa//	Catalan; Valencian: s'''ahà'''ric	-		-
ahe		pronounced as //əe//	pronounced as //ae//	Catalan; Valencian: s'''ahe'''lians	-		-
ahe		pronounced as //əˈe//	pronounced as //aˈe//	Catalan; Valencian: subtr'''ahe'''nd	-		-
ahi		pronounced as //əi//	pronounced as //ai//	Catalan; Valencian: T'''ahi'''tí	-		-
ahi		pronounced as //əˈi//	pronounced as //aˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: '''ahi'''r	-		-
ahí		pronounced as //əˈi//	pronounced as //aˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: t'''ahí'''rida	-		-
aho		pronounced as //əˈo//	pronounced as //aˈo//	Catalan; Valencian: M'''aho'''ma	pronounced as //aho//		navaho
aho		pronounced as //əu//	pronounced as //ao//	Catalan; Valencian: m'''aho'''metà	-		-
ahò		pronounced as //əˈɔ//	pronounced as //aˈɔ//	Catalan; Valencian: m'''ahò'''nia	-		-
ahu		pronounced as //əu//	pronounced as //au//	Catalan; Valencian: infr'''ahu'''mans	-		-
aw (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ɔ//		Law	-		-
ay (old form and loanwords)		pronounced as //ai̯//		Catalan; Valencian: farad'''ay'''	pronounced as //ɛ//	pronounced as //e//	Quai d'Orsay
ay (old form and loanwords)		pronounced as //ei̯//		Catalan; Valencian: pl'''ay'''	-		-
ci (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		ciao	-		-
cci (in loanwords)		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		carpaccio	-		-
cqu (in loanwords)		pronounced as //k//		jacquard	-		-
dqu	before e, i	pronounced as //tk//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''dqu'''irir	-		-
eha		pronounced as //eə//	pronounced as //ea//	Catalan; Valencian: r'''eha'''bilitar	-		-
ehe		pronounced as //əˈɛ//	pronounced as //eˈe//	Catalan; Valencian: apr'''ehe'''ndre	-		-
ehe		pronounced as //əː//	pronounced as //eː//	Catalan; Valencian: v'''ehe'''ment	-		-
ehi		pronounced as //əˈi//	pronounced as //eˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: v'''ehi'''cle	-		-
ehi		pronounced as //əi//	pronounced as //ei//	Catalan; Valencian: d'''ehi'''scent	-		-
ehí		pronounced as //əˈi//	pronounced as //eˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: ald'''ehí'''dic	-		-
eho		pronounced as //əu//	pronounced as //eo//	Catalan; Valencian: pr'''eho'''mínids	-		-
ehu		pronounced as //əu//	pronounced as //eu//	Catalan; Valencian: sobr'''ehu'''mà	-		-
ew (in loanwords)		pronounced as //iu̯//		newton	pronounced as //u//		crew
ey (old form and loanwords)		pronounced as //ei̯//		Catalan; Valencian: k'''ey'''nesià	pronounced as //i//		bogey
gi (in loanwords)		pronounced as //d͡ʒ//		adagio	-		-
ggi (in loanwords)		pronounced as //d͡ʒ//		appoggiatura	-		-
gu^[2]	before a, o	pronounced as //ɡw//		Catalan; Valencian: '''gu'''ant	-		-
	before a	pronounced as //ɡu//		Catalan; Valencian: a'''gu'''t	-		-
	before e, i	pronounced as //ɡ//		Catalan; Valencian: '''gu'''itza	-		-
gü	before e, i	pronounced as //ɡw//		Catalan; Valencian: pin'''gü'''í	-		-
iha		pronounced as //iə//	pronounced as //ia//	Catalan; Valencian: pol'''iha'''lita	pronounced as //iha//		jihad
ihe		pronounced as //iˈɛ//		Catalan; Valencian: per'''ihe'''li	-		-
ihe		pronounced as //iə//	pronounced as //ie//	Catalan; Valencian: ant'''ihe'''roi	-		-
ihè		pronounced as //iɛ//		Catalan; Valencian: d'''ihè'''lia	-		-
ihi		pronounced as //iː//		Catalan; Valencian: an'''ihi'''lar	-		-
ihí		pronounced as //iˈi//		Catalan; Valencian: pol'''ihí'''dric	-		-
iho		pronounced as //iu//	pronounced as //io//	Catalan; Valencian: ant'''iho'''rari	-		-
ihu		pronounced as //iu//	pronounced as //iu//	Catalan; Valencian: ant'''ihu'''mitat	pronounced as //iu̯//		marihuana
ig	finally	pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''ig'''	-		-
	finally	pronounced as //it͡ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: m'''ig'''	-		-
	before a vowel or voiced	pronounced as //d͡ʒ//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''ig''' blanc	-		-
	before a vowel or voiced	pronounced as //id͡ʒ//		Catalan; Valencian: m'''ig'''dia	-		-
igs		pronounced as //t͡ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''igs'''	-		-
igs		pronounced as //it͡ʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: m'''igs'''	-		-
ix	finally	pronounced as //ʃ//	pronounced as //i̯ʃ//	Catalan; Valencian: co'''ix'''	-		-
	finally	pronounced as //iʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: gu'''ix'''	-		-
	before a vowel or voiced	pronounced as //ʒ//	pronounced as //i̯ʒ//	Catalan; Valencian: co'''ix''' i cec	-		-
	before a vowel or voiced	pronounced as //iʒ//		Catalan; Valencian: gu'''ix''' verd	-		-
ïx	finally	pronounced as //iʃ//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''ïx'''	-		-
ïx	before a vowel or voiced	pronounced as //iʒ//		Catalan; Valencian: re'''ïx''' bé	-		-
le (in loanwords)		pronounced as //əl//	pronounced as //el//	paddle surf	-		-
oha		pronounced as //uə//	pronounced as //oa//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''oha'''bitar	-		-
ohà		pronounced as //uˈa//	pronounced as //oˈa//	Catalan; Valencian: b'''ohà'''iric	-		-
ohe		pronounced as //uə//	pronounced as //oe//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''ohe'''sió	-		-
ohè		pronounced as //uɛ//	pronounced as //oɛ//	Catalan; Valencian: b'''ohè'''mia	-		-
ohi		pronounced as //ui//	pronounced as //oi//	Catalan; Valencian: pr'''ohi'''bir	-		-
ohí		pronounced as //uˈi//	pronounced as //oˈi//	Catalan; Valencian: micr'''ohí'''lids	-		-
oho		pronounced as //uˈɔ//	pronounced as //oˈɔ//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''oho'''rt	-		-
oho		pronounced as //uː//	pronounced as //oː//	Catalan; Valencian: c'''oho'''bació	-		-
ohò		pronounced as //uˈɔ//	pronounced as //oˈɔ//	Catalan; Valencian: alc'''ohò'''lic	-		-
ohu		pronounced as //uː//	pronounced as //ou//	Catalan; Valencian: argiŀl'''ohu'''mífer	-		-
ow (in loanwords)		pronounced as //ou̯//		flow	-		-
ow (in loanwords)		pronounced as //au̯//		cowboy	-		-
oy (old form and loanwords)		pronounced as //ɔi̯//		Roy	pronounced as //u̯a//		Troyes
qu	before a, o	pronounced as //kw//		Catalan; Valencian: '''qu'''an	-		-
qu	before e, i	pronounced as //k//		Catalan; Valencian: '''qu'''ina	-		-
qü	before e, i	pronounced as //kw//		Catalan; Valencian: '''qü'''estió	-		-

Bibliography

Book: Gramàtica normativa valenciana. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
Book: 2002. Guia d'usos lingüístics. Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana.
Book: Ortografia catalana. Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
Book: Diccionari normatiu valencià. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
Book: Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Editorial Moll.
Web site: Ús d'estrangerismes. Llibre d'estil.. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF).
Web site: ésAdir. Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals. Generalitat de Catalunya.

Notes and References

Web site: Dictamen, llistat 27 (grup gg) . La veu de les ones Butlletí electrònic de la plataforma reSOLC-mitjansCAT . Laboratori de Tecnologies Lingüístiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF).
Web site: Ortografia. Gramàtica normativa valenciana. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL). 37-46.